Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’. The query traverses the hypergraph to match an employee entity with a given employee ID, a company entity located in London, and a sale relation connecting them as the seller and customer respectively. The employee ID is then returned.

1. Beyond SQL | Comparing SQL to TypeQL
Tomás Sabat

4. Sure, you can express a question by writing a navigational plan,
but the navigational plan is not the essence of what you're trying
to accomplish. [...]
Wouldn't it be nice if you could express the question at a higher
level and let the system figure out how to do the navigation?
– Edgar “Ted” Codd

7. A language that you can read and understand intuitively enables
you to ask questions at a higher level, while letting the system
figure out how to do the lower level operations.

8. that you can read and understand intuitively

9. enables
you to ask questions at a higher level

10. while letting the system
figure out how to do the lower level operations.

11. Let’s discuss…
Data Modelling
Writing and Reading (Relationally)
Hypergraph and Automated Reasoning

12. Entity-Relationship Modelling

13. Normalisation
SSN Pnumber Hours Ename Pname Plocation
FD1
FD2
FD3
SSN Pnumber Hours
FD1
SSN Ename
FD2
Pnumber Pname Plocation
FD3
2NF Normalisation
Ename Ssn Bdate Address Dnumber Dname Dmgr_ssn
3NF Normalisation
Ename Ssn Bdate Address Dnumber Dnumber Dname Dmgr_ssn

14. Database Architecture
Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

15. Database Architecture
ER Diagram
Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

16. Database Architecture
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

17. Database Architecture
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF
DBMS
Physical independence of data
Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

18. Entity-Relationship Modelling

19. Entity-Relationship Modelling

20. From ER Diagram to TypeDB
employee
name
bdate
…
supervision
supervisee
supervisor
ssn

21. Database Architecture
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF
DBMS
Physical independence of data
Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

22. Database Architecture
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF TypeDB
Abstraction Over Logical Model
X
X
X Logical Model
Physical Level
Conceptual Model

23. Database Architecture
Conceptual and
Logical Model
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF
X
X
X
Abstraction Over Logical Model
Physical Level
TypeDB

24. The Northwind Dataset

25. Defining Schemas

26. Defining Schemas
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit

27. Defining Schemas
product
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit

28. Defining Schemas
product
product-id
product-key
quantity-
per-unit
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit

29. Defining Schemas
product
product-id
product-key
quantity-
per-unit
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit
category-id

30. Defining Schemas
product
product-id
product-key
quantity-
per-unit
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit
category-id
X

31. Defining Schemas
product-id
product-key
quantity-
per-unit
category
assignment
product-assignment
assigned-category
product
products
product_id: PK
product_name
category_id: FK
quantity_per_unit

32. CREATE TABLE products (
);
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

33. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
);
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

34. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
);
define
product sub entity;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

35. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

36. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key,
owns product-name,
owns quantity-per-unit;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

37. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key,
owns product-name,
owns quantity-per-unit;
product-id sub attribute, value double;
product-name sub attribute, value string;
quantity-per-unit sub attribute, value
double;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

38. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES
categories
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key,
owns product-name,
owns quantity-per-unit;
product-id sub attribute, value double;
product-name sub attribute, value string;
quantity-per-unit sub attribute, value
double;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

39. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES
categories
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key,
owns product-name,
owns quantity-per-unit,
plays assignment:assigned;
product-id sub attribute, value double;
product-name sub attribute, value string;
quantity-per-unit sub attribute, value
double;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

40. CREATE TABLE products (
product_id smallint NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
product_name character varying(40) NOT
NULL,
category_id smallint,
quantity_per_unit character varying(20),
FOREIGN KEY (category_id) REFERENCES
categories
);
define
product sub entity,
owns product-id @key,
owns product-name,
owns quantity-per-unit,
plays assignment:assigned;
product-id sub attribute, value double;
product-name sub attribute, value string;
quantity-per-unit sub attribute, value
double;
assignment sub relation,
relates category,
relates assigned;
Defining Schemas – Create an Entity

41. Let’s discuss…
Data Modelling
Writing and Reading (Relationally)
Hypergraph and Automated Reasoning

42. Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

43. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

44. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (12, 'Chocolate', 42, 421)
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

45. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (12, 'Chocolate', 42, 421)
match
$c isa category,
has name "Confections";
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

46. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (12, 'Chocolate', 42, 421)
match
$c isa category,
has name "Confections";
insert
$p isa product;
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

47. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (12, 'Chocolate', 42, 421)
match
$c isa category,
has name "Confections";
insert
$p isa product,
has product-id 12,
has product-name "Chocolate",
has quantity-per-unit 421;
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

48. SELECT category.categoryID
FROM category
WHERE category.CategoryName = 'Confections';
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (12, 'Chocolate', 42, 421)
match
$c isa category,
has name "Confections";
insert
$p isa product,
has product-id 12,
has product-name "Chocolate",
has quantity-per-unit 421;
$r ($c, $p) isa assignment;
Inserting Data
Insert a new product with product name “Chocolate”, product id 12, quantity per unit 421 and category name
“Confections”.

