BCJ 4701, Criminal Justice Organization and Administration 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 4. Determine practical solutions to issues experienced by criminal justice agencies. 4.1 Prepare a code of ethics for a criminal justice agency. 4.2 Examine the importance of a code of ethics in a criminal justice agency. 4.3 Establish compliance training policies for a code of ethics in a criminal justice agency. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes Learning Activity 4.1 Chapter 9 Unit V Scholarly Activity 4.2 Unit Lesson Chapter 9 Unit V Scholarly Activity 4.3 Unit Lesson Chapter 9 Unit V Scholarly Activity Reading Assignment Chapter 9: Police Administration, pp. 283-309 Unit Lesson Police Administration No organization, including law enforcement, can complete its mission without the use of management to accomplish its daily tasks, which may consist of preventing criminal activity, apprehending criminals, controlling traffic, or simply maintaining order. Regardless of the undertaking, an agency must conduct its work by ensuring there is a coordinated effort between all the actors. UNIT V STUDY GUIDE Police Administration BCJ 4701, Criminal Justice Organization and Administration 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title In recognizing the responsibilities of an agency, one would be wise to understand law enforcement history to have a better idea of what progress has been accomplished. Long before the establishment of structured law enforcement organizations, there was a need for citizens to be protected that originated with the establishment of men preserving peace by standing guard at a town’s border, controlling lawless activity, and even announcing the time of day and weather. These activities were primarily reactive in nature, and because there was no salary involved, these individuals were subject to corruption and not respected in the community. Even after the adoption of police agencies in the United States in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York, the limited use, low pay, and political meddling did little to enhance the police officer’s public image. Since the inception of law enforcement, several steps have been implemented to increase professionalism. These improvements include recruiting and hiring minority and female officers while providing sensitivity training and leading agencies away from traditional policing to a more community-oriented concept. Community-Oriented Policing The community policing core concepts strive to increase community partnerships so that problem-solving can be accomplished by utilizing the strengths of the police and the community together, rather than individually working on the same issues. This proactive concept must be accepted and utilized at all levels for there to be a permanent solution on community problems. Officers, community leaders, and citizens have expe ...

1. BCJ 4701, Criminal Justice Organization and Administration 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Determine practical solutions to issues experienced by
criminal justice agencies.
4.1 Prepare a code of ethics for a criminal justice agency.
4.2 Examine the importance of a code of ethics in a criminal
justice agency.
4.3 Establish compliance training policies for a code of ethics
in a criminal justice agency.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Chapter 9
Unit V Scholarly Activity
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Unit V Scholarly Activity

2. 4.3
Unit Lesson
Chapter 9
Unit V Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 9: Police Administration, pp. 283-309
Unit Lesson
Police Administration
No organization, including law enforcement, can complete its
mission without the use of management to
accomplish its daily tasks, which may consist of preventing
criminal activity, apprehending criminals,
controlling traffic, or simply maintaining order. Regardless of
the undertaking, an agency must conduct its
work by ensuring there is a coordinated effort between all the
actors.
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Police Administration

3. BCJ 4701, Criminal Justice Organization and Administration 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
In recognizing the responsibilities of an agency,
one would be wise to understand law enforcement
history to have a better idea of what progress has
been accomplished. Long before the establishment
of structured law enforcement organizations, there
was a need for citizens to be protected that
originated with the establishment of men
preserving peace by standing guard at a town’s
border, controlling lawless activity, and even
announcing the time of day and weather.
These activities were primarily reactive in nature,
and because there was no salary involved, these
individuals were subject to corruption and not
respected in the community. Even after the
adoption of police agencies in the United States in
Boston, Philadelphia, and New York, the limited
use, low pay, and political meddling did little to
enhance the police officer’s public image. Since the
inception of law enforcement, several steps have been
implemented to increase professionalism. These
improvements include recruiting and hiring minority and female
officers while providing sensitivity training and
leading agencies away from traditional policing to a more
community-oriented concept.
Community-Oriented Policing

4. The community policing core concepts strive to increase
community partnerships so that problem-solving can
be accomplished by utilizing the strengths of the police and the
community together, rather than individually
working on the same issues. This proactive concept must be
accepted and utilized at all levels for there to be
a permanent solution on community problems. Officers,
community leaders, and citizens have experienced
positive results through innovative thinking and problem-
solving activities. Through this cooperative mindset,
the best approaches to situations are realized when all
stakeholders (within a law enforcement agency and
the community) are working together to find the solutions.
Changes may be needed to provide the time for the
officers to work with the community because community-
oriented policing is time consuming due to the
necessary involvement with the community. This may require
developing new strategies such as allowing
reports to be accepted by telephone rather than dispatching an
officer to every situation. Agencies may be
required to educate the community as to why officers are not as
personal, but the advantages of
community-oriented policing have shown that the reduced
contact on minor offenses is more than offset by
solving broader community issues.
Organization of Criminal Justice Agencies
The United States has never had a federal police agency that
was in control of all police actions. There are
numerous local, state, and federal agencies responsible for a
variety of activities including investigating
crimes, controlling traffic, and keeping communities safe by
maintaining order.
To complete its responsibilities, law enforcement agencies are

