This perspective essay is an attempt to explain what the US Federal Reserve System at Washington D.C. defined as its communications policy under the leadership of Ben Shalom Bernanke who served as the Chairman of its Board of Governors from 2006 to 2014. It also explores briefly the antecedents of the Fed’s communications policy in earlier eras under the chairmanship of Paul Volcker (1979-1987) and Alan Greenspan (1987-2006). The essay also examines the contributions made by Vice Chair Don Kohn, members of the FOMC like Frederic Mishkin and the Federal Reserve System including those of William Poole at the St. Louis Fed to the development and dissemination of the Fed’s communications policy. The essay concludes by comparing the similarities between the communications policy of Ben Bernanke and his successor Janet L. Yellen. The argument in this essay is that there has been an unproblematic continuation in terms of the themes and concerns in the Fed’s communications policy, and that Yellen’s approach as both Vice-Chair and as Chair of the Board of Governors is an attempt to build on the communications policy of her predecessors, and her own work in this area when she chaired the Sub-Committee on Fed Communications under Chairman Bernanke. The main focus is however on Bernanke’s attempt to bring together a number of sporadic attempts in the past to increase the over-all levels of accountability and transparency at the Federal Reserve System in a way that makes his term an interesting case study not only for American bankers but for central bankers everywhere. Bernanke’s term at the Federal Reserve coincided with the emergence of a world-wide movement towards central bank transparency and attempts by central banks to innovate unconventional policy measures to stimulate the economy in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008. So, in addition to the usual motifs of accountability and transparency in central banking, Bernanke’s communications policy at the Fed is also characterized by the attempt to explain the rationale for monetary policy tools such as quantitative easing (i.e. large-scale asset purchases) and forward guidance on matters pertaining to the policy path of the short-term federal funds rate. This is an area of Fed policy that Bernanke and increasingly Yellen have made their own.
Over the past thirty years the neutral real interest rate across developed economies has declined substantially. Evidence suggests that secular rather than transitory factors are driving its decline. A lower neutral interest rate implies that the cumulative amount of tightening required for monetary policy to become neutral is much smaller than previously thought.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales, Cardiff (1996).
His thesis was titled 'Oedipus Redux: D.H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.'
These clinical notes should be of use to both theorists and practitioners of psychoanalysis in the tradition of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
28 | Monetary Policy and
Bank Regulation
Figure 28.1 Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Headquarters, Washington D.C. Some of the most influential
decisions regarding monetary policy in the United States are made behind these doors. (Credit: modification of work
by “squirrel83”/Flickr Creative Commons)
The Problem of the Zero Percent Interest Rate Lower Bound
Most economists believe that monetary policy (the manipulation of interest rates and credit conditions by
a nation’s central bank) has a powerful influence on a nation’s economy. Monetary policy works when the
central bank reduces interest rates and makes credit more available. As a result, business investment
and other types of spending increase, causing GDP and employment to grow.
But what if the interest rates banks pay are close to zero already? They cannot be made negative, can
they? That would mean that lenders pay borrowers for the privilege of taking their money. Yet, this was
the situation the U.S. Federal Reserve found itself in at the end of the 2008–2009 recession. The federal
funds rate, which is the interest rate for banks that the Federal Reserve targets with its monetary policy,
was slightly above 5% in 2007. By 2009, it had fallen to 0.16%.
The Federal Reserve’s situation was further complicated because fiscal policy, the other major tool for
managing the economy, was constrained by fears that the federal budget deficit and the public debt
were already too high. What were the Federal Reserve’s options? How could monetary policy be used
to stimulate the economy? The answer, as we will see in this chapter, was to change the rules of the
game.
CHAPTER 28 | MONETARY POLICY AND BANK REGULATION 569
Introduction to Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central Banks
• Bank Regulation
• How a Central Bank Executes Monetary Policy
• Monetary Policy and Economic Outcomes
• Pitfalls for Monetary Policy
Money, loans, and banks are all tied together. Money is deposited in bank accounts, which is then loaned to businesses,
individuals, and other banks. When the interlocking system of money, loans, and banks works well, economic transactions
are made smoothly in goods and labor markets and savers are connected with borrowers. If the money and banking system
does not operate smoothly, the economy can either fall into recession or suffer prolonged inflation.
The government of every country has public policies that support the system of money, loans, and banking. But these
policies do not always work perfectly. This chapter discusses how monetary policy works and what may prevent it from
working perfectly.
28.1 | The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central
Banks
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the structure and organization of the U.S. Federal Reserve
• Discuss how central banks impact monetary policy, promote financial stability, and provide banking services
In ma.
