Biochemical feature and hematological profile of nukeri goat during different physiological stage

BIOCHEMICAL FEATURE AND HEMATOLOGICAL
PROFILE OF NUKERI GOAT DURING DIFFERENT
PHYSIOLOGICAL STAGE
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST MERCIFUL AND
BENEFICIENT

1
Abstract
Blood biochemical parameters are important indicators of the metabolic activity in animal
physiological status. The present study was conducted to check the effect of various biochemical
features concentration and their response at different days of lactation. Total Twenty animals were
allocated in to two different groups; animals in control group were offered concentrate diet along
with alfalfa hay and in other group animals were allocated selected area for grazing of alfalfa hay.
Total duration of experiment was 70 days and animals were given 10 days to adjust the experimental
diet. Availability of fresh and clean water ensured throughout the experiment. Blood samples were
taken at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation. Biochemical parameters glucose, total protein, albumin
protein, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, triglycerides, creatinine, alanine transaminase and aspertate
transaminase were determined. The result collected showed blood glucose (P=0.000 vs 0.000), total
protein (P=0.000 vs 0.004), albumin (P=0.000 vs 0.002), blood urea nitrogen (P=0.000 vs 0.002),
uric acid (P=0.000 vs 0.004), triglycerides (P=0.000 vs 0.003), alanine transaminase(P=0.000 vs
0.000) aspertate transaminase (P=0.000 vs 0.002) showed significant difference (P<0.005) in both
groups, but the concentration of creatinine showed non-significant difference (P=0.177 vs 0,151)
among the treated groups. In conclusion, in hilly areas of Punjab, goats can be successfully raised on
grazing as the animals maintain biochemical concentration.
Key Words: Biochemical profile, Goat, Lactation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter.
NO.
Title Page No.
Title page I
In the name of Allah II
Approval sheet III
Abstract IV
Acknowledgements V
Table of contents VI
List of tables VIII
List of Abbreviations and Symbols X
Dedication XII
Declaration XIII
Forwarding sheet XV
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Statement of Problem 4
1.2 Objective 4
1.2.1 General Objective 4
1.2.2 Specific Objective 4
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1 Glucose 5
2.2 Blood Urea Nitrogen 7
2.3 Total Protein 10
2.4 Albumin Protein 12
2.5 Triglycerides 13
2.6 Uric Acid 15
2.7 Cretinine 16

3
2.8 Alanine Transaminase & Aspartate
Transaminase
18
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22
3.1 Atmospheric Condition of Experimental
Site
22
3.2 Experimental Design 22
3.3 Feeding Management 23
3.4 Health Control Measurements 23
3.5 Parameters 25
3.6 Statistical Analysis 26
4 RESULTS 27
Results 27
5 DISCUSSION 35
Discussion 35
6 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
46
6.1 Summary 46
6.2 Conclusion 47
6.3 Recommendations 48
7 REFERENCES 49
ANNEXTURE 59

4
LIST OF TABLES
Table # Title Page #
1 Experimental Design of treated animals 24
2 Nutritional Composition of Experimental Diet 24
3 Mean blood glucose (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with
alfalfa hay
27
4 Mean blood glucose (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 28
5 Mean blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet
with alfalfa
28
6 Mean blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa
pasture
28
7 Mean total protein (g/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
29
8 Mean total protein (g/l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 29
9 Mean albumin (g/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay 30
10 Mean albumin (g/l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 30
11 Mean triglycerides (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with
alfalfa hay
30
12 Mean triglyceride (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 31
13 Mean uric acid (µmol/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
31
14 Mean uric acid (µmol /l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 31
15 Mean creatinine (µmol/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
32
16 Mean creatinine (µmol /l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 32
17 Mean alanine transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet
with alfalfa hay
33
18 Mean Alanine transaminase(U/L) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture 33

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19 Mean Aspartate transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet
with alfalfa hay
33
20 Mean Aspartate transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa
pasture
34

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Sr. No Abbreviation Expansion
1 ˚C Centigrade
2 AH Alfalfa Hay
3 BCS Body Condition Score
4 BUN Blood Urea Nitrogen
5 e.g. exempli gratia (For example)
6 et al. et alia (and others)
7 etc. et cetera (and so forth)
8 i.e. id est (that is)
9 Am ante meridiem (before noon)
10 ET Enterotoxaemia
11 CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
12 PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants
13 FMD Foot and Mouth Disease
14 DMI Dry Matter Intake
15 GDP Gross Domestic Production
16 TDN Total Digestible Nutrient
17 CP Crude Protein
18 CF Crude Fiber
19 EE Ether Extract
20 ADF Acid Detergent Fiber
21 NDF Nutrient Detergent Fiber
22 FCR Feed Conversion Ratio
23 LDP Low Dietary Protein
24 HDP High Dietary Protein

7
25 DM Dry Matter
26 ME Metabolize able Energy
27 GF Gain to Feed Efficiency
28 EDTA Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid
29 CSM Cotton Seed Meal
30 ALT Alanine Transaminase
31 AST Aspartate Transaminase
32 CRD Completely Randomized Design
33 SEM Standard error of Mean
34 ANOVA One way Analysis of Variance
35 SE Standard Error
36 Sig. Significance
37 Temp. Temperature
38 N Total number of observations
39 o Degree
40 P Probability value
41 Kg Kilogram
42 SD Standard Deviation

8
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Nature has blessed Pakistan with great potential in agriculture but due to ever increasing population and
climate change the production of agriculture have been stagnant from last ten years, but in recent years
the production of livestock sector have increased and currently it contribute about 60.5% in agriculture
and 11.2 % in national GDP growth (Anonymous, 2019). About 63.33 % of population of Pakistan
lives in the villages which are dependent on the livestock products like milk and meat as food for their
sustainability. In Pakistan livestock plays a very important role in the rural farmer’s life.
Goats (Capra hircus) were among the first animal which human domesticated about ten thousand
years ago. Due to their distinctive feature of grazing and adaptability to harsh environment goats are
present all over the world. Major portion of goat population is present in Asia especially
subcontinent region. The present goat population in Pakistan is estimated around 76.1 million head
and about 1 billion heads are present all over the world (Anonymous, 2019). Goats play very
important role in poverty alleviation and are source of food for poor people. Goat rearing requires
low cost and is suited to landless laborers, marginal farmers and industrial workers (Monteiro,
2017). A characteristic like small compact body size enables to be tended by women and children
and they provide people by valuable nutrients. Furthermore, small gestation period with often double
and triple kidding increases importance of goats. The farming of goat is profitable business
especially in Pakistan because the consumer always prefer the buffalo milk over cow milk and goat
meat over sheep meat. Goat meat production is an important factor in the developing countries.
Increasing human population in the developing countries raises demand in increasing the number of
livestock especially the goats in Muslim countries where at Eid-ul-Azha, there is large demand of

9
live animals (Ibrahim, 2019). That’s why, goat rearing in the developed countries like Pakistan can
decrease the poverty and can provide cheaper source of milk, meat and protein.
Different physiological stages including pregnancy, lactation, dry period etc some metabolic changes
may alter physiological range of blood constituents (Jainudeen and Hafez, 1994; El-sherif and
Assad, 2001; Khan and Ludri, 2002). Blood biochemical parameters including total protein,
triglycerides, free fatty acids and urea are important indicators of the metabolic activity in animal
physiological status (Karapehlivan et al., 2007). Amino acids which are basic building block of
protein and Plasma proteins are important components of plasma and they play vital role in
maintaining homeostasis. Plasma proteins consist of three components albumin, globulin and
fibrinogen (Okonkwo et al., 2011). These plasma proteins have many important functions; albumin
is the one of the abundant and osmotically active plasma protein (Alberghina et al., 2010) and it act
as carrier of many substances in the blood circulation. Albumin is the most abundant serum protein
in blood which is used to maintain colloidal osmotic pressure in the body and prevent leakage of
fluid in the peripheral cavities of the body. Albumin may also play an important role to fetal
nourishment.
It is well established that Biochemical profile plays a key role in diagnosis of an array of productive
and reproductive disorders in different livestock species. Normal levels of blood metabolites of
animal play significant role in maintaining the functional integrity of the reproductive system (Niazi
et al., 2003). During pregnancy, maternal tissues are involved in providing energy to fetal tissue,
which can change the blood biochemistry values and are affected by many factor including size of
fetus, season of breeding, age of pregnant animal and breed (Swanson et al., 2004, Yokus et al.,
2006). Blood metabolites are important indicators of changes in physiological condition in animals
(Perveen and Usmani, 1993) and can affect the breeding abilities of ruminants (Dutta et al., 1988;

10
Prabha et al., 2000). Differentiations in biochemical, hematological and physiological values can be
used as an important signals in reproduction and welfare of ruminants (Hoy and Verga, 2007).
Biochemical metabolites such as serum protein, fatty acids, and blood urea nitrogen can provide
complete assessment of animal health. Enzymatic activity including aspertate transaminase (AST),
alanine transaminase (ALT) in blood plasma is important tool for determining the malfunction of
liver. Available review of literature suggests that enzymatic activity has been used for the
assessment of various disorders of liver and metabolism of body which manifest the different levels
of AST and ALT. Similarly the different levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine can
indicate the abnormalities of kidney and muscles. Thus the analysis of blood provides an important
opportunity to investigate optimal level of different metabolites which play important role in
maintaining good health of animal. Changes in blood metabolites are responsible for alteration of
physiological condition of animals. Important factors which can change the physiological and
biochemical state of animals are both genetic and other including feeding, season, age, sex of animal
and management. The current study was to investigate the biochemical feature and hematological
profile of Nurki goat during different days of lactation.

