Bearings - Fundamentals
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Bearings are critical machine components that allow rotational or linear movement while reducing friction. They support loads and transfer power between moving parts. This document provides an overview of bearing fundamentals and design considerations for selecting the proper bearing type for different applications.
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This certificate of completion certifies that Aleksey Tkachov completed a course on Managing Diversity in August 2016. The certificate provides his name, the date it was updated and completed, the time taken to complete the course, and a unique certificate number.
Lubricants
Lubricants
Engineering Design Guide
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 LUBRICATION BASICS
2.1 Basic Functions of a Lubricant
2.2 Hydrostatic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.3 Hydrodynamic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.4 Boundary Lubrication
2.5 Mixed Lubrication
3 VISCOSITY
3.1 General
3.2 Dynamic Viscosity
3.3 Kinematic Viscosity
3.4 Measurement of Viscosity
3.5 Viscosity Classification of Lubricants
3.6 Viscosity Index
3.7 Viscosity Change with Pressure
4 MINERAL OILS
4.1 General Characteristics
4.2 British Standard 4475 Commentary
4.3 Oil Additives
4.4 Synthetic Oils
5 GREASES
5.1 Composition
5.2 Properties
6 SOLID LUBRICANTS
7 SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS
8 OPERATING FACTORS
8.1 Filtration
8.2 Operating Temperatures
8.3 Total Loss Lubrication Systems
9 LUBRICANT SUPPLY AND SCHEDULING
9.1 Selection of Supplier
9.2 Lubrication Schedules
10 HEATH AND SAFETY
11 MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF OIL IN SERVICE
11.1 Analyze or Change?
11.2 Visual Analysis
1 I.3 Laboratory Analysis
11.4 Contamination Problems
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A VISCOSITY EQUIVALENTS
B SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
FIGURES
I LUBRICANT CHANGE PERIODS AND TESTS
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS VG32 TO VG 460.
3 SERVICE MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF OIL IN SERVICE ON LARGE SYSTEMS
TABLES
1 ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION
2 OILS TO BS 4475 RECOMMENDED FOR USE BY GBHE
3 SUGGESTED OIL CHANGE PERIODS FOR SMALL INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
4 VISUAL EXAMINATION OF USED LUBRICATING OILS
5 SUMMARY OF ROUTINE ANALYTICAL TESTS FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS
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1 SCOPE
2 LUBRICATION BASICS
2.1 Basic Functions of a Lubricant
2.2 Hydrostatic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.3 Hydrodynamic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.4 Boundary Lubrication
2.5 Mixed Lubrication
3 VISCOSITY
3.1 General
3.2 Dynamic Viscosity
3.3 Kinematic Viscosity
3.4 Measurement of Viscosity
3.5 Viscosity Classification of Lubricants
3.6 Viscosity Index
3.7 Viscosity Change with Pressure
4 MINERAL OILS
4.1 General Characteristics
4.2 British Standard 4475 Commentary
4.3 Oil Additives
4.4 Synthetic Oils
5 GREASES
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5.2 Properties
6 SOLID LUBRICANTS
7 SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS
8 OPERATING FACTORS
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8.3 Total Loss Lubrication Systems
9 LUBRICANT SUPPLY AND SCHEDULING
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9.2 Lubrication Schedules
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11 MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF OIL IN SERVICE
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11.2 Visual Analysis
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B SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
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2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS VG32 TO VG 460.