This perspective essay is an attempt to explain what the US Federal Reserve System at Washington D.C. defined as its communications policy under the leadership of Ben Shalom Bernanke who served as the Chairman of its Board of Governors from 2006 to 2014. It also explores briefly the antecedents of the Fed’s communications policy in earlier eras under the chairmanship of Paul Volcker (1979-1987) and Alan Greenspan (1987-2006). The essay also examines the contributions made by Vice Chair Don Kohn, members of the FOMC like Frederic Mishkin and the Federal Reserve System including those of William Poole at the St. Louis Fed to the development and dissemination of the Fed’s communications policy. The essay concludes by comparing the similarities between the communications policy of Ben Bernanke and his successor Janet L. Yellen. The argument in this essay is that there has been an unproblematic continuation in terms of the themes and concerns in the Fed’s communications policy, and that Yellen’s approach as both Vice-Chair and as Chair of the Board of Governors is an attempt to build on the communications policy of her predecessors, and her own work in this area when she chaired the Sub-Committee on Fed Communications under Chairman Bernanke. The main focus is however on Bernanke’s attempt to bring together a number of sporadic attempts in the past to increase the over-all levels of accountability and transparency at the Federal Reserve System in a way that makes his term an interesting case study not only for American bankers but for central bankers everywhere. Bernanke’s term at the Federal Reserve coincided with the emergence of a world-wide movement towards central bank transparency and attempts by central banks to innovate unconventional policy measures to stimulate the economy in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008. So, in addition to the usual motifs of accountability and transparency in central banking, Bernanke’s communications policy at the Fed is also characterized by the attempt to explain the rationale for monetary policy tools such as quantitative easing (i.e. large-scale asset purchases) and forward guidance on matters pertaining to the policy path of the short-term federal funds rate. This is an area of Fed policy that Bernanke and increasingly Yellen have made their own.
Over the past thirty years the neutral real interest rate across developed economies has declined substantially. Evidence suggests that secular rather than transitory factors are driving its decline. A lower neutral interest rate implies that the cumulative amount of tightening required for monetary policy to become neutral is much smaller than previously thought.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales, Cardiff (1996).
His thesis was titled 'Oedipus Redux: D.H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.'
These clinical notes should be of use to both theorists and practitioners of psychoanalysis in the tradition of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
28 | Monetary Policy and
Bank Regulation
Figure 28.1 Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Headquarters, Washington D.C. Some of the most influential
decisions regarding monetary policy in the United States are made behind these doors. (Credit: modification of work
by “squirrel83”/Flickr Creative Commons)
The Problem of the Zero Percent Interest Rate Lower Bound
Most economists believe that monetary policy (the manipulation of interest rates and credit conditions by
a nation’s central bank) has a powerful influence on a nation’s economy. Monetary policy works when the
central bank reduces interest rates and makes credit more available. As a result, business investment
and other types of spending increase, causing GDP and employment to grow.
But what if the interest rates banks pay are close to zero already? They cannot be made negative, can
they? That would mean that lenders pay borrowers for the privilege of taking their money. Yet, this was
the situation the U.S. Federal Reserve found itself in at the end of the 2008–2009 recession. The federal
funds rate, which is the interest rate for banks that the Federal Reserve targets with its monetary policy,
was slightly above 5% in 2007. By 2009, it had fallen to 0.16%.
The Federal Reserve’s situation was further complicated because fiscal policy, the other major tool for
managing the economy, was constrained by fears that the federal budget deficit and the public debt
were already too high. What were the Federal Reserve’s options? How could monetary policy be used
to stimulate the economy? The answer, as we will see in this chapter, was to change the rules of the
game.
CHAPTER 28 | MONETARY POLICY AND BANK REGULATION 569
Introduction to Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation
In this chapter, you will learn about:
• The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central Banks
• Bank Regulation
• How a Central Bank Executes Monetary Policy
• Monetary Policy and Economic Outcomes
• Pitfalls for Monetary Policy
Money, loans, and banks are all tied together. Money is deposited in bank accounts, which is then loaned to businesses,
individuals, and other banks. When the interlocking system of money, loans, and banks works well, economic transactions
are made smoothly in goods and labor markets and savers are connected with borrowers. If the money and banking system
does not operate smoothly, the economy can either fall into recession or suffer prolonged inflation.
The government of every country has public policies that support the system of money, loans, and banking. But these
policies do not always work perfectly. This chapter discusses how monetary policy works and what may prevent it from
working perfectly.