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1.1.Statement of Problem
Agriculture adds 18.5% per cent to national gross domestic production (GDP) and stabilizes
Pakistan’s economy by employing about 38.5% rural population during 2018-2019. Livestock is
integral part of agriculture and can play important role to decrease poverty in rural areas. Due to
climate change the production of agriculture is experiencing serious downfall from the last decade
and these changes are also effecting directly or indirectly livestock in form green fodder shortage.
The shortage of feed influence on the biochemical and hematological profile of animal. Different
biochemical metabolites i.e. serum protein, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, blood glucose show
variation at different lactation stages. Theses variation can suggest the upcoming diseases and are
also responsible for failure of different organs of body. For example if the level of creatinine is
increased in blood than animal may suffer from serious renal impairment that can leads to kidney
stone or even death of animal. Therefore, present study was designed in lactating Nukri goat to
check out the concentrations of different biochemical metabolites and the objective of study are
listed below.
1.2. OBJECTIVES
1.2.1. General Objective
1. The main objectives of this study was to investigate the biochemical profile of Nukri goat
plasma at different days lactation
1.2.2. Specific Objective
2. The specific objectives of this proposed research was to investigate the blood metabolic
profile of Nukri goat in District Attock of Punjab.

12
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Blood contains a numerous metabolites and other constituents, which offer useful means for clinical
examination and estimation of health condition of mammalian species including goats. This research
study was done to assess the biochemical and hematological aspects in various physiological states
in the Nukri goats.
2.1. Glucose
Lima et al., (2012) conducted an experiment on two groups of dairy goat to check out the profile of
different biochemical parameters and epidemiological data. The animals were placed in to groups;
one was given low dietary protein (LDP) and other was given high dietary protein (HDP). Blood
samples were taken at different stages i.e. early, mid and late pregnancy and early, mid and late
lactation. The results collected showed that demand for carbohydrate (glucose) increase at different
stage of pregnancy. It also depends upon the size and number of fetus. The author declared that if the
concentration of glucose decreased below the normal level than animal becomes hypoglycemic and
chances of ketosis increases.
Sanabe et al., (2004) performed an experiment on cycling and non-cycling goats to find the values of
different biochemical parameters at different stages of reproductive and pregnancy days. Animals
were divided in to two groups; animals in one group were mated and samples were taken at different
stages of pregnancy and animals in other group were kept as acyclic. The results collected showed
that blood glucose concentration remained significant as compared to acyclic group. The author
declared that blood glucose in late pregnancy decreased significantly as compared to acyclic
animals. Fukui et al., (1986); Steel and Lang, (1976) suggested similar results and concluded that
permanent loss of glucose occur at later stage of gestation which can be balanced by provision of

13
nutritionally balanced diet. However, Bost and Magat, (1975) suggested that variation in blood
glucose in gestation and acyclic animals may be due to presence and size of fetus. As the size
increases the concentration of glucose decreases.
Krajnieakova et al., (2003) performed an experiment on goats whose were in post partum period.
The animals were placed in two groups one with provision of concentrate diet along with green
fodder and second group placed under grazing. Selected hematological parameters were studied
during the experiment. The result collected showed that during the early lactation the level of
albumin increased as compared to last week of pregnancy. The author suggested that as the milk
production increases the concentration of total protein tend to decreased. The author further
suggested that during the late pregnancy and early lactation animal needs proper provision feed and
mineral along with vitamins. Similar results were shared by Jelinek et al., (1985), as he reported that
ewe during late pregnancy period have decreased level of total protein, globulin protein and albumin
protein. But during the early lactation as the globulin decreases further the level of albumin protein
increases but at peak milking the level of all total protein, albumin and globulin tend to decreases
again. The author suggests that it is due to increased regulatory process during lactation that changes
the concentration of total protein content.
Khan and Ludri, (2002) conducted an experimental study on goats to find out values of blood
glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Blood samples were taken at different stage of
pregnancy and were compared with blood samples from non pregnant goats. The results suggest that
the concentration of glucose increased during early and mid gestation but decreased during late
gestation. But in non pregnant goat the level of blood glucose was higher than gestating goat. The
concluded that by estimating the values of blood glucose at different stages of pregnancy one can
assess the nutritional status of animal. Similar results were declared by Lindsay (1973) and Bergman

14
(1983). The author suggested that during the early and mid pregnancy the level of blood glucose
tend to increase as the size of fetus is small and glucose requirement of fetus is nominal which dam
cover up easily. But during late gestation the concentration of glucose decreased as the size of fetus
increase and major portion of dam glucose goes to fetus and glucose level decreases in dam blood.
Khan and Ludri, (2002) conducted an experiment to find out the changes in maternal blood glucose
during different stages of pregnancy and during kidding in in goats. The animals were distributed
into two groups containing twin and single fetus. The results collected showed that animals bearing
twin fetus have increased blood glucose level from first to fourth fortnight period, while animal
bearing single fetus have increased blood glucose level in first month of pregnancy. As the
pregnancy advances the concentration of blood glucose decreases further. The author suggested that
increase in blood glucose level in animals having twin fetus is due to less utilization of glucose by
dam. Similar results were also declared by El-Deen et al., (1985), as the author reported that blood
glucose level was low during the first week of gestation than it increase sharply and near the
lactation it decreases again and in mid lactation it increases again.
2.2. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Antunovic et al., (2017) conducted a study on lactating goat and their kids to determine the levels of
different biochemical parameter. Blood samples were taken at different stages i.e. during early
lactation and late lactation. Blood sample from kids were taken at twenty and fifty days. The results
collected showed that level of blood urea nitrogen decreased in early lactation until fifty day. Then
the level of urea start to increase as lactation progress and reaches maximum level at 110th days.
However the concentration of protein, albumin, triglycerides and other biochemical parameters
increased during the early lactation.

15
Hassan et al., (2016) conducted an experiment on goats to determine the concentration of
biochemical parameters and level of cortisol hormone at different stages of lactation. The animals
were distributed into five groups. Dry animals were designated as control group and other group
contains animals that were in different year of lactation. The result collected showed that blood urea
nitrogen concentration increased in all stages of lactation except during dry period. The author
further concluded that concentration of total protein decreased only during third lactation period and
increased in all other lactation stages. The level of cortisole hormone showed a decreasing trend
from early to late lactation stages.
Lima et al., (2012) performed an experiment on two groups of goats to check out the levels of
different biochemical parameters during different stages of gestation period. Animals were given
different dietary protein diet and one group was exposed to pregnancy toxaemia (PT). The results
collected showed animals exposed with PT have increased blood urea nitrogen as compared to other
group. The author suggested that due increasing number fetus, size and growth of fetus there is
increased demand of protein and amino acids. When the rate of synthesis is not up to optimal level
than there is production of keton bodies which increase the level of urea in blood that can leads to
mortality of animal.
Waziri et al., (2010) performed an experiment on goats during gestation period to find out the
changes in serum biochemistry and hematological parameters. The blood samples were taken at
different weeks of gestation and were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen, total protein, triglycerides
and other important minerals. The result collected showed that blood urea nitrogen and other
important minerals remained almost same during the different period of gestation. But concentration
of total protein decreased over the twelve week of pregnancy. Similar results were share by Kamalu
et al., (1988), as the animals were checked out for biochemical profile of West African Dwarf goat.