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Centrifugal Pump Operation and Maintenance
Code of Practice
1 SCOPE
2 SETTING UP A MAINTENANCE INSPECTION SYSTEM
2.1 Design and Purchase
2.2 Maintenance Data
2.2.1 Data File
2.2.2 Maintenance Data Card
2.2.3 Plant Pump Schedule
2.2.4 Maintenance Record Card
2.2.5 Pump Maintenance Report
2.2.6 Lubrication Schedule
3 CONTROL OF MODIFICATIONS
4 PUMP COMPONENT FAILURE MODES
4.1 Bearings
4.4.1 Adequacy of oil or grease supply
4.1.2 Mechanical Breakdown
4.1.3 External Factors
4.2 Seals
4.2.1 Seat Wear
4.2.2 Shaft or Sleeve Fretting
4.2.3 Multiple Spring or Bellows Breakages
4.2.4 Double Seal Arrangements (Back-to-Back)
4.2.5 O-Rings
4.3 Couplings
4.3.1 Gear Type Coupling (grease lubricated)
4.3.2 Flexible (Elastomer) Element
4.3.3 Multi-Disc Pack or Membrane Coupling
5 HAZARDOUS AND CRITICAL DUTY PUMPS
5.1 Quench Systems
5.2 Cooling Systems
5.2.1 Bearing Cooling
5.2.2 Pedestal Cooling
5.2.3 Stuffing Box Cooling
5.2.4 Throttle Bushes
6 PROCESS PRIORITIES
6.1 Immediate Attention (Priority 1)
6.2 Daily Attention (Priority 2)
6.3 Weekly Attention (Priority 3)
7 PROCESS OPERATION AND FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
7.1 Process Changes
7.2 Failure Diagnosis
8 B I BLI OGRAPHY
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1) The fan experiences the highest monthly downtime (54.9 hours) which costs $250,000 in lost production monthly.
2) Vibration analysis revealed the fan blade is unbalanced and bearings are failing, which are the top two causes of downtime.
3) A preventive maintenance program is proposed including daily vibration monitoring, weekly balancing, and monthly bearing replacement to reduce downtime to 10.25 hours per month, saving $203,400 in production losses.
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0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE - INTEGRATING.THE PUMP INTO THE SYSTEM
2 AVAILABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF PUMPS
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
4.1 Barske Type
4.2 Peripheral Type
4.3 Multistage Centrifugal Type
4.4 Inlet Booster Pumps
5 DRIVERS
5.1 Steam Turbines
5.2 Electric Motors
5.3 Dual Drivers
6 DUTY
6.1 Differential Head
6.2 Capacity
6.3 NPSH
7 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
7.1 Limit due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
7.2 Minimum Flow Arrangements
7.3 Variable Speed Control
8 TRANSIENT EFFECTS
8.1 Reverse Flow upon Trip
8.2 Flashing
9 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CASINGS
10 INLET STRAINERS AND CASING PIPING CONNECTIONS
10.1 Strainers
10.2 Casing Piping Arrangements
11 SEAL COOLING
11.1 Packed Glands for Category 1 Pumps
11.2 Mechanical Seals
SECTION TWO - PUMP CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
12 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
12.1 Limit Due to First Stage Cavitation Damage
12.2 Limit Due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
13 IMPELLER/DIFFUSER STAGE
13 .1 Local Cavitation
13.2 Labyrinth or Bushing Clearances
13.3 Clearances Affecting Hydraulic Forces
14 ROTOR
14. 1 Rotor Dynamics
14.2 Rotor Mechanical Balance
14.3 Torsional Critical Speeds
14.4 Rotor Assembly
15 GLAND ARRANGEMENTS
15.1 Guarding
15.2 Soft-Packed Glands
15.3 Mechanical Seals for Category 1 Pumps
15.4 Mechanical Seals for Category 2 Pumps
16 AXIAL HYDRAULIC THRUST BALANCE METHODS
16. 1 Opposed Impeller Configuration
16.2 Balance Disc
16.3 Balance Piston
17 CASING
17.1 Casing Type
17.2 Casing Connections
18 MATERIALS
19 DRIVER CONSIDERATIONS
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This document presents a case study on implementing an effective preventive maintenance (PM) scheduling system. It analyzes PM practices in a semiconductor company with 109 machines and identifies issues like inefficient scheduling and lack of prioritization of critical machines. Data on machine downtimes from January to September 2011 is collected and the highest downtime months/machines are identified. Root cause analysis finds the main causes are wear and tear from chemicals and technical issues. The document proposes clustering machines, distinguishing critical machines, integrating PM with production planning, and training technicians to help reduce downtimes and improve PM effectiveness.