28.1 | The Federal Reserve Banking System and Central
Banks
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Explain the structure and organization of the U.S. Federal Reserve
• Discuss how central banks impact monetary policy, promote financial stability, and provide banking services
In ma.
MonetarismName of the studentName of the ProfessorNa.docxgilpinleeanna
Monetarism
Name of the student
Name of the Professor
Name of the Course
Name of the University
Date
Monetarism
Monetarism is an economic theory formulated by Milton Friedman and mainly focuses on the macroeconomic effects and importance of the role of government in maintaining money supply in circulation. This theory proposes that the amount of money in circulation impacts the overall economy in terms of output, inflation and price level of commodities. The sources of information for this paper are secondary in nature. The secondary resources are websites, books, journal articles and opinion papers pertaining to the theoretical concepts. The scope of the paper confines to the academic application and should be used only in the consideration of the practical variables applicable to the industry.
The monetarists believe that monetary policy should be made by the government and should always be based on the targeting the growth rate rather than the discretionary monetary policy. This theory argues that the central bank plays an important role in maintaining the money supply and it should focus on the maintaining the price stability while making the monetary policy because that excessive money supply always results in inflation.
Monetarism is basically rooted into the hard money policies in 19th century and the monetary policies of John Maynard Keynes. Keyes mainly focused on the value stability of money according to which sufficient supply of money led to the alternate currency and collapse leading to panic. Friedman mainly focused on stability of price which is attained when there is equilibrium between demand and supply of money.
According to Friedman, the money supply should automatically be increased according to a fixed percentage per year which is also called as fixed monetary rule or Friedman k-percent rule. According to this rule, the increase in money supply could be determined by software application and that can anticipate all the money supply changes.
The active manipulation of money supply or increase will cause more destabilization than stabilize it. In 1965 Milton Friedman restated the quantity theory of money according to which demand for money is governed by the certain number of variables. When the money supply expands the people of the country do not hold the money in bank balances but would put that money into the economy which will increase the money spent on every commodity disturbing the price balance. This is because the commodity will hold less value as compared to when people had less money. The price of the commodity will rise and aggregate demand will increase. Similarly, when the money supply reduces people save the money and the overall spending decreases leading to decrease in demand and fall in price.
The application of theory of Monetarism was seen in 1979 when Federal Chief Paul Volker fought inflation by reducing the money supply and in result he was able to create price stability. The his ...
These clinical notes explain the role played by conflicts as a causative factor in the psychoneuroses and war neuroses in Freudian psychoanalysis.
The Freudian theory of conflict, I argue, is useful not only to clinicians, but also to central bankers who are trying to formulate a theory of stability and stabilization.
What psychoanalysis makes available for these central bankers is a formal theory of the subject that incorporates the structure and function of the unconscious.
It also explains the macro-economy of the symptom given that clinicians have a lot of exposure to neurotic forms of instability.
The main wager in these clinical notes is that it will make possible a theoretical discussion between psychoanalysts and financial analysts in order to develop a comprehensive theory of stability.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a PhD in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes describe the differences between the 'desire of the subject' and the 'desire of the symbolic Other' in Lacanian psychoanalysis by inverting the conventional subject-object distinction within a theory of the subject.
The theoretical goal here is to identify the forms of libidinal excess that are generated in the act of speech in analysis; and then relate this excess to a theory of stability.
Such an exercise should be of interest to central bankers like Mark Carney of the Bank of England who must not only work out a theory of stability; but must also ponder on the ontological differences between stability at the levels of the individual, the institution, and the macro-economy as a whole.
These ontological differences matter, I argue, lest central bankers forget the importance of the 'fallacy of composition' in economic theory. This fallacy cautions us to avoid the conflation of micro-economic phenomena with macro-economic aggregates while doing economic theory.
These notes also draw a compelling analogy between the forms of libidinal regulation that characterizes clinical interventions in Lacanian psychoanalysis with the role played by counter-cyclical policies in monetary theory and practice in the attempt to regulate interest rates by central bankers.
The burden of the argument here is to show that while the stabilization of systemically important stakeholders in necessary, it is not sufficient. What is required are regulatory mechanisms that will serve a protective function (even if stakeholders act out their conflicts in the symbolic) like circuit breakers that regulate trading in stock exchanges.
These notes conclude by describing psychic mechanisms like 'alienation, separation, and traversing the phantasy' that constitute not only the Lacanian theory of the subject, but also the clinical trajectory that represents the end of analysis.