16
The results suggested that level of blood urea remain same throughout the pregnancy period. But the
concentration of total protein showed significant difference.
Barakat et al., (2007) performed an experiment on goat prone with different levels of pregnancy
toxaemia to find out the concentration of different serological parameter. Animals are placed in to
two groups; animals affected with mild pregnancy toxaemia and with advanced form of pregnancy
toxaemia. The result collected showed that animals animal having advanced form have increased
blood urea nitrogen as compared to other group. The author suggested that increased mortality in
pregnancy toxaemia is due to dysfunction liver and kidney. Similar suggestion was also given by
Parry and Tyler, (1956) who reported that increased mortality in pregnancy toxaemia is due to
increased infiltration of fat in epithelium of kidney which resulted in death of animal.
Ahmad et al., (2004) conducted an experiment on crossbred cattle to find out the concentration of
different biochemical parameters. Animals were distributed in to three groups i.e. cyclic, non-cyclic
and endometritic. The result collected showed the level of blood urea nitrogen was remained same in
all groups, however; the highest value was noted in endometritic group. The author further
concluded that the concentration of glucose and triglyceride was highest in endometritic group as
compared to other treated animals. Similar results were also shared by Zaman et al., (1985) and
Majeed et al., (1990) who reported that the concentration of blood urea nitrogen remained same in
cyclic, non-cyclic and endometritic animals.
Sandabe et al., (2004) performed an experimental trial on goat to determine the effect of pregnancy
on blood biochemical parameters. The animals were placed in to two groups; animals in one group
were mated and samples were taken at different stages of pregnancy and animals in other group were
kept as acyclic. The results declared by author showed that blood urea nitrogen, protein, creatinine,
and different liver enzyme do not change throughout the experiment. The author suggested that as

17
the concentration of liver enzyme and total protein do not changed which indicate that throughout
the experiment the liver and kidney function normally.
Antunovic et al., (2002) performed an experiment on sheep to check out the effect of season and
reproductive activity on different blood biochemical parameters. Samples were taken during
different phases of gestation and lactation in both summer and winter. During winter animals were
offered mixture of hay and grain mix diet and in summer animals were grazed at pastures. The
results collected showed increased level of blood urea nitrogen during late gestation and lactation
period. The author further declared that the concentration of total protein different mineral also
showed significant difference among animals.
2.3. Total Protein
Virmani et al., (2011) conducted an experiment on Sahiwal cattle to determine the relation of
different biochemical parameters and concentration of minerals in response to anoestrus. The
animals were placed in to two groups, one group was treated with ovsynch protocol and other was
given controlled internal drug released (CDIR). The results collected showed that animals in both
groups showed higher level of total protein and albumin as compared to earlier treatment. The author
suggested that this was due to hormonal balance as the animals were in anoestrus stage before the
introduction of different hormonal therapy.
Karapehliven et al., (2007) conducted an experiment on Tuj ewes to find out the values of
biochemical parameter during different stages of lactation and dry period. The result suggested show
that after kidding the concentration of blood plasma protein was lower, but in last three weeks of dry
period the level of total protein increased. The author further concluded that after thirty days of
lactation the concentration of total protein increased as compared to early lactation.

18
Ahmad et al., (2004) performed an experiment to check out the levels of different biochemical
parameter on cross bred cattle. Animals were placed in to three groups acyclic, cyclic and
endometritic. The results collected showed that animals having infection in their reproductive system
have increased level of total protein as compared to other treatment groups. The author suggested
that due to low chances of fertility the level of total protein increased in endometritic cattle as
compared to other treated animals.
Krajnieakova et al., (2003) conducted a research on goats to find out the values of different
biochemical parameters during puerperal period. Animals were distributed in to two groups i.e one
group was offered concentrate diet along with green fodder and other was placed on grazing. The
results suggested the concentration of total protein increased during the sixth week of lactation as
compared to early lactation and also during dry period.
Another study performed by Antunovic et al., (2002) was done on sheep to find out the effect of
season and reproductive cycle on blood biochemistry during early and late pregnancy. The animals
were offered concentrate diet and bled of hay during winter season and in summer season they are
grazed on natural pasture. The result suggested showed that level of total protein increased in during
late pregnancy and after kidding. The author suggested that could be due to the decrease level of
globulin protein and ultimately increases the concentration of albumin protein. The increase in
albumin protein increases the level of total protein. Similar results were obtained by Jelinek et al.,
(1985) who found that there was increase in total serum protein in blood of sheep who were in fourth
week of lactation.
El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) conducted a trial on Barki ewes to determine the values of different
biochemical parameters during different stages of life i.e. during pregnancy and lactation. The results
suggested show that the level of total serum protein increased during the sixth week of pregnancy

19
but decreased in later weeks of pregnancy. The author found that during early lactation the
concentration of total protein along with other albumin and globulin protein was not changed. But as
the lactation advances the concentration increases as compared to first week.
Brzostowski et al., (1996) performed an experimental study on Polish sheep to find out the
concentration of different biochemical values at different stages of life. The results suggested show
that total protein varies during dry period, lactation and breeding. During early lactation the level of
total protein were minimum but the as lactation advances the concentration of total protein increases.
2.4. Albumin Protein
Albumin is a type of protein that is made by liver of animals and used to keep different fluid of body
in bloodstream. It acts as carrier to transport different kind of fluid, hormone, vitamins, mineral and
other substance from one part to other. Decrease level indicates the renal or dysfunction of liver that
can leads to accumulation of fluid in to cavities of body.
Antunovic et al., (2017) performed an experiment on lactating goat and their kids to find out the
concentration of different biochemical and hematological parameter. Blood samples were taken at
different stages of life i.e. during early lactation and late lactation. Blood sample from kids were
taken at twenty and fifty days. The results collected showed that level of protein, albumin,
triglycerides and other biochemical parameters increased during the early lactation. In kids the
concentration of albumin and total serum protein showed significant difference.
To find the relation of different hematological parameters in Sahiwal cattle during anoestrus an
experiment was perform by Virmani et al., (2011). Animals were placed in two groups and were
given different hormonal therapy. The results collected showed that mean total serum protein and
albumin protein reach to optimal level with the hormonal therapy, while when animals were
anoestrus stage the level of albumin and total serum protein was minimum or at lower level. The

20
author concluded that ovarian cyclic activity changes concentration of albumin, total protein if
optimal hormonal therapy is provided. Similar results were shared by Dutta et al., (1988) and Niazi
et al., (2003). The authors suggest that normal levels of different biochemical parameters are
essential for normal reproductive activity and lactation.
Karapehliven et al., (2007) performed an experimental trial on ewes to find out values of different
biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, urea, uric acid and glucose at different
stages of life. Samples were taken during late dry period and early lactation. The results suggested
show that during early lactation the level of albumin increased as compared to dry period. The
author concluded that during the first two weeks of lactation the level of albumin was at peak and
after that the level start decrease. The author suggests that increased level was due to decrease in
globulin protein during lactation that increases the level of albumin in blood. Similar results were
share by El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) they determined the d biochemical profile during late
pregnancy and early lactation. They also suggest that level of albumin increases in early lactation as
compared to late pregnancy.
Brzostowski et al., (1996) also reported that during late pregnancy the growth of fetus increases that
changes the concentration of maternal serum protein, but as the gestation period moves toward end
the level of serum protein (albumin) start to reach at normal level. During the early lactation the
concentration albumin increase and at fourth week the concentration start to decrease again.
2.5. Triglyceride
Antunovi et al., (2017) performed a study on dairy goats and their kids to find out the values of
biochemical and acid base profile of animals. The blood sample from goat was taken at different
weeks of lactation and was analyzed for different biochemical parameters. The results obtained
suggested that there was significant decreased in the concentration of triglycerides and blood

21
glucoses level during the lactation. However, there was increase in cholesterol, protein, albumin and
globulin.
Ali et al., (2016) conducted an experiment a local sheep in India to find out the normal biochemical
values at various physiological stages of animal. The result suggested that many factor affect the
normal concentration of biochemical parameter including glucose, total protein, triglycerides,
albumin, globulin and fibrinogen. The author declared that as the age of animal increases the
concentration of triglyceride increases and also the level of triglycerides increases in female as
compared to male. However, old studies suggested that there was no sex differentiation in case of
triglycerides and cholesterol.
Piccione et al., (2012) performed and experimental study on dairy cattle during late pregnancy, early
lactation and dry period to check out the alteration in hematological and biochemical parameters.
The animals were provided with nutritionally balanced ration throughout the experimental study.
Blood samples were taken during late gestation period, early lactation and dry period. The result
collected showed that level of triglyceride increases during late gestation period and mid lactation
stage. The author thought that might be due to demand in energy to regulate the different
physiological process in body i.e. milking, suckling. Similar results were declared by Douglas et al.,
(2004); as the author declared that during parturition and late pregnancy the metabolism of lipid
increases which results in uplifting the level of triglyceride in body.
Piccione et al., (2009) conducted an experiment on ewes to find out the levels of biochemical
parameters during different physiological states i.e. early pregnancy, early lactation and dry period.
Animals were fed with nutritionally balance diet to meet up their physiological phases. The results
collected showed that during late gestation period the level of blood serum lipids increases which
decreases the concentration of triglycerides in blood. However, during early an late lactation the

