B.H. Broadbent is considered the father of cephalometry. In 1931, he introduced a new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontics. Cephalometry involves taking x-rays of the head to analyze the positioning of anatomical structures. Over time, techniques have advanced from hand tracing on acetate paper to digital radiography and software programs that can automate tasks using artificial intelligence.

3. B.H. BROADBENT
FATHER OF
CEPHALOMETR
Y
“A new x-ray
technique
and it’s application
to
orthodontia”

4. Twenty centuries of cephalometry : Radiographic cephalometry from basics to3D imaging;Alexander Jacobson 2nd

5. Van Loon
Twenty centuries of cephalometry : Radiographic cephalometry from basics to3D imaging;Alexander Jacobson 2nd

6. Broadbent, B.H. (1931) A new X-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthodontist, 1.

7. LATERAL CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH
White, S. C., & Pharoah, M. J. (2014). Oral radiology: Principles and interpretation (8th ed.). Mosby.
Radiographic cephalometry from basics to3D imaging;Alexander Jacobson 2nd
Huh, K.-H., Benavides, E., Jo, Y.-T., Choi, B.-R., Yi, W.-J., Heo, M.-S., Lee, S.-S., & Choi, S.-C. (2011). Quantitative evaluation of patient movement during simulated acquisition of
cephalometric radiographs. Journal of Digital Imaging, 24(3), 552–559.

8. White, S. C., & Pharoah, M. J. (2014). Oral radiology: Principles and interpretation (8th ed.). Mosby.

9. Moyers, R. E. (1988). Handbook of orthodontics (4th ed.). Mosby.

10. HARD TISSUE LANDMARKS IN LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
NASION (N)
ANTERIOR NASAL
SPINE (ANS)

11. POSTERIOR NASAL SPINE
(PNS)
POINT A
SUBSPINALE

12. PROSTHION (Pr)
(SUPRADENTALE)
INFRADENTALE

13. POINT B
(SUPRAMENTALE)
ORBITALE (Or) SELLA (S)

14. PTERYGOMAXILLAR
E(PTM)

15. PTERYGOID POINT (Pt Point)
Yao, J., Zeng, W., He, T., Zhou, S., Zhang, Y., Guo, J., & Tang, W. (2022). Automatic localization of cephalometric landmarks based on convolutional neural network. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Orthopedics: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 161(3), e250–e259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.09.012

16. BASION (Ba)

17. BOLTONS POINT (Bo)

18. GONION (Go)
PORION (Po) SELLA ENTRANCE
(Se)
Murugesan, A., Dinesh, S., & Balakrishnan, N. (2021). Reliability of Schwarz analysis in calculating mandibular length for south Indian population. Annals of Dental Specialty, 9(3), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.51847/ag0qbfcdlo

19. ARTICULARE (Ar) CONDYLION(Co)
Moyers, R. E. (1988). Handbook of orthodontics (4th ed.). Mosby.

20. POGONION (Pog) GNATHION MENTON

21. POINT A REVISITED
Jacobson, R. L., & Jacobson, A. (1980). Point A revisited. American Journal of Orthodontics, 77(1), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(80)90227-4

22. SOFT TISSUE LANDMARKS IN LATERAL CEPHALOGRAM
GLABELLA (G) SOFT TISSUE NASION
(N’)
PRONASALE (Pn)

23. COLUMELLA POINT (Cm) SUBNASALE (Sn) LABRALE SUPERIUS (Ls)
Toman, H. A., Nasir, A., Hassan, R., & Hassan, R. (2011). Skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue cephalometric measurements of Malay transfusion-dependent thalassaemia patients. European Journal of
Orthodontics, 33(6), 700–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjq147