These notes should be useful not only to clinicians but also to those interested in formulating a theory of stability that is informed by the ideological concerns and clinical themes of Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Needless to say, these notes on the need for a psychoanalytic approach to stability are dedicated - for what they are worth - to Gov. Mark Carney of the Bank of England.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes summarize the main points raised by the Lacanian analyst Robert Samuels on the question of analytic technique.
These clinical notes should make it possible for both beginners and clinicians to relate Freudian concepts with Lacanian terms like the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic more effectively.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review sets out the importance of a special issue of Umbr(a) #1, 1998, on 'Identity and Identification' from the Center for Psychoanalysis and Culture at SUNY, Buffalo for students of law, management, and business.
It explains how a Lacanian theory of the subject can make it possible to manage in a 'psychoanalytically informed manner' by making a case for incorporating the insights of Lacanian psychoanalysis in the mainstream professions.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff (1996).
This book review explores the relationship between psychoanalysis and history.
It makes a case for why historians should be interested in psychoanalysis; and explains why the quest for freedom as an existential or historical state is mediated by negation in the Freudian theory of subjectivity.
This review should be of interest to historians, psychoanalysts, and students of the human sciences.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This book review describes the theoretical challenges involved in incorporating the Lacanian model of the subject within mainstream American ego psychology (given the huge amount of philosophical knowledge that Lacan assumes in his readers).
It will be of use to clinicians, literary critics, and philosophers who want to engage with Lacanian theory and practice.
MonetarismName of the studentName of the ProfessorNa.docxgilpinleeanna
Monetarism
Name of the student
Name of the Professor
Name of the Course
Name of the University
Date
Monetarism
Monetarism is an economic theory formulated by Milton Friedman and mainly focuses on the macroeconomic effects and importance of the role of government in maintaining money supply in circulation. This theory proposes that the amount of money in circulation impacts the overall economy in terms of output, inflation and price level of commodities. The sources of information for this paper are secondary in nature. The secondary resources are websites, books, journal articles and opinion papers pertaining to the theoretical concepts. The scope of the paper confines to the academic application and should be used only in the consideration of the practical variables applicable to the industry.
The monetarists believe that monetary policy should be made by the government and should always be based on the targeting the growth rate rather than the discretionary monetary policy. This theory argues that the central bank plays an important role in maintaining the money supply and it should focus on the maintaining the price stability while making the monetary policy because that excessive money supply always results in inflation.
Monetarism is basically rooted into the hard money policies in 19th century and the monetary policies of John Maynard Keynes. Keyes mainly focused on the value stability of money according to which sufficient supply of money led to the alternate currency and collapse leading to panic. Friedman mainly focused on stability of price which is attained when there is equilibrium between demand and supply of money.
According to Friedman, the money supply should automatically be increased according to a fixed percentage per year which is also called as fixed monetary rule or Friedman k-percent rule. According to this rule, the increase in money supply could be determined by software application and that can anticipate all the money supply changes.
The active manipulation of money supply or increase will cause more destabilization than stabilize it. In 1965 Milton Friedman restated the quantity theory of money according to which demand for money is governed by the certain number of variables. When the money supply expands the people of the country do not hold the money in bank balances but would put that money into the economy which will increase the money spent on every commodity disturbing the price balance. This is because the commodity will hold less value as compared to when people had less money. The price of the commodity will rise and aggregate demand will increase. Similarly, when the money supply reduces people save the money and the overall spending decreases leading to decrease in demand and fall in price.
The application of theory of Monetarism was seen in 1979 when Federal Chief Paul Volker fought inflation by reducing the money supply and in result he was able to create price stability. The his ...
These clinical notes explain the role played by conflicts as a causative factor in the psychoneuroses and war neuroses in Freudian psychoanalysis.
The Freudian theory of conflict, I argue, is useful not only to clinicians, but also to central bankers who are trying to formulate a theory of stability and stabilization.
What psychoanalysis makes available for these central bankers is a formal theory of the subject that incorporates the structure and function of the unconscious.
It also explains the macro-economy of the symptom given that clinicians have a lot of exposure to neurotic forms of instability.
The main wager in these clinical notes is that it will make possible a theoretical discussion between psychoanalysts and financial analysts in order to develop a comprehensive theory of stability.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a PhD in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes describe the differences between the 'desire of the subject' and the 'desire of the symbolic Other' in Lacanian psychoanalysis by inverting the conventional subject-object distinction within a theory of the subject.
The theoretical goal here is to identify the forms of libidinal excess that are generated in the act of speech in analysis; and then relate this excess to a theory of stability.
Such an exercise should be of interest to central bankers like Mark Carney of the Bank of England who must not only work out a theory of stability; but must also ponder on the ontological differences between stability at the levels of the individual, the institution, and the macro-economy as a whole.
