This document discusses Python programming concepts including data types, variables, operators, and functions. It provides examples of Python syntax for writing and executing code as well as built-in data types like strings, integers, and lists. Key concepts covered include variables, data type casting, comments, arithmetic and comparison operators, and functions.

1. Python Programming
Design Tools: Algorithms, Flowcharts and Pseudo-codes,
implementation of algorithms. Basics of Python Programming:
Features of Python, Writing and executing Python program,
Literal constants, variables and identifiers, Data Types, Input
operation, Comments, Reserved words, Indentation, Operators and
expressions, Expressions in Python.

2. Programming Design Tool
• Algorithms
• Flowcharts
• Pseudo-codes
• implementation of algorithms.

3. Algorithms
• Algorithm refers to a set of rules/instructions that step-by-
step define how a work is to be executed in order to get
the expected results.
Algorithm of linear search:
• Start from the leftmost element of arr[] and one by one
compare x with each element of arr[].
• If x matches with an element, return the index.
• If x doesn’t match with any of elements, return -1.

4. Flowcharts
• Flowcharts graphically represent the flow of a program. There are four
basic shapes used in a flow chart. Each shape has a specific use:
• oval: start / end
• parallelogram: input / output
• rectangle: calculations
• diamond: selection structures

5. Flowchart Example

6. Pseudocode
• Pseudo code is a term which is often used in programming and algorithm based
fields. It is a methodology that allows the programmer to represent the
implementation of an algorithm.
• How to write a Pseudo-code?
• Arrange the sequence of tasks and write the pseudocode accordingly.
• Start with the statement of a pseudo code which establishes the main goal or the
aim.
• Example:
• This program will allow the user to check
the number whether it's even or odd.
• Example:
• if "1"
print response
"I am case 1“
•
if "2"
print response
"I am case 2"

7. What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by Guido
van Rossum, and released in 1991.
It is used for:
web development (server-side),
software development,
mathematics,
system scripting.

8. Features in Python
• Free and Open Source
• Easy to code
• Easy to Read
• Object-Oriented Language
• GUI Programming Support
• High-Level Language
• Easy to Debug
• Python is a Portable language
• Dynamically Typed Language
• Allocating Memory Dynamically

9. Python Syntax compared to other
programming languages
Python was designed for readability, and has some similarities to the
English language with influence from mathematics.
Python uses new lines to complete a command, as opposed to other
programming languages which often use semicolons or parentheses.
Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions and classes. Other programming languages
often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
For Example:
print("Hello, World!")

10. Python Install
To check if you have python installed on a Windows PC, search
in the start bar for Python or run the following on the Command
Line (cmd.exe):
C:UsersYour Name>python –version
The way to run a python file is like this on the command line:
C:UsersYour Name>python helloworld.py
Program save as : helloworld.py
print("Hello, World!")

11. Python Program
Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code
line.
Where in other programming languages the indentation in
code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very
important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
For Ex.
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

12. Python Keywords
• Python has a set of keywords that are reserved words that
cannot be used as variable names, function names, or any other
identifiers:
• Keyword Description
• And A logical operator
• As To create an alias
• Assert For debugging
• Break To break out of a loop
• Class To define a class
• Continue To continue to the next iteration of a loop
• Def To define a function

13. Comments
Python has commenting capability for the purpose of in-code documentation.
Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of the line as a comment:
Example
1.Comments in Python:
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")
2.Multiline Comments
To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for each line:
Example
#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")

14. Python Variables
Variables
• Variables are containers for storing data values.
• Creating Variables
• Python has no command for declaring a variable.
• A variable is created the moment you first assign a
value to it.
Example:
x = 5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)

15. Casting
If you want to specify the data type of a variable, this can be
done with casting.
Example:
x = str(3) # x will be '3'
y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0

16. Type()
Get the Type
You can get the data type of a variable with
the type() function.
Example:
x = 5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))

17. Single or Double Quotes?
• String variables can be declared either by using single or double quotes:
Example
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John‘
Case-Sensitive
• Variable names are case-sensitive.
Example
• This will create two variables:
a = 4
A = "Sally"
#A will not overwrite a

18. • Example
Illegal variable names:
2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"

19. Legal variable names:
• myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John"

20. Many Values to Multiple Variables
• Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one
line:
Example:
• x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

21. One Value to Multiple Variables
• And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
Example
• x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

22. Unpack a Collection
If you have a collection of values in a list, tuple etc. Python
allows you to extract the values into variables. This is
called unpacking.
Example
Unpack a list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
x, y, z = fruits
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)

23. Global Variables
• Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the
examples above) are known as global variables.
• Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of
functions and outside.
• Example
• Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the
function
• x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()

24. • Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as
the global variable
• x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)

25. • If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the
global scope:
• def myfunc():
global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)

26. Python Data Types
Built-in Data Types
• In programming, data type is an important concept.
• Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.
• Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:
• Text Type:str
• Numeric Types:int, float, complex
• Sequence Types:list, tuple, range
• Mapping Type:dict
• Set Types:set, frozenset
• Boolean Type:bool
• Binary Types:bytes, bytearray, memoryview
• None Type:NoneType

27. Examples
Example Data Type
• x = "Hello World “ str
• x = 20 int
• x = 20.5 float
• x = 1j complex
• x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
• x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
• x = range(6) range
• x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
• x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
• x = True bool
• x = b"Hello“ bytes

28. Random Number
• Python does not have a random() function to make a random
number, but Python has a built-in module called random that
can be used to make random numbers:
• Example
Import the random module, and display a random number
between 1 and 9:
import random
print(random.randrange(1, 10))

29. Python Operators
• Operators are used to perform operations on variables and
values.
• In the example below, we use the + operator to add together
two values:
• Example
print(10 + 5)

30. Python divides the operators in the following groups:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

31. Python Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x + y
- Subtraction x – y
* Multiplication x * y
/ Division x / y
% Modulus x % y
** Exponentiation x ** y
// Floor division x // y

32. Python Assignment Operators
Operator Example Same As
= x = 5 x = 5
+= x += 3 x = x + 3
-= x -= 3 x = x – 3
*= x *= 3 x = x * 3
/= x /= 3 x = x / 3
%= x %= 3 x = x % 3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3

33. Python Comparison Operators
Operator Name Example
== Equal x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x > y
< Less than x < y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y

34. Python Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x<10
or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4
not Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true not(x < 5 and x < 10)

35. Python Identity Operators
• Operator Description Example
is Returns True if both variables are the same object x is y
is not Returns True if both variables are not the same object x is not y

36. Python Membership Operators
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence with the specified
value is present in the object x in y
not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified
value is not present in the object x not in y

37. Python Bitwise Operators
Operator Name Description Example
• & AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1 x & y
• | OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1 x | y
• ^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1 x ^y
• ~ NOT Inverts all the bits ~x
• << Zero fill Shift left by pushing
• left shift zeros in from the right and let the leftmost
• bits fall off x << 2
• >> Signed right shift Shift right by pushing copies
• of the leftmost bit in from the left,
• and let the rightmost bits fall off x >> 2