22
level of triglyceride increases. Similar results were also share by Smith and Walsh, (1975) but Kano
et al., (1981) reported that in mare during late gestation period the concentration of triglycerides
decrease. The author suggested that might be due to differentiation in species. But Gradinski-
Urbanace et al., (1986) reported that there was decreased in the concentration of triglycerides in earl
lactation. Similar results were also share by Marcos et al., (1990) that there was decreasing trend in
triglycerides level during early lactation in dairy cattle as the amount of energy is increased to meet
up milk synthesis.
Mundim et al., (2007) conducted an experiment to determine the biochemical values in dairy goats
during different stages of lactation. Animals were divided in to three groups according to stage of
lactation and average milk production. The results collected showed that blood glucose, different
minerals and liver enzymes have positive effect during different stages of lactation. The author
stated that level of triglyceride was reduced during 2nd lactation and author suggested that this might
be due to increased milk production.
Trana et al., (2006) investigated the effect of hot summer and nutrition on the biochemical profile of
milking goat during mid lactation. Animals were divided in to three groups. Animals in control
group were offered pasture fed grass second group was given concentrate ration and pasture grass
and third group was offered hay along with concentrate. Blood samples were taken during mid
lactation at 85 days of milking and were analyzed. The results collected showed that concentration of
triglyceride increased during the mid lactation. They suggested that could be due to reestification of
non esterified fattly acid (NEFA) that increases the level of triglyerides in blood.
2.6. Uric Acid
Antunovic et al., (2011) conducted an experiment of ewes to check out values of liver enzymes and
biochemical parameters during lactation. The animals were kept under observation and samples were

23
taken 20, 40 and 60 day of lactation. All the animals were offered mixture of grain based diet along
with hay. The results collected showed that with the advancement of lactation period the
concentration of uric acid, protein and triglyceride increases as compare to early lactation.
Kaprapehlivan et al., (2007) investigated a study on ewes to determine the different biochemical
parameters during lactation and dry period. All the animals were offered hay and were kept in barn.
Blood samples were taken at the time lambing, 30th day of lactation and three weeks prior dry
period. The results collected showed that concentration of uric acid was higher at 30th day of
lactation as compared to first day and three weeks prior to dry period. The author suggested that
decrease in uric acid during dry period could be due to catabolism of milk protein synthesis that can
lead to decrease in concentration of uric acid during the dry period. Similar results were share by
Gorecka et al., (2002) who declared that in mare the concentration of uric acid was at higher level at
fourth week of lactation as compared to 2nd week of lactation and sixth month of gestation. Similar
outcomes were declared by Doornenbal et al., (1988) who suggested that the level of uric acid was
higher in milking cattle as compared to dry animals. They suggested that could be due to relationship
between total protein and end product of metabolism of protein, which increase the concentration of
uric acid in milking animals as compared to dry animals.
2.7. Creatinine
Soares et al., (2018) performed an experiment on dairy goat to find out the alternative adaption in
blood biochemical parameter during last week of gestation and first week of lactation. Blood
samples were taken at different days during transition period. The result collected showed that in late
pregnancy period the concentration of creatinine increased in blood along with triglycerides. The
author concluded that outcomes of that specific research can be used a tool to find out the
pathological diseases in transition period.

24
Elzein et al., (2016) conducted a study on goats to determine the effect of pregnancy and lactation
biochemical and hematological profile. Animals were divided in to two groups; animals in control
group were in cyclic stage but not pregnant but animal in second group were in gestation phase. The
results collected showed that total protein, blood urea nitrogen, globulin concentration decreases in
late gestation phase, while the level of creatinine and liver enzyme increases in this stage. However
during the kidding and lactation total protein, blood urea nitrogen, globulin, creatinine and liver
enzyme showed significant difference. The author declared that during gestation, kidding and
lactation female goats under goes different physiological states and most of biochemical parameter
are adopted by goat during these phases.
Santos et al., (2012) conducted an experiment to check out the effect of supplementation of
propylene glycol, cobalt and addition of vitamin B12 on biochemical profile and liver enzyme. The
animals were divided in to three groups fed with three different dietary diets. The results collected
showed that there was no significant effect on metabolic and biochemical profile of goats. The
concentration of creatinine remained almost similar among all groups. However, highest value was
calculated in control group fed with propylene glycol and vitamin B12. The author suggested that no
significant difference was due to mobilization of muscle protein which produce metabolize able
energy during the early lactation.
Piccione et al., (2012) performed an experimental study on dairy cattle to find out the changes in
biochemical parameters during late gestation, early lactation, and end of lactation and during dry
period. All animals were fed nutritionally balanced diet and were provided proper management
throughout the experiment. The result collected showed that there was significant difference in
creatinine, protein, blood urea nitrogen, and other minerals. The declared that during late gestation
and early pregnancy there was increased concentration of creatinine in blood. The author assumed

25
that was due to organic waste of fetus that circulates during fetal maternal circulation. Similar results
were obtained during the experiment performed by Roubies et al., (2006). The author declared that
due to increasing fetal size and growth in late gestation period increases the concentration of
creatinine in maternal blood. The author further declared that process is very common in sheep and
goat.
Similar results were shared by Antunovic et al., (2011), as the author declared that biochemical and
hormonal concentration changes during different physiological stages of life. The concentration of
creatinine and liver enzyme increases during the transition period and first week of lactation, while
serum protein and urea increase in early and mid lactation.
Waziri et al., (2010) conducted an experiment to determine the alteration in biochemical,
hematological and blood protein of goat during gestation period. Animals were divided in to two
groups; animals in one group were in pregnancy phase and animals in other group were in cyclic
phase. The results collected showed biochemical parameters including creatinine remained constant
throughout the experiment. The author concluded that if the goats are given nutritionally balanced
diet than biochemical parameter i.e. protein, fatty acids, liver enzymes and creatinine remained
constant. Similar results were shared by Kamalu et al., (1988) who declared that concentration of
liver enzyme, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and alkaline phosphate showed no significant
difference among treated groups. The author concluded that during the trial the kidney and liver of
treated animals were not affected clinically and were functioning normally.
2.8. Alanine transaminase (ALT) & Aspartate transaminase (AST)
Alanine transaminase (ALT) is enzyme found in kidney and liver, however the much smaller amount
of it is present in other organ of body especially heart. The concentration of ALT in blood is
normally low, but if there is damage to liver and kidney than the concentration of ALT increases. If

26
animal is suffering from any pathological condition than the level of ALT increases in body.
Aspartate transaminase (AST) that is present in smaller amount in muscles of body and act as an
enzyme of liver in body. When there is damage to muscle or liver the level of AST increases
immediately in blood. A higher level of these liver enzymes shows the damage of liver or manifests
the chances of different viral diseases of liver.
Soares et al., (2018) investigate the alteration in biochemical values of blood in milking goats during
transition period. Animals were offered byproduct of sugar cane, green forage and mixture of grain
based diet. The blood samples were taken during transition period. The results collected showed that
concentration of AST changed and showed significant difference in early lactation as compared to
pregnancy. The author suggested that these results can be used as an assisting tool for detection of
changes during early lactation. The author further concluded that early lactation period is period of
higher energy demand that increase the values AST in blood. As the peak lactation goes down the
concentration of AST comes to normal level.
Waziri et al., (2010) investigate a study to check out the changes in biochemical, hematological and
blood protein of goat during pregnancy. Animals were divided in to two groups; animals in one
group were mated and animals in other group were in non gestation stage. Animals were given grain
mixed diet and wheat offal. The result collected showed that the concentration of liver enzymes ALT
and AST remained normal throughout the experiment. The author suggested that could be due to
nutritionally balance diet. The author further suggested that during gestation and lactation period the
liver and kidney of animals were not affected clinically.
Mundim et al., (2007) performed a trail on dairy goat to find out the concentration of biochemical
parameter during different stages of lactation. The animals were grouped in 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation
and were provided balanced ration according to requirements of body. The results collected showed

27
the concentration of AST and ALT increased in 2nd lactation. The author suggested that it could be
due to increased mobilization of aft in body which increases the keton bodies in blood and thus
malfunctioning of liver occur. The author further suggested that increased level of AST can occur
during early lactation as the there is increased demand of energy during this phase of life. Similar
outcomes were also share by Mbassa and Pouslen (1991); they found greater activity of AST during
early phase of milking. They stated that it could be due to hepatic steatosis, which urges body to
increase the mobilization fat to meet up demands of animals during early lactation. But Roussel et
al., (1997) found that increased level of liver enzyme are correlated with lipidosis of liver which is
responsible for leakage of these enzyme in blood during early phase of lactation and last trimester of
pregnancy.
Sandabe et al., (2004) conducted an experiment to check out the effect of pregnancy on certain
biochemical parameters. Animals were divided in two group; animals in one group were mated with
buck, while animals in other groups were kept cyclic but non pregnant. All the animals were given
nutritionally balanced diet according to the demand of their body growth. The results collected
showed that liver enzymes including AST and ALT remained constant throughout the experiment.
The author suggested that gestation period have no effect on liver if the diet of animal is kept
balance.
El-Sherif and Assad, (2000) performed an experimental study ewes to find out the effect of gestation
period and dry period on certain biochemical, liver enzyme and hematological profile of pregnant
and dry ewes. All animals were given nutritionally balanced diet to meet up their requirements
during pregnancy, lambing and lactation. The results collected and showed that liver both liver
enzymes tend to increase in concentration form fourth week gestation to until lambing; However,
AST started to increase in 2nd week of gestation. The author suggested that it does not indicate the

28
malfunctioning of liver rather it might be due the higher activity of muscles to produce energy and
glucose during pregnancy to meet up the requirement of animal. As during gestation the process of
gluconeogenesis increases as a result the values of AST and ALT increase. Similar results were also
share by Cardinet et al., (1965); El-Hassanein and Assad (1996); as they reported increased in ALT
and AST levels in horse and camel. The suggested that might be due sever exercise of muscles to
meet up demand of energy during racing and working.