These ontological differences matter, I argue, lest central bankers forget the importance of the 'fallacy of composition' in economic theory. This fallacy cautions us to avoid the conflation of micro-economic phenomena with macro-economic aggregates while doing economic theory.
These notes also draw a compelling analogy between the forms of libidinal regulation that characterizes clinical interventions in Lacanian psychoanalysis with the role played by counter-cyclical policies in monetary theory and practice in the attempt to regulate interest rates by central bankers.
The burden of the argument here is to show that while the stabilization of systemically important stakeholders in necessary, it is not sufficient. What is required are regulatory mechanisms that will serve a protective function (even if stakeholders act out their conflicts in the symbolic) like circuit breakers that regulate trading in stock exchanges.
These notes conclude by describing psychic mechanisms like 'alienation, separation, and traversing the phantasy' that constitute not only the Lacanian theory of the subject, but also the clinical trajectory that represents the end of analysis.
These notes should be useful not only to clinicians but also to those interested in formulating a theory of stability that is informed by the ideological concerns and clinical themes of Lacanian psychoanalysis.
Needless to say, these notes on the need for a psychoanalytic approach to stability are dedicated - for what they are worth - to Gov. Mark Carney of the Bank of England.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
These clinical notes summarize the main points raised by the Lacanian analyst Robert Samuels on the question of analytic technique.
These clinical notes should make it possible for both beginners and clinicians to relate Freudian concepts with Lacanian terms like the real, the imaginary, and the symbolic more effectively.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review sets out the importance of a special issue of Umbr(a) #1, 1998, on 'Identity and Identification' from the Center for Psychoanalysis and Culture at SUNY, Buffalo for students of law, management, and business.
It explains how a Lacanian theory of the subject can make it possible to manage in a 'psychoanalytically informed manner' by making a case for incorporating the insights of Lacanian psychoanalysis in the mainstream professions.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff (1996).
This book review explores the relationship between psychoanalysis and history.
It makes a case for why historians should be interested in psychoanalysis; and explains why the quest for freedom as an existential or historical state is mediated by negation in the Freudian theory of subjectivity.
This review should be of interest to historians, psychoanalysts, and students of the human sciences.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This book review describes the theoretical challenges involved in incorporating the Lacanian model of the subject within mainstream American ego psychology (given the huge amount of philosophical knowledge that Lacan assumes in his readers).
It will be of use to clinicians, literary critics, and philosophers who want to engage with Lacanian theory and practice.
This paper analyzes what Sigmund Freud was trying to do both as an an analyst and as a writer in his autobiography of 1925. It describes Freud's compositional ratio, fantasies in writing about psychoanalysis, early life, the Freudian clinic, the Freudian subject, and concludes that reading Freud is still the best way to learn psychoanalysis.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in literature and psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff, UK (1996).
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’
This series of 'clinical study notes' summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts.
They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
These clinical notes describe the main points raised by Jacques-Alain Miller of the University of Paris VIII in the first Paris/Chicago psychoanalytic workshop on the analytic cure on July 25, 1986.
Miller starts by addressing common misconceptions about Lacanian theory and practice before explaining the structure, the techniques, and the forms of interpretation that constitute the analytic clinic.
Miller concludes by explaining why the definition of the analytic cure is not reducible to the biological model of adaptation or the invocation of borderline categories. The most important challenge of psychoanalysis will always be to explain hysteria.
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’ These clinical study notes summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts. They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
These clinical notes summarize the main arguments in Jacques-Alain Miller's Paris-New York Workshop of 1988 titled 'A and a in Clinical Structures.'
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. from the University of Wales at Cardiff in English Literature and Lacanian Psychoanalysis (1996). His Ph.D. thesis was titled ‘Oedipus Redux: D. H. Lawrence in the Freudian Field.’ These clinical study notes summarize the main points raised in important psychoanalytic texts. They should be of use to students, theorists, and lay practitioners of psychoanalysis who are preparing to read or re-read the psychoanalytic literature associated mainly (though not only) with the theories of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan.
1. Big Ben: On US Federal Reserve
Communications
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan
2. The Fed’s Communications Policy
• What is the Fed’s communications policy?
• Why does the Fed need a
communications policy?
• What are the antecedents of the Fed’s
communications policy?
9. Recent Fed Chairs
and their Communications Policy:
Antecedents and Precedents
Paul Volcker (1979-87)
Alan Greenspan (1987-06)
Ben Bernanke (2006-14)
Janet Yellen (2014-Present)