24. STOMION SUPERIUS (Sts) STOMION INFERIUS (Sti) LABRALE INFERIUS (Li)

25. SUPERIOR LABIAL SULCUS
(Sls)
INFERIOR LABIAL SULCUS (Ils)

26. SOFT TISSUE POGONION(Pog’) SOFT TISSUE MENTON (Me’)

27. Palatal
plane
FHP
SN
Plane
Occlusal plane
Boltons plane
Mandibular planes

28. Facial
plane
Y axis
Facial
axis

29. TRACING TECHNIQUE
Tracing supplies and equipment:
• Lateral cephalogram (patient with facial asymmetry often require a frontal
posteroanterior )
• Acetate matte tracing paper, 0.003 inches thick 8 inches x 10 inches.
• A sharp 0.5mm lead point pencil or a very fine felt tipped pen
• Masking tape
• A protractor and tooth-symbol tracing template for drawing the teeth(optional).
Most templates have round holes for tracing the outline of the ear rodes.
• View box.
Prabhakar, R., Rajakumar, P., Karthikeyan, M. K., Saravanan, R., Vikram, N. R., & Reddy, A. (2014). A hard tissue cephalometric comparative study between hand tracing and computerized tracing.
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 6(Suppl 1), S101-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.137401

31. EXTERNAL CRANIUM
SOFT TISSUE
PROFILE
VERTEBRAE

32. Internal border
of cranium
Orbital roof
Anterior clinoid
process
Sella tursica
Posterior clinoid
process
Frontal sinus
Dorsum sellae
Floor of middle cranial fossa

33. Nasal bone
Lateral orbital margins
Infraorbital ridge
Key ridges
Pterygomaxillary fissure
Maxillary first molars
Maxillary incisors
Anterior border of maxilla
ANS
PNS

34. Symphysis
Inferior border of mandible
Posterior border of ramus
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch Coronoid process
Mandibular molar
Mandibular incisor

36. Charge Coupled
Detector Storage
Phosphor
Plate
CMOS
(Complimentary
Metal oxide
semiconductor)
Solid state technology Photostimulable phosphor technology
Flat panel
detector
White, S. C., & Pharoah, M. J. (2014). Oral radiology: Principles and interpretation (8th ed.). Mosby
Huh, K.-H., Benavides, E., Jo, Y.-T., Choi, B.-R., Yi, W.-J., Heo, M.-S., Lee, S.-S., & Choi, S.-C. (2011). Quantitative evaluation of patient movement during simulated acquisition of cephalometric radiographs
. Journal of Digital Imaging

37. Wang, C. H., & Randazzo, L. (2016). Evolution of imaging and management systems in orthodontics. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
: Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, Its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 149(6), 798–805.

38. Doll, G. M., Zentner, A., Krummenauer, F., & Gärtner, H. (2001). Reliability and Validity of the Digigraph® 100 in Orthodontic Diagnosis. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics /
Fortschritte Der Kieferorthopädie, 62(2)
Wang CH, Randazzo L. Digital imaging in orthodontics. In: Karad A, editor. Clinical orthodontics: current concepts, goals and mechanics. Haryana, India: Elsevier; 2010.
p. 49-65.

39. TYPES OF WEB BASED APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE:
• CephX (ORCA dental AI), WebCeph and AutoCAD software, Dolphin Imaging, Dentofacial Planner, Quick
Ceph, and FACAD, AudaxCeph and OrisCeph Rx.
• AI is a promising tool to facilitate cephalometric tracing process in routine clinical practice and analysing
big databases for research purposes to make it more affordable
.
Subramanian, A. K., Chen, Y., Almalki, A., Sivamurthy, G., & Kafle, D. (2022). Cephalometric analysis in orthodontics using artificial intelligence-
A comprehensive review. BioMed Research International, 2022, 1880113.
Bulatova, G., Kusnoto, B., Grace, V., Tsay, T. P., Avenetti, D. M., & Sanchez, F. J. C. (2021). Assessment of automatic cephalometric landmark identification using
artificial intelligence. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 24 Suppl 2(S2), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12542