29
CHAPTER 3
Material and Methods
To determine the changes in values of biochemical and hematological parameters in Nukri goat at
different days milking, the experiment was performed in Tehsil Pindi Ghab, District Attock.
3.1. Atmospheric Condition of Experimental Site
Pindi Gheb is located 33ₒ 14' N. and 72° 16' E in Punjab, Pakistan. The overall climate of city is
warm in summer and very cold in winter. The average atmospheric temperature in summer is 40°
and in winter temperature goes as low as 2°.The topography of city is consisted of mainly hills,
plateaus and dissected plains areas. The northern part mostly hot and humid as compared to southern
part which remained relatively moderate. The Indus River and Harrow River flows through area
making land fertile. People in this area mostly farmers and agriculture and livestock farming is one
of the biggest industry. Due to favorable climatic conditions and hilly area sheep and goat farming is
booming in the area. Along with fattening farming peri urban dairy farming is also increasing in this
area.
3.2. Experimental Design
For suggested experiment Twenty (N=20) Nukri goat of approximately 2 year old and comparable
body weight were distributed in two groups. The animals were divided in to three period according
stage of lactation; 30th day, 50th day and 70th day of milking. All the animals were divided in two
groups; Animals in control groups were given grain mix diet and animals in treated groups were
offered with grazing shown in Table 3.1 and animals in control group were distributed according to
complete randomized design. The formulation of feeding ration was done according to guide line of
NRC 2007, of sheep and goat. Total duration of experiment was 70 days and animals were given 10
days to adjust the experimental diet and conditions.

30
3.3. Feeding Management
Animal in control group were offered alfalfa hay and concentrate diet while animal in treated group
were grazed in alfalfa pasture. Feed offered was given on 3% of body weight on dry matter basis.
Grazing of animal was done in morning and evening time and animals in control group was offered
ration in total mix ration (TMR) based diet in morning and evening time. All the animals were kept
on cemented floor and proper management was given throughout the experimental period. Cleaning
of shed, feed and water manger was done on daily basis. Feed offered and refused feed if any was
noted on daily basis. All the animals were kept in an open well ventilated and cemented shed. Proper
management was provided to all animals during the experiment. The nutritional and chemical
composition of experimental ration is given in Table 3.2. All the animals were given 24 hours access
to clean and fresh water. Feed given to animals and refused feed sample were taken and was
analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), metabolize able energy (ME) nutrient detergent
fiber (NDF) were done through proximate analysis according to guideline of AOAC, (2000).
3.4. Health Control Measurement
All the animals were dewormed against external and internal parasite before the start of experiment.
For External deworming against tick Imec plus 1% (Ivermectin) was used through subcutaneous
injection according to dose rate recommended by company. For internal parasites Nilvet plus
(Levamisole Hcl, Oxyclozanide, Cobalt sulphate) was drenched orally according to recommendation
of company. To prevent animals from various bacterial and viral diseases; animals were vaccinated
against Foot and Mouth (FMD), Anthrax, Enterotoxcemia (ET), Contagious Caprine
Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and Pest de Petitis Ruminantis (PPR). Other clinical and pathological
issues including diarrhea, cough, sneezing, temperature etc were managed and noted according.
Animals in all groups were offered best managemental approaches.

31
Table 3.1. Experimental design of treated animals
Groups No ofAnimals Feed Type
A (control) 10 Alfalfa hay + grain mix diet
B (Open grazing) 10 Grazing
Table 3.2. Nutritional Composition of Experimental Diet
Ingredients Diet Percentage (%)
Maize grain 24
Rice polish 10
Wheat Bran 18
Sugar cane molasses 4
Corn gluten 60% 11
Cotton seed meal 18
Canola meal 10
Urea 1
Mineral mixture 1
Lime 2
NaHCo3 1
Total 100
Dry Matter (DM) 87.88
Crude Protein (CP) 16.33
Metabolize able energy (ME) 2690
Fat 5.5
Ash 10.6
Nutrient Detergent Fibre (NDF) 36.42
Ca 1.04
P 0.52

32
3.5. Parameter
Data on following variables were recorded accordingly
3.5.1. Blood Sampling
The blood samples were collected aseptically from the jugular vein of Nukri goat before the start of
experiment and at 30, 50 and 70 day. Blood collection was done in 10ml sterilized syringe having
needle of 29G and length 1/2 inch and blood was quickly transferred in to ethylene diamine tetra
acetic acid (EDTA) coated tubes. For collection of plasma EDTA tubes were placed in a laboratory
centrifuged machine and samples were run at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes for collection of plasma.
Plasma sample were quickly stored at -20 0C until further biochemical analysis. The stored samples
were used for analysis of different biochemical parameters i.e. glucose, total protein, albumin
protein, creatinine, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and liver enzyme including alanine
transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). These biochemical parameters were by
following protocol.
3.5.1.1. Glucose (GLU)
Glucose quantification in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid was done by using commercially
available kits (Reactivos GPL, Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.2. Total Protein (T.P)
To determine the quantity of total protein in the maternal plasma was used commercially available
kits (Reactivos GPL, Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.3. Albumin (Alb)
To quantify Albumin (Alb) in the maternal plasma was assessed with commercially available kits
(Reactivos GPL, Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.4. Creatinine (Creat)

33
Maternal plasma was analyzed for creatinine using commercially available kits (Reactivos GPL,
Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.5. Triglyceride (TG)
Triglyceride (TG) was quantified by using the commercially available kit (Reactivos GPL,
Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.6. Uric Acid (UA)
The uric acid was assessed in the maternal plasma with the commercially available kits (Reactivos
GPL, Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.7. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
The BUN was assessed in the maternal plasma and amniotic fluid with the commercially available
kits (Reactivos GPL, Chemelex S. A, Barcelona, Espana).
3.5.1.8. Alanine transaminase (ALT)
A commercially available kit for ALT was used to analyze maternal plasma and amniotic fluid for
ALT.
3.5.1.9. Aspartate transaminase (AST)
Commercially available kits for AST will be used to analyze maternal plasma and amniotic fluid for
AST.
3.6. Statistical analysis
Data obtained on Biochemical parameters was recorded during different stages and was be evaluated
using one analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to complete randomized design (CRD). Results
were declared statistically significant at P<0.05 by using SPSS package 9.1 (Steel et al., 1980).

34
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
An investigative study was performed at a commercial fattening farm in Pindi Ghab, District Attock
to determine the values of certain biochemical parameters at different days of lactation in Nukri goat.
The data on blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin protein, creatinine,
triglyceride, uric acid, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) was recorded
at 30th, 50th and 70th days of lactation and was analyzed accordingly. The results of above mentioned
parameters are given below.
4.1. Glucose
To find out the values of biochemical parameters, blood samples were taken at different days and
were analyzed. The mean blood glucose in group A was 61.356c±0.2286, 62.249b±0.78431 and
64.891a±0.97621 (mg/dl ) respectively (Table 4.1); while the mean blood glucose at 30, 50 and 70
days of lactation was 57.96c±0.137233, 59.22b±0.93216 and 60.3a±0.58329 in group B (Table 4.2.)
Table 4.1. Meanblood glucose (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
Days of Lactation No animals Mean±SD P value
30th 10 61.356c±0.2286 0.000
50th 62.249b±0.78431
70 64.891a±0.97621
a, b, c means having no common superscript are significantly different P<0.05(Table 4.1)

35
Table 4.2. Meanblood glucose (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 57.96c±0.137233 0.000
50th 59.22b±0.93216
70 60.3a±0.58329
a, b and c means superscripts having on common means are significantly different P<0.05 (Table
4.2).
The mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for group A was 13.99c±0.99, 14.35b±0.66 and 15.43a±0.24 at
day 30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.3) and the mean blood urea nitrogen for group B 9.63c±0.57,
10.33b±0.55 and 11.45a±0.74 respectively (Table 4.4).
Table 4.3. Meanblood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
30th 10 13.99c±0.99 0.000
50th 14.35b±0.66
70 15.43a±0.24
a, b, c means superscript having no common means are significantly different P<0.05(Table 4.3)
Table 4.4. Meanblood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 9.63c±0.57 0.002
50th 10.33b±0.55
70 11.45a±0.74

36
4.3. Total Protein
The mean total protein for animals in group A was 71.33c±2.41, 72.24b±3.56 and 75.86a±4.59 at day
30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.5), while animals in group B the mean total protein was
75.44c±3.99, 77.22b±4.23 and 79.11a±6.43 respectively (Table 4.6).
Table 4.5. Meantotal protein (g/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
30th 10 71.33c±2.41 0.000
50th 72.24b±3.56
70 75.86a±4.59
Table 4.6. Meantotal protein (g/l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 75.44c±3.99 0.004
50th 77.22b±4.23
70 79.11a±6.43
a, b, c means superscript having no common means are significantly different P<0.05 (Table 4.6).
4.4. Albumin
The mean for animals in group A was 30.77c±2.21, 35.62b±2.99 and 39.52a±1.37 (g/L) at day 30, 50
and 70 respectively (Table 4.7), while; the mean for animals in group B was 27.33c±1.91,
32.43b±8.34 and 35.39a±6.36 at day 30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.8).

