This document discusses vibration in pipelines and defines key terms like displacement, velocity, frequency, natural frequency, and resonance. It provides guidelines for acceptable vibration levels and discusses design considerations for supports at the wellhead, outer ends of piping, and relief valves. Proper support of piping is emphasized to avoid problems from lack of support, improper spacing, pipes being pulled down or forced into place, "S" shapes, and pulsation in the lines.

1. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
BASIC

2. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
AGENDA
Basic Definitions
Warning Levels
Design Considerations

3. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Displacement
Velocity
Frequency
Natural Frequency
Resonance

4. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Displacement
The total distance traveled by the vibrating part, from
one extreme limit of travel to the other extreme limit of
travel
Displacement is usually expressed in mils peak - peak
where
1 mil = 0.001 inch

5. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Velocity
The speed of the vibration. Most often expressed as
inches per second (in/sec) peak.
The velocity is used to rate the severity of the vibration
and can be used without a known frequency.

6. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Frequency
The cycle of the vibration or The time the system takes to
complete one full oscillation. Often expressed in cycles
per minute (cpm)
Helps to tell what is causing the vibration.

7. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Natural Frequency
The frequency at which the component naturally wants to
vibrate.
In general, all calculated mechanical natural
frequencies should exceed 2.4 x Crankshaft speed.

8. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Harmonic Orders of Vibration
Compressor Speed = > Frequency
900 RPM = Compressor Speed
1800 cpm = 2 x RPM
2700 cpm = 3 x RPM
etc.

9. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Definitions
Resonance
The condition where a forcing frequency coincides with a
natural frequency of a system or one of its major
harmonic orders
Mechanical Frequency = Natural Frequency
(Compressor Speed) (Pipe N.F.)

10. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Warning Levels
Initial Data
Velocity - 1.0 in/s
If Velocity > 1.0 in/s
Displacement - 10 to 15 mils

11. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Positions and Directions

12. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”

13. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Design Considerations
Outer-end Supports
Piping
Relief Valves

14. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Design Considerations
Outer-end Supports
Piping
Relief Valves

15. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”

16. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Support Suggestions
“If the piping system for a packaged
compressor contains unusually large and
heavy pulsation vessels, or a piping
configuration that will induce high static
and dynamic loading on the cylinders, the
use of a cylinder support for any size
cylinder and frame arrangement is
recommended by some manufacturers.”

17. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Outer-End Supports
Bolted to main member of skid.
Not “A-frame type.”
Proper Ribbing and Gussets
Skid beam ribbed at support
attachment
Sole plates and shims

18. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Design Considerations
Outer-end Supports
Piping
Relief Valves

19. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Solid grout under support
Pulsation

20. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Pipe
Size
Schedule Max. Pipe
Support Spacing
1.5”
40
80
160
5’-7”
5’-6”
5’-4”
2”
40
80
160
6’-3”
6’-2”
6’
3”
40
80
160
7’-7”
7’-6”
7’-4”
4”
40
80
160
8’-8”
8’-6”
8’-4”
6”
40
80
160
10’-6”
10’-5”
10’-2”
8”
40
80
160
12’-1”
11’-8”
11’-6”
10”
40
80
160
13’-6”
13’-4”
13’
12”
40
80
160
14’-8”
14’-6”
14’-2”
14”
40
80
160
15’-5”
15’-3”
14’-10”
16”
40
80
160
16’-5”
16’-3”
15’-11”

21. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Grout under support
Pulsation

22. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Grout under support
Pulsation

23. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Grout under support
Pulsation

24. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Grout under support
Pulsation

25. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Piping
Lack of Support
Improper Spacing
Pulled down to support
Forced into place
“S” in piping
Grout under support
Pulsation

26. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Design Considerations
Outer-end Supports
Piping
Relief Valves

27. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Relief Valves
Lack of Support on piping
Vent Line

28. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
SUPPORT
SUPPORT
SUPPORT

29. “From The Wellhead Through The Pipeline…Hanover People Perform.”
Questions ?