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The document provides information about a 4-day training course on centrifugal pump maintenance and technology to be held from April 28th to May 1st, 2008 in Trinidad and Tobago. The course is intended for various professionals involved with pumps and will cover topics such as pump principles, cavitation, classifications, alignment, bearings, seals, and maintenance. The aim is to enable engineers and technicians to better maintain, troubleshoot, and prevent failures in centrifugal pumps. The course will be facilitated by Larry Bachus, an expert in pumps with over 30 years of experience.
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The document describes a case study of identifying the cause of high vibrations in a centrifugal pump using vibration analysis. The pump was found to have abnormally high vibrations during routine inspection. Vibration analysis identified that the high vibrations were caused by issues with bearing clearance, misalignment, and unbalance. Corrections were made by adjusting the bearing clearance with shims, realigning the pump and motor shafts, and adding weights to balance the pulley. After corrections, vibration analysis found the pump vibrations had been reduced to acceptable levels. The case study demonstrates how vibration analysis was key in identifying and resolving issues to prevent pump failure and maintain productivity.
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1. This document provides maintenance guidelines for reciprocating ammonia feed pumps, including maintenance for tandem valves, plunger packing, and crank cases.
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The document provides information about hydraulic ram pump systems including:
1) The components of a hydraulic ram pump system include a header tank, drive pipe, pump basement, delivery pipe, and storage tank. Water is lifted from a source to the header tank and then to the storage tank.
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This document provides an introduction and recommendations for a preventative maintenance program for centrifugal pump systems. It outlines key issues found during inspections of pumps and components. A preventative maintenance schedule is proposed to monitor pumps daily and monthly to check for issues like leaks, noise, vibration and performance deviations. Quarterly and yearly checks of additional parameters are also included to reduce failures and maintenance costs by 35-40% through early detection and resolution of problems. Regular cleaning, inspections, and system analysis are emphasized to protect pumps and extend their useful lifetimes.
Code of Practice - Centrifugal Pump Operation and Maintenance
Centrifugal Pump Operation and Maintenance
Code of Practice
1 SCOPE
2 SETTING UP A MAINTENANCE INSPECTION SYSTEM
2.1 Design and Purchase
2.2 Maintenance Data
2.2.1 Data File
2.2.2 Maintenance Data Card
2.2.3 Plant Pump Schedule
2.2.4 Maintenance Record Card
2.2.5 Pump Maintenance Report
2.2.6 Lubrication Schedule
3 CONTROL OF MODIFICATIONS
4 PUMP COMPONENT FAILURE MODES
4.1 Bearings
4.4.1 Adequacy of oil or grease supply
4.1.2 Mechanical Breakdown
4.1.3 External Factors
4.2 Seals
4.2.1 Seat Wear
4.2.2 Shaft or Sleeve Fretting
4.2.3 Multiple Spring or Bellows Breakages
4.2.4 Double Seal Arrangements (Back-to-Back)
4.2.5 O-Rings
4.3 Couplings
4.3.1 Gear Type Coupling (grease lubricated)
4.3.2 Flexible (Elastomer) Element
4.3.3 Multi-Disc Pack or Membrane Coupling
5 HAZARDOUS AND CRITICAL DUTY PUMPS
5.1 Quench Systems
5.2 Cooling Systems
5.2.1 Bearing Cooling
5.2.2 Pedestal Cooling
5.2.3 Stuffing Box Cooling
5.2.4 Throttle Bushes
6 PROCESS PRIORITIES
6.1 Immediate Attention (Priority 1)
6.2 Daily Attention (Priority 2)
6.3 Weekly Attention (Priority 3)
7 PROCESS OPERATION AND FAILURE DIAGNOSIS
7.1 Process Changes
7.2 Failure Diagnosis
8 B I BLI OGRAPHY
Reliability Centered Maintenance Case Study
The document summarizes a case study for maintenance planning and reliability centered failure analysis (RCFA) for a centrifugal fan in a dust removal system. Key points:
1) The fan experiences the highest monthly downtime (54.9 hours) which costs $250,000 in lost production monthly.