37
Table 4.7. Meanalbumin (g/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
30th 10 30.77c±2.21 0.000
50th 35.62b±2.99
70 39.52a±1.37
Table 4.8. Meanalbumin (g/l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 27.33c±1.91 0.002
50th 32.43b±8.34
70 35.39a±6.36
4.5. Triglycerides
The men triglyceride in animals in group A was 3.44c±0.03, 3.96b±0.02 and 4.5a±0.08 (mg/dl) at day
30, 50 and 70 days of lactation respectively (Table 4.9), while; the mean triglyceride in group B was
3.22c±0.05, 3.31b±0.03 and 3.39a±0.06 (mg/dl) respectively (Table 4.10).
Table 4.9. Meantriglycerides (mg/dl) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
30th 10 3.44c±0.03 0.000
50th 3.96b±0.02
70 4.5a±0.08

38
Table 4.10. Meantriglyceride (mg/dl) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 3.22c±0.05 0.003
50th 3.31b±0.03
70 3.39a±0.06
4.6. Uric Acid
The mean uric acid of animals in group A was 19.0c±5.23, 21.0b±6.91 and 22.40a±3.54 at 30, 50 and
70 days of lactation (µmol/L) respectively (Table 4.11), while; the mean uric acid for animals in
group B was 20.67c±2.89, 23.54b±7.21 and 26.88a±2.91(µmol/L) respectively (Table 4.12).
Table 4.11. Meanuric acid (µmol/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
30th 10 19.0c±5.23 0.000
50th 21.0b±6.91
70 22.40a±3.54
Table 4.12. Meanuric acid (µmol /l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 20.67c±2.89 0.004
50th 23.54b±7.21
70 26.88a±2.91

39
4.7. Creatinine
The mean creatinine of animals in group A was 77.19±10.61, 75.25±6.03 and 75.33±7.09 (µmol/l) at
30, 50 and 70 days of lactation respectively (Table 4.13), while; the mean creatinine for animals in
group B 76.20±11.31, 76.59±13.62 and 76.70±12.04 (µmol/l) at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation
respectively (Table 4.14).
Table 4.13. Meancreatinine (µmol/l) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa hay
30th 10 77.19±10.61 0.177
50th 75.25±6.03
70 75.33±7.09
Statistically creatinine shows non significant difference among different days of milking P>0.05
Table 4.14. Meancreatinine (µmol /l) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 76.20±11.31 0.151
50th 76.59±13.62
70 76.70±12.04
Statistically creatinine shows non significant difference among different days of milking P>0.05
4.8. Alanine transaminase (ALT)
The mean Alanine transaminase (ALT) for animal in group A was 14.35c±2.34, 15.25b±2.80 and
16.45a±2.21 (U/L) at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation respectively (Table 4.15), while; the mean ALT
for animals in group B was 15.21c±4.99, 16.75b±3.33 and 17.79a±6.32 (U/L) respectively (Table
4.16)

40
Table 4.15. Meanalanine transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
30th 10 14.35c±2.34 0.000
50th 15.25b±2.80
70 16.45a±2.21
Table 4.16. MeanAlanine transaminase(U/L) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 15.21c±4.99 0.000
50th 16.75b±3.33
70 17.79a±6.32
4.9. Aspartate transaminase (AST)
The mean aspartate transaminase(AST) for animals in group A was 113.10b±20.50, 90.25c±7.56 and
109.45a±12.52 (U/L) at 30, 50 and 70 day respectively (Table 4.17), while; mean AST for animal in
group B was 116.45c±11.76, 119.85b±11.33 and 124.67a±13.12 (UL)at 30, 50 and 70 days
respectively ( 4.18).
Table 4.17. MeanAspartate transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat given grain mix diet with alfalfa
hay
30th 10 113.10b±20.50 0.000
50th 90.25c±7.56

41
70 109.45a±12.52
Table 4.18. MeanAspartate transaminase (U/L) in Nukri goat grazed on alfalfa pasture
30th 10 116.45c±11.76 0.002
50th 119.85b±11.33
70 124.67a±13.12

42
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
An experiment was performed on Nukri goat distributed in to two groups; control group was given
grain mix alfalfa hay based total mix ration and animals in second group was allocated certain
grazed area of alfalfa fodder. Experiment was executed for 70 days and before the start of
experiment 10 days were given to animals for adjustment of new ration. The data on blood glucose,
blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase and aspertate
transaminase was recorded at 30, 50 and 70 day of experiment. All the data was arranged on Excel
sheet and was analyzed using SPSS software.
5.1. Glucose
The mean blood glucose in group A was 61.356c±0.2286, 62.249b±0.78431 and 64.891a±0.97621
(mg/dl) respectively (Table 4.1); while the mean blood glucose at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation
was 57.96c±0.137233, 59.22b±0.93216 and 60.3a±0.58329 (mg/dl) respectively (Table 4.2.) in group
B. In group A highest value (64.891a±0.9762 mg/dl) was recorded at 70 days of lactation and lowest
value (61.356c±0.2286 mg/dl) was recorded at 30 days of lactation. However, in group B highest
value (60.3a±0.58329 mg/dl) was noted at 70 days lactation and minimum value (57.96c±0.137233
mg/dl) was noted at 30 days of milking. The results of this experiment are in accordance with
Antunovic et al., (2011). The author reported that with increasing the lactation the concentration of
glucose, triglycerides increases in blood and showed positive effect. The author suggested that
increase in glucose might be due the increase activity of udder which demands the higher amount of
energy and ultimately the level of glucose and triglycerides increases. Similar results were also
shared by Sobiech et al., (2008) and Block et al., (2001). They reported that during mid lactation
there is increase demand of energy in body an in mammary gland which increases the glucose and

43
triglyceride level in the body. They further reported that in late lactation as the milking drops the
concentration of glucose decreases and comes to normal level.
The results of present experimental study are also in accordance with the Szczpanski et al., (2005).
Who declared that small ruminants at peak milking increase the blood glucose level as the
metabolism of insulin produce excessive amount of energy to meet up requirement of milking,
ultimately the glucose level increases in blood.
The findings of current study are also in accordance with Krajnieakova et al., (2003); Lima et al.,
(2012); Jelinek et al., (1985). The author declared that biochemical value of blood glucose showed
significant difference among the treated groups. They reported that as the peak of lactation comes
the concentration of blood glucose increases. But Bost and Magat, (1975) reported that concentration
of blood glucose remained unchanged throughout the lactation and pregnancy.
The mean blood urea nitrogen (BUN) for group A was 13.99c±0.99, 14.35b±0.66 and 15.43a±0.24
(mg/dl) at day 30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.3) and the mean blood urea nitrogen for group B
9.63c±0.57, 10.33b±0.55 and 11.45a±0.74 (mg/dl) respectively (Table 4.4). In group A the highest
value (15.43a±0.24 mg/dl) was recorded at 70 days of lactation and minimum value (13.99c±0.99
mg/dl) was recorded at 30 day of lactation. Similarly; in group B highest value was recorded at 70
day (11.45a±0.74 mg/dl) and lowest value (9.63c±0.57mg/dl) was noted at 30 days of lactation. The
results of present study are according to Antunovic et al., (2011). The author reported that during
lactation the concentration of glucose, triglyceride, total protein and blood urea nitrogen increases.
The results of present study are in accordance with Antunovic et al., (2017), who reported that there
was variation in the level of BUN in lactation. The level of BUN increased in early lactation and
decreased in mid lactation but the author stated that concentration again increased toward the end of

44
lactation. The author suggested that variation in value of BUN might be due recycling of urea and
lower protein content in dietary ration. Kohan et al., (2005) stated that by the concentration of BUN
the amount of nitrogen consumed through feed can be calculated, which can be a good indicator for
concentration of BUN. Similar results were shared by Hassan et al., (2016); who reported that during
lactation phase the level of BUN increased as compared to dry period.
The findings of present study are according to results shared by Piccione et al., (2012). The author
stated that BUN showed significant increase peak lactation and toward the end of lactation in cattle
as compared to early lactation. Similar results were share by Roubies et al., (2006) who stated that
because increase protein requirement in lactation phase the concentration of BUN increases during
milking as compared to gestation period. But El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) reported that the
concentration of serum urea remained to normal level during lactation phase but increases in
gestation period. The author suggested that it might be due synthesis of milk exert less pressure at
kidney during milking phase but the pressure increased during gestation period due to fetus and an
increase in BUN was seen during that phase. However, Rodriguez et al., (1996) stated that due to
less glomerular filtration there was decreased in BUN level during both phases in gestation period
and during early lactation. Brozotowski et al., (1996) reported that there was increase in BUN level
during early pregnancy in ewes, but level decreased below normal level in late gestation phases and
comes to normal concentration during early lactation.
The author further stated that highest concentration was recorded toward the end of lactation. Similar
findings were shared by Sobiech et al., (2008) and Block et al., (2001); they reported that there was
positive increase in concentration of blood glucose, triglyceride, total protein and BUN. They
suggested that the increase was due to higher activity of mammary gland during lactation period.