5. generally operated in a paramilitary fashion
that separates the operations division (responsible for
enforcement) from the administrative staff (responsible
for recordkeeping, training, and duties such as public relations).
The main problem with a paramilitary
organization is that it exhibits a rigid chain of command
resistant to change and slow to react to community
issues (Allen & Sawhney, 2019). This tends to create an
atmosphere of resentment with the very community
the agency should be working with to minimize crime issues.
Many agencies are seeking to bridge the gap
between the community and the organization by hiring a more
diverse workforce.
This diversity should offer more collaboration, independent
thinking, and an overall increase in teamwork that
will provide greater transparency between the law enforcement
agency and the community. In addition to
hiring a more diverse workforce, agencies are hiring and
promoting individuals with a greater specialization in
specific areas such as juveniles and gangs. Agencies need to
recognize the increased disconnect that law
enforcement may have with the community and the specialized
units that may grow deaf about issues not
directly related to its responsibilities. This criticism of
specialization can be overcome by developing high
Hiring more female and minority police officers is one step
being taken to improve the public image of the police force.
(Roman, 2012)

6. BCJ 4701, Criminal Justice Organization and Administration 3
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
standards of performance and ethics that require officers to be
more responsive to issues outside their units.
This can only be accomplished through additional education,
training, and oversight.
Accreditation and Certification
Another way a law enforcement agency can increase its
professionalism and trust within the community is to
seek national accreditation with the Commission on
Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA).
The CALEA provides specific standards that require written
directives stressing the agency's accountability
with the community (Allen & Sawhney, 2019). Not only does
accreditation provide uniformity by promoting
professionalism, but because of the required oversight by
management, accredited agencies see a decrease
in the threats of litigation. While potential litigation is an
abstract dollar amount, the resources required to
obtain accreditation are more concrete. These take the form of
registration fees, salaries for employees
completing the necessary requirements for accreditation, and
physical alterations to buildings and vehicles.
This very specific, and sometimes substantial, cost of
accreditation often leaves small agencies unable to
seek national accreditation. This is why several states, such as
the state of Georgia, created state
certification. Georgia agencies seeking certification instead of
accreditation find the lower fees with fewer

7. standards now make it feasible for outside agency review,
especially for smaller agencies.
Ethics Training
Both national accreditation and state certification stress the
importance of proactive measurements toward
issues such as ethics. This is defined as more than simply acting
within the scope of the law but ensures that
actions can stand the test of scrutiny by the community, not just
through the court system. An officer could be
found not guilty in court for his or her action while on duty, but
the community does not necessarily accept the
actions. Unjust actions by law enforcement create a subculture
built on the mentality of us versus them, which
will only lead to a distrust between law enforcement and the
community. To educate officers on professional
expectations, agencies routinely require officers to affirm a
code of ethics to ensure proper behavior.
Failure to adhere to the specific standards in the code of ethics
will give managers the ability to sanction the
officer or officers who not only violate the standards
themselves, but also those who may ignore the unethical
behaviors of others. Agencies should understand that signing a
document such as the code of ethics is
generally insufficient to ensure ethical standards are always
followed. These agencies must also recognize
the importance of continued training because ethics can be
learned once an officer understands the agency's
expectations. Continuous ethics training provides officers the
knowledge needed before they take actions in
an attempt to prevent unethical behavior, rather than
investigating and sanctioning the behavior after the fact.
Having an in-depth appreciation of the history of the criminal

8. justice field in the United States and an
understanding of administrative strategies that can best unite
law enforcement agencies with the community
will set the foundation for a community partnership. This
should not only solve crimes, but also should reduce
criminal behaviors for a more positive quality of life for the
citizens. Guaranteeing each member of an agency
adheres to a code of ethics will ensure they know what is
expected, and it will provide a foundation for
building community trust because communities have high
standards for their law enforcement agencies. It is
through these types of proactive actions that law enforcement
agencies can develop the trust needed to
accomplish their mission within the community.
References
Allen, J. M., & Sawhney, R. (2019). Administration and
management in criminal justice: A service quality
approach (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Roman, J. (2012). ID 26680236 [Photograph]. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-
image-female-police-officer-image26680236