2) Vibration analysis revealed the fan blade is unbalanced and bearings are failing, which are the top two causes of downtime.
3) A preventive maintenance program is proposed including daily vibration monitoring, weekly balancing, and monthly bearing replacement to reduce downtime to 10.25 hours per month, saving $203,400 in production losses.
Boiler feed and pump sizing c-b and grundfos july 2016(1)
Presentacion realizada por la empresa Cleaver Brooks y Grundfos
Pasos a seguir de como seleccionar una bomba de agua de alimentacion a una caldera de media presion.
Boiler Feedwater Pumps
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE - INTEGRATING.THE PUMP INTO THE SYSTEM
2 AVAILABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF PUMPS
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
4.1 Barske Type
4.2 Peripheral Type
4.3 Multistage Centrifugal Type
4.4 Inlet Booster Pumps
5 DRIVERS
5.1 Steam Turbines
5.2 Electric Motors
5.3 Dual Drivers
6 DUTY
6.1 Differential Head
6.2 Capacity
6.3 NPSH
7 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
7.1 Limit due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
7.2 Minimum Flow Arrangements
7.3 Variable Speed Control
8 TRANSIENT EFFECTS
8.1 Reverse Flow upon Trip
8.2 Flashing
9 TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN CASINGS
10 INLET STRAINERS AND CASING PIPING CONNECTIONS
10.1 Strainers
10.2 Casing Piping Arrangements
11 SEAL COOLING
11.1 Packed Glands for Category 1 Pumps
11.2 Mechanical Seals
SECTION TWO - PUMP CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
12 MINIMUM FLOW THROUGH PUMP
12.1 Limit Due to First Stage Cavitation Damage
12.2 Limit Due to Instability in Head/Flow Characteristic
13 IMPELLER/DIFFUSER STAGE
13 .1 Local Cavitation
13.2 Labyrinth or Bushing Clearances
13.3 Clearances Affecting Hydraulic Forces
14 ROTOR
14. 1 Rotor Dynamics
14.2 Rotor Mechanical Balance
14.3 Torsional Critical Speeds
14.4 Rotor Assembly
15 GLAND ARRANGEMENTS
15.1 Guarding
15.2 Soft-Packed Glands
15.3 Mechanical Seals for Category 1 Pumps
15.4 Mechanical Seals for Category 2 Pumps
16 AXIAL HYDRAULIC THRUST BALANCE METHODS
16. 1 Opposed Impeller Configuration
16.2 Balance Disc
16.3 Balance Piston
17 CASING
17.1 Casing Type
17.2 Casing Connections
18 MATERIALS
19 DRIVER CONSIDERATIONS
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This deals with Boiler feed pumps used in power plants .
contains details about the KHI and FK series pumps , technical parameters and maintenance prctices followed for these pumps
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Optimization of preventive maintenance to reduce maintenance costs and increase equipment availability
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The document discusses maintenance and troubleshooting of centrifugal pumps. It covers routine maintenance such as performance monitoring, alignment checks, and lubrication. Overhaul maintenance includes cleaning and replacing worn components like impellers, shafts, wearing rings and shaft sleeves. Troubleshooting addresses issues like insufficient or no water delivery, overloading of motors, and excessive vibration or heating, which could be due to problems like air leaks, worn parts, or improper speed. Proper maintenance and timely repairs are important to ensure efficient and reliable operation of centrifugal pumps.
Maintenance of Pumps
Following presentation consist of a fundamental steps that took place during a pump overhaul.
this presentation will give you the basic idea about maintenance .
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This document provides an introduction to different types of pumping equipment, including their principles of operation and categories. It discusses the main differences between rotodynamic pumps (like centrifugal pumps) and positive displacement pumps (like reciprocating and rotary pumps). Centrifugal pumps are best for medium to high flow rates and low to medium pressures, while positive displacement pumps can achieve very high pressures or handle low flows. The document also compares characteristics like flow patterns, pressure capabilities, cost considerations, and fluid handling for different pump categories.
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