45
5.3. Total Protein
The mean total protein for animals in group A was 71.33c±2.41, 72.24b±3.56 and 75.86a±4.59 at day
30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.5), while animals in group B the mean total protein was
75.44c±3.99, 77.22b±4.23 and 79.11a±6.43 respectively (Table 4.6). In group A highest value
(75.86a±4.59 g/l) was noted at 70 days and minimum value (71.33c±2.41g/l) was noted at 30 days of
lactation, Similarly in group B highest value (79.11a±6.43 g/l) was noted at 70 days and minimum
value (75.44c±3.99 g/l) was noted at 30 day of milking. The results of present experiment are
according to the results shared by Karapehliven et al., (2007). The author reported that in last three
weeks of dry period and in early lactation the level of total protein decreases but in mid and peak
lactation the level of total protein increases. Similar outcomes were shared by Brzostowski et al.,
(1996). Who reported that level of total protein varies during pregnancy, lactation and dry period.
The author stated concentration of total protein was low during early lactation and level increases as
lactation advances.
The findings of present study are in accordance with Krajnieakova et al., (2003), who declared in
late pregnancy the level of total protein remained unchanged during pregnancy. But the level
increase during sixth week of lactation as compared to early lactation and also during dry period. But
El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) reported that concentration of total protein, albumin and globulin
remained unchanged during early lactation but there was increase in total protein during mid and late
period of pregnancy. They author suggested that might be due to the size and growth of fetus which
increased the level of total protein in blood.
The results of current study are in accordance with Antunovic et al., (2002), as the author stated that
during late pregnancy and in lactation the concentration of total protein increases in blood. The
author further suggested that might be due decreased level of globulin which increases the level of

46
albumin protein and ultimately the concentration of total protein increases in blood. Similar reports
were also share by Jelinek et al., (1985) who stated that during 4th lactation the concentration of total
protein and albumin increases in blood which are according to the current study.
5.4. Albumin
The mean for animals in group A was 30.77c±2.21, 35.62b±2.99 and 39.52a±1.37 (g/l) at day 30, 50
and 70 respectively (Table 4.7), while; the mean for animals in group B was 27.33c±1.91,
32.43b±8.34 and 35.39a±6.36 (g/l) at day 30, 50 and 70 respectively (Table 4.8). In group A the
highest value (39.52a±1.37 g/l) of serum albumin was noted at 70 days of milking and minimum
valve (30.77c±2.21 g/l) was noted at 30 day of milking. Similarly, in group B the highest value
(35.39a±6.36 g/l) of serum albumin was noted during 70 day of lactation and minimum value
(27.33c±1.91) was noted at 30 day of lactation.
The findings of current experimental study are according to Antunovic et al., (2017) who reported
that concentration of total protein and albumin increased during lactation but at late lactation period
the level of albumin decreases to normal value. Similar results were also share by Brzostowski et al.,
(1996), who declared that concentration of total protein and albumin increases in early pregnancy
and decreases at late pregnancy. The author also stated during early lactation the level of albumin
increases and started to decrease during fourth week of lactation. But Sobiech et al., (2008), reported
that in ewes as the stage of lactation increases the amount of total protein, albumin, glucose and
triglyceride start to increases. The suggested that it might be due to increased activity of udder which
in certain cases increases the demand of energy four times than in pregnancy and dry period.
The findings of present study are in accordance with Trana et al., (2006). The author reported that
concentration of albumin protein increased when animals were fed nutritionally balanced diet.
However, author further suggested that during summer the level of albumin decreases. The author

47
suggested that it might be due to antioxidant activity of the body. But the findings of Waziri et al.,
(2010) repotted that the values of total protein, albumin did not changed during gestation period and
early lactation. The author suggested that when ewes maintained properly during pregnancy than the
concentration of albumin and total protein remained unchanged and author further stated that it
indicate that animals were not underfed during pregnancy.
The results of present study are in accordance with Karapehliven et al., (2007), the author performed
experiment to compare different biochemical values during pregnancy and lactation. The author
reported that the concentration of albumin increase in lactation period as compare to gestation. The
author suggested that it might be due decrease level globulin protein which increases the level of
albumin. But El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) reported that level of albumin remained constant during
early lactation and was increased in level during early and late gestation.
5.2. Triglycerides
The men triglyceride in animals in group A was 3.44c±0.03, 3.96b±0.02 and 4.5a±0.08 at day 30, 50
and 70 of lactation respectively (Table 4.9), while; the mean triglyceride in group B was 3.22c±0.05,
3.31b±0.03 and 3.39a±0.06 respectively (Table 4.10). In group A the highest value of triglyceride
(4.5a±0.08 mg/dl) was noted at 70 days of milking and lowest value (3.44c±0.03 mg/dl) was recorded
at 30 days of lactation. Similar in group B highest value 3.39a±0.06 (mg/dl) was noted at 70 days and
lowest value (3.22c±0.05 mg/dl) was recorded at 30 days of milking.
The findings of present study are in accordance with Piccione et al., (2012) and Douglas et al.,
(2004). As they studied the response of certain biochemical parameters during late gestation, early
and mid lactation period. They reported that during late gestation and mid lactation the level of
blood glucose and triglyceride increases and showed positive effect. The author thought that might
be due to increase metabolism of lipid that increases the value of triglyceride in blood. Similar

48
results were share by Mundim et al., (2007) who declared that during lactation level of triglycerides
increase but animals that were in 2nd lactation have decreased triglyceride in blood.
The findings of Masek et al., (2007) are similar with the results of current experimental study. The
author reported that during milking the concentration of triglycerides increases in blood and as the
peak of milking ends the level of triglyceride and blood glucoses decreases.
The results of present study are in accordance with Piccione et al., (2009), who reported that in
lactation the level of triglycerides increases in blood. The author suggested that during pregnancy the
triglyceride decreases as most of energy products are being used by fetus, but in lactation the level of
triglycerides start to increase. The author further declared that with excessive exercise the level of
triglycerides decrease in blood. Similar results were shared by Smith and Walsh (1975); but Kano et
al., (1981). They reported that pregnancy have negative effect on the level triglycerides. They also
suggested that variation in level of triglyceride may be due to differentiation of species.
But the results of current study are not in accordance with Gradinski-Urbanace et al., (1986) and
Marcos et al., (1990) as they reported that level of triglyceride decreases in early lactation. They
further suggested due to increased milk synthesis the level of triglyceride might decrease in blood.
5.6. Uric Acid
The mean uric acid of animals in group A was 19.0±5.23, 21.0±6.91 and 22.40±3.54 at 30, 50 and
70 days of lactation (µmol/L) respectively (Table 4.11), while; the mean uric acid for animals in
group B was 20.67±2.89, 23.54±7.21 and 26.88±2.91(µmol/L) respectively (Table 4.12). In group A
the highest value (22.40±3.54 µmol/L) was recorded at 70 day of lactation and lowest value
(19.0±5.23 µmol/L) was recorded at 30 day of lactation, Similarly; in group B the highest value was
noted at 70 day (26.88±2.91 µmol/L) and at 30 day minimum value (20.67±2.89 µmol/L ) was
noted. The results of present study are in accordance with Kaprapehlivan et al., (2007) who reported