49. Reading Data
SELECT column1, column2, …
FROM table_name;
WHERE condition;

50. Reading Data
SELECT column1, column2, …
FROM table_name;
WHERE condition;
match
$a isa thing,
has attribute $v;
get $a, $v;

51. Projection
Return all product IDs and the unit prices.

52. Projection
Return all product IDs and the unit prices.
ProductID ProductName CategoryID UnitPrice QuantityPerUnit

53. Projection
Return all product IDs and the unit prices.
ProductID ProductName CategoryID UnitPrice QuantityPerUnit
product
productID
$pid
unit-price
$up

54. Restrict
Return product IDs and product names, for products with a unit price higher than 12.5.

55. Restrict
Return product IDs and product names, for products with a unit price higher than 12.5.
ProductID ProductName CategoryID UnitPrice QuantityPerUnit
>12.5
>12.5
>12.5

56. Restrict
Return product IDs and product names, for products with a unit price higher than 12.5.
product
unit-price
>12.5
productID
$pid
product-name
$pn
ProductID ProductName CategoryID UnitPrice QuantityPerUnit
>12.5
>12.5
>12.5

57. Union
Get all the different cities in which suppliers and customers are located.

58. Union
Get all the different cities in which suppliers and customers are located.
Cities
Cities
Suppliers
Customers

59. Union
Get all the different cities in which suppliers and customers are located.
Cities
Cities
Suppliers
Customers
city
city-name
$cn
located
customer supplier
located OR

60. Intersection
Get a list of cities where both customers and suppliers are located.

61. Intersection
Get a list of cities where both customers and suppliers are located.
Cities
Cities
Suppliers
Customers

62. Intersection
Get a list of cities where both customers and suppliers are located.
city
city-name
$cn
Cities
Cities
Suppliers
Customers
located
customer supplier
located AND
Intersection
Get a list of cities where both customers and suppliers are located.
city
city-name
$cn
Cities
Cities
Suppliers
Customers
located
customer supplier
located AND

63. Join
Return the corresponding category names for each product name.

64. Join
Return the corresponding category names for each product name.
CategoryName … ProductName ...
CategoryName ProductName
Categories Products

65. Join
Return the corresponding category names for each product name.
category
category-name
$cn
assignment
product
product-name
$pn
CategoryName … ProductName ...
CategoryName ProductName
Categories Products

66. Let’s discuss…
Data Modelling
Writing and Reading (Relationally)
Hypergraph and Automated Reasoning

69. Hyper-relationships
product
company
order
employee

70. Hyper-relationships
sale
containing
stocking
product
company
order
employee

71. Hyper-relationships
contained-product
sale
seller
placed-order
customer
containing
containing-order
supplier
stocking
stock
product
company
order
employee

72. Hyper-relationships
unit-price
quantity
contained-product
sale
supplier
seller
placed-order
containing
containing-order
stocking
customer
stock
product
company
order
employee

73. define
employee sub entity;
company sub entity;
order sub entity;
product sub entity;
Hyper-relationships

74. define
employee sub entity;
company sub entity;
order sub entity;
product sub entity;
sale sub relation,
relates seller,
relates placed-order,
relates customer;
Hyper-relationships

75. define
employee sub entity;
company sub entity;
order sub entity;
product sub entity;
sale sub relation,
relates seller,
relates placed-order,
relates customer;
containing sub relation,
owns quantity,
owns unit-price,
relates product,
relates containing-order;
Hyper-relationships

76. define
employee sub entity;
company sub entity;
order sub entity;
product sub entity;
sale sub relation,
relates seller,
relates placed-order,
relates customer;
containing sub relation,
owns quantity,
owns unit-price,
relates product,
relates containing-order;
stocking sub relation,
relates stock,
relates supplier;
Hyper-relationships

77. define
employee sub entity,
plays sale:seller;
company sub entity,
plays stocking:supplier,
plays sale:customer;
order sub entity,
plays containing:placed-order,
plays sale:containing-order;
product sub entity,
plays containing:product,
plays stocking:stock;
sale sub relation,
relates seller,
relates placed-order,
relates customer;
containing sub relation,
owns quantity,
owns unit-price,
relates product,
relates containing-order;
stocking sub relation,
relates stock,
relates supplier;
Hyper-relationships

78. Traversal Query
Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.

79. Traversal Query
employee-id
employee
Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.

80. Traversal Query
sale
supplier customer
seller
employee-id
employee company
city
’London’
Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.

81. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
Traversal Query
employee sale company
customer-
description
supplier customer
seller
demographic
’x’
employee-id city
’London’
…

82. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
Traversal Query

83. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
Traversal Query

84. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
Traversal Query

85. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
$c isa company,
has city "London";
Traversal Query

86. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
$c isa company,
has city "London";
$r1(seller: $s, customer: $c) isa sale;
Traversal Query

87. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
$c isa company,
has city "London";
$r1(seller: $s, customer: $c) isa sale;
$cd isa customer-demographic,
has customer-description 'x';
Traversal Query

88. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
$c isa company,
has city "London";
$r1(seller: $s, customer: $c) isa sale;
$cd isa customer-demographic,
has customer-description 'x';
$r2 ($c, $cd);
Traversal Query

89. Return all employee IDs who sold to a customer based in London, of customer demographic ‘x’.
SELECT Employees.EmployeeID
FROM Employees
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Employees.EmployeeID = Orders.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Customers ON
Orders.CustomerID = Customers.CustomerID
AND Customers.City = 'London'
INNER JOIN CustomerCustomerDemo ON
Customers.CustomerID =
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerID
INNER JOIN CustomerDemographic ON
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerTypeId =
CustomerDemographic.CustomerTypeId AND
CustomerCustomerDemo.CustomerDesc = 'x'
match
$s isa employee,
has employee-id $eid;
$c isa company,
has city "London";
$r1(seller: $s, customer: $c) isa sale;
$cd isa customer-demographic,
has customer-description 'x';
$r2 ($c, $cd);
get $eid;
Traversal Query

90. Type-based Reasoning

91. Type-based Reasoning
organisation

92. Type-based Reasoning
non-profit
organisation
sub
for-profit
sub

93. Type-based Reasoning
non-profit
organisation
sub
for-profit
bank pharmaceutical
sub
sub
sub

94. Type-based Reasoning
define
organisation sub entity;
organisation

95. Type-based Reasoning
define
organisation sub entity;
for-profit sub organisation;
non-profit sub organisation;
non-profit
organisation
sub
for-profit
sub

96. Type-based Reasoning
define
organisation sub entity;
for-profit sub organisation;
non-profit sub organisation;
bank sub for-profit;
pharmaceutical sub for-profit;
non-profit
organisation
sub
for-profit
bank pharmaceutical
sub
sub
sub

97. Rule-based Reasoning
x y z

98. Rule-based Reasoning
x y z
location
location

99. Rule-based Reasoning
location
location
location
x y z

100. Rule-based Reasoning
rule transitive-location:
when {
} then {
};
location
x y z
location
location

101. Rule-based Reasoning
rule transitive-location:
when {
(located: $x, locating: $y);
(located: $y, locating: $z);
} then {
};
x y z
location
location
location

102. Rule-based Reasoning
rule transitive-location:
when {
(located: $x, locating: $y);
(located: $y, locating: $z);
} then {
(located: $x, locating: $z);
};
x y z
location
location
location

105. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
Rule-based Reasoning

106. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
Rule-based Reasoning

107. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
Rule-based Reasoning

108. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$e isa employee, has employee-id $eid;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
Rule-based Reasoning

109. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$e isa employee, has employee-id $eid;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
$r1 (located: $e, locating: $r);
Rule-based Reasoning

110. Return all the employee IDs who are in a region with region-description ‘x’.
SELECT Employee.EmployeeID
FROM Employee
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$e isa employee, has employee-id $eid;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
$r1 (located: $e, locating: $r);
get $eid;
Rule-based Reasoning

111. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".

112. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".
charities
companies

113. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".
charities
companies orders
orders

114. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".
charities
companies orders employee
orders employee

115. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".
charities
companies territory
territory
orders employee
orders employee

116. Rule-based Reasoning
Return all organisation IDs of any type of organisation that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-
description "x".
charities
companies orders
orders
region
‘x’
territory
territory
employee
employee

117. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
Rule-based Reasoning

118. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
Rule-based Reasoning

119. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
Rule-based Reasoning

120. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
Rule-based Reasoning

121. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
Rule-based Reasoning

122. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
$e isa employee;
Rule-based Reasoning

123. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
$e isa employee;
$r2 ($c, $e) isa sale;
Rule-based Reasoning

124. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
$e isa employee;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
$r2 ($c, $e) isa sale;
Rule-based Reasoning

125. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
$e isa employee;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
$r1 (located: $e, locating: $r);
$r2 ($c, $e) isa sale;
Rule-based Reasoning

126. Return all org IDs any type of customer that employees have sold to who are in a region with region-description "x".
SELECT Companies.OrgID
FROM Companies
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Companies.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
UNION
SELECT Charities.OrgID
FROM Charities
INNER JOIN Orders ON
Charities.OrgId = Orders.OrgId
INNER JOIN Employees ON
Orders.OrgId = Employees.OrgId
INNER JOIN EmployeeTerritories AS Et ON
Employee.EmployeeID = Et.EmployeeID
INNER JOIN Territories AS Te ON
Te.TerritoryID = Et.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Region AS Re ON
Re.RegionDescription = 'x'
match
$c isa organisation, has org-id $ci;
$e isa employee;
$r isa region, has region-description "x";
$r1 (located: $e, locating: $r);
$r2 ($c, $e) isa sale;
get $ci;
Rule-based Reasoning

128. Conceptual and
Logical Model
ER Diagram
Normalisation
3NF TypeDB
X
X
X
Abstraction Over Logical Model
Physical Level

129. A language that you can read and understand intuitively enables
you to ask questions at a higher level, while letting the system
figure out how to do the lower level operations.

130. Thank you for attending this webinar!