49
that there variation in the value of uric acid during early, mid and late lactation phase. The author
suggested that variation in values might be due to relationship between total protein and milk
synthesis to uric acid. Due to catabolism of protein the concentration of uric acid varies and showed
non significant result. Similar values were also share by Gorecka et al., (2002) who stated that
during lactation there was alteration in uric acid concentration. The level of uric acid increased
during 4th week of lactation and then it start to decrease in concentration. But Doornenbal et al.,
(1988) reported that there was increased concentration of uric acid and BUN in lactating cattle as
compared dry cattle. The author suggested that it might be due to relationship of metabolism of
protein and end product of protein.
The results of current experiment were contraindicated with the findings of Antunovic et al., (2011).
As they reported that with the advancement of lactation the concentration of uric acid and
triglyceride increased showing significant difference among treated animals.
5.7. Creatinine
The mean creatinine of animals in group A was 77.19±10.61, 75.25±6.03 and 75.33±7.09 (µmol/l) at
30, 50 and 70 days of lactation respectively (Table 4.13), while; the mean creatinine for animals in
group B 76.20±11.31, 76.59±13.62 and 76.70±12.04 (µmol/l) at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation
respectively (Table 4.14). In group A the highest value (75.33±7.09 µmol/l) was noted at 70 days of
lactation and minimum value (77.19±10.61 µmol/l) was recorded at 30 days, Similarly in group B
the highest value (76.70±12.04 µmol/l) was noted at 70 day and lowest value 76.20±11.31
µmol/l)was recorded at 30 days of milking. The findings of current experiment are according to
Antunovic et al., (2011) who reported that during lactation the concentration of creatinine not
changed. However, the concentration of glucose, total protein and triglycerides showed significant
difference. Similar results were shared by Waziri et al., (2010), the author stated that if the animals

50
are fed with balance ration than the value of creatinine, total protein, and triglyceride showed non
significant difference. Similar outcomes were shared by Kamalu et al., (1988) who reported that the
concentration of creatinine, liver enzyme showed non significant difference during different stage of
lactation. The concluded that during trial the kidney and liver of animal were in normal state.
The findings of current study are not in accordance with Soares et al., (2018), the author declared
that during late gestation and early lactation there was significant difference in concentration of
creatinine and other biochemical parameters. Similar results were also shared by Piccione et al.,
(2012), who stated that during lactation, dry period and pregnancy the level of creatinine increased
in blood and showed positive response in all animals. The author suggested that it might be due the
size and growth of fetus that increased the concentration during pregnancy and also suckling effect
increased the level during lactation period. Similar outcomes were also shared by Roubies et al.,
(2006) who declared that during gestation period the concentration of creatinine increased due to
size, growth and metabolism of fetus.
The findings of present study are contraindicate with Elzein et al., (2016), who declared that during
lactation and kidding processing the concentration of creatinine increased, but during late gestation
the level decreased. The author suggested that during kidding and lactation goats adopt different
physiological changes which increases the value of creatinine in blood. Similar the results of
Antunovic et al., (2011) are contraindicated with present study. The author stated that during first
week of lactation the concentration of creatinine increased in blood and during mid and late lactation
the concentration of total protein and albumin increases.
5.8. Alanine Transaminase (ALT) & Aspartate Transaminase(AST)
The mean Alanine transaminase (ALT) for animal in group A was 14.35c±2.34, 15.25b±2.80 and
16.45a±2.21 (U/L) at 30, 50 and 70 days of lactation respectively (Table 4.15), while; the mean ALT

51
for animals in group B was 15.21c±4.99, 16.75b±3.33 and 17.79a±6.32 (U/L) respectively (Table
4.16). The mean aspartate transaminase (AST) for animals in group A was 113.10b±20.50,
90.25c±7.56 and 109.45a±12.52 (U/L) at 30, 50 and 70 day respectively (Table 4.17), while; mean
AST for animal in group B was 116.45c±11.76, 119.85b±11.33 and 124.67a±13.12 (UL) at 30, 50
and 70 days respectively (Table 4.18). In group A the highest value (16.45a±2.21 U/L) of ALT was
recorded at 70 day and minimum value (14.35c±2.34 U/l) of ALT was recorded at 30 day of
lactation. In group B the maximum value was (17.79a±6.32 U/L) recorded at 70 day and minimum
value (15.21c±4.99) of ALT was noted at 30 day. But value of AST in group A was maximum
(113.10b±20.50 U/L) at 30 day and minimum (90.25c±7.56 U/L) at 50 day of lactation. The value of
AST in group B was highest (124.67a±13.12 UL) at 70 day and lowest (116.45c±11.76 U/L) at 30
day of lactation.
The results of present experiment are according to Mundim et al., (2007), who reported that
concentration of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) showed significant difference at different stage of
lactation. The author suggested that positive effect might be due to increase milking and suckling.
This demand body to produce energy through ketone and metabolism of energy which is stored in
muscles. Similar results were also shared by Mbassa and Pouslen, (1991) they found greater activity
of AST during early phase of milking. They stated that it could be due to hepatic steatosis, which
urges body to start metabolism of fat to meet up demand of energy. But Roussel et al., (1997) stated
that significant difference among liver enzyme (AST and ALT) showed the mechanism of lipidosis
of liver which are very common during early lactation and late gestation period.
But the findings of current study are not according to Sandabe et al., (2004) who reported that the
values of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) remained constant during the whole period of lactation. The
author suggested that it might be due to nutritionally balanced ration which shows that there is no

52
leakage of fluid in body organ as liver is functioning properly. Similar outcomes were also share by
Waziri et al., (2010) who reported that concentration of AST and ALT remained unchanged during
different stages of pregnancy and early lactation. But the results of Soares et al., (2018) are
according to present study, who reported that there was significant difference in liver enzymes
(ASLT, ALT) during early lactation. However, El-Sherif and Assad, (2001) reported that during late
gestation and early lactation the concentration of Liver enzyme increases. The author suggested that
it might be due the size and growth of fetus and during early lactation as the demand of energy
increases for synthesis of milk production. The author further concluded that it is clear from the
biochemical results that kidney and liver of animals are not affected clinically. Similar results were
also share by Cardinet et al., (1965); El-Hassanien and Assad, (1996) as they reported increased in
ALT and AST levels in horse and camel. The suggested that might be due sever exercise of muscles
to meet up demand of energy during racing and working. But the findings of Waziri et al., (2010) are
not according to outcomes of current study. The author reported that values of AST and ALT
remained constant during pregnancy.

53
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY, CONCULSION & RECOMMENDATION
6.1. Summary
Goats are always considered very valuable animals because of their better adjustability to intricate
hilly areas, extreme weather conditions and increased breeding capability. Goats are among those
animals that were domesticated by human about ten thousand years ago. Due to better adaption and
their selective browsing ability they are found in almost every corner of the world. However, major
population of goat is present in Asia especially subcontinent and Africa.
In rural areas of Pakistan most of the farmers have limited or less than one acre land which are used
for agriculture production and there is continuous feeding issue for small ruminants. Goats are given
less importance as compared to other buffalo and cattle and are mostly fed on vegetable by products
or rotten fruits and sometime are grazed along roadside herbs. Due to limited provision of protein
and energy in feed goats are unable to attain their maximum growth potential. The conventional feed
is mostly used by large ruminants. Therefore, non-conventional feed and feed byproducts are good
option for small ruminants; as they not only provide ample amount of protein and energy but also
decreases the chances of diseases.
During pregnancy, lactation, dry period and transition period small ruminants undergo serious
physiological changes and different adaptations are taken by animals to maintain the concentration
of biochemical and hematological parameters. Biochemical parameters such serum protein, fatty
acids and urea nitrogen can provide complete assessment of animal health. Similarly, enzymatic
activity including aspertate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) in blood plasma is
important tool for determining the malfunction of liver. Biochemical parameters are good indicators
for any alteration in physiological and reproductive disorder of animals. The current study was

54
performed to check the changes in biochemical values during different days of lactation. A total of
20 animals were selected and were placed in to two groups. Animal in control group were offered
nutritionally balanced ration and animals in treated group were offered selected area for grazing.
Animal were given 10 days to adopt the experimental diet and total duration of experiment was 70
days. Blood samples was done in both groups at 30, 50 and 70 days of milking to check the values of
different biochemical parameters including blood glucose, total protein, albumin protein,
triglyceride, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, alanine transaminase and aspertate
transaminase. The data collected was analyzed through one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
results were declared statistically significant P<0.05 using SPSS software. The results collected
showed except creatinine (P=0.177 vs 0.151) all other biochemical parameters showed significant
difference in both groups and there was no significant difference among both groups.
6.2. Conclusion
The present experiment highlights the importance the biochemical parameter during the lactation
period. Because biochemical metabolites can provide the assessment of animal health and inform the
status of kidney and liver. If the concentration of these biochemical parameters deviates from normal
values than different diseases can occur as the metabolites are good indicators for any alteration in
physiological condition of animal. Thus the variation in biochemical parameters can inform the
health status of animal before the occurrence of disease. This will not only reduce the cost
medication in animals but also helps to maintain the proper health status of animal. Further there is
dire need of extensive study on different biochemical and hematological parameter during different
stages of gestation, transition period and dry period not only goat but also in other animal.

55
6.3. Recommendations
1. Proper grazing of Nukri goat maintains the haemostatsis and biochemical metabolites in normal
ranges.
2. Different biochemical values of blood can be used to assess the early outbreak of certain diseases
of liver such as Jaundice or can provide information about renal failure.
3. It is further recommend to small ruminant researchers to check out biochemical and hematological
values during different stages of gestation and dry period.

56
CHAPTER 7
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