Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players. The objective is for the offensive team to score runs by hitting the ball into play and running around four bases, while the defensive team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out. Alexander Joy Cartwright is credited with inventing the modern game of baseball in 1845 by establishing its basic rules and regulations with the New York Knickerbocker Club. A regulation baseball game is divided into innings with the visiting team batting first in the top half and the home team batting second in the bottom half. The various positions in baseball each have distinct responsibilities related to batting, fielding, throwing, and other fundamental skills.

1. BASEBALL
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2. BASEBALL OR BAT-AND BALL GAME. Baseball is
a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of
nine players each on a field with four white bases laid
out in a diamond. The teams alternate positions as
batters and fielders, with the objective of the offensive
team being to hit the ball into the field of play and
allowing its players to run the bases to score runs. The
fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or
runners "out". The sport was created around the 1840s
and is considered "America's Pastime".

3. Alexander Joy Cartwright
Baseball was played in America since early 1800s using local
rules and informal teams. It was considered as America’s
“national pastime “by 1860s. Baseball originated from the
English game “Rounder”. It was Alexander Joy Cartwright who
invented this game of baseball in 1845. The first set of rules
and regulations were framed by Alexander Cartwright along with
the members of New York Knickerbocker Club of baseball. In
1953 Cartwright was labeled as the inventor of baseball by the
Congress. It was Cartwright who umpired the first U. S. baseball
game which his club lost to the New York Baseball Club. He
traveled a lot teaching individuals the game invented by him. He
started many baseball leagues in Hawaii islands and became a
rich and prosperous businessman. He died in 1892.

4. In baseball, the away team always bats first.
This has been the rule since baseball was first
invented. The reason for this is that the away
team is considered to be at a disadvantage,
because they have to play in the opposing
team's ballpark. By batting first, the away team
can try to score some runs and take the lead
before the home team has a chance to bat. The
home team always bats second.
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5. A baseball game is played by innings
without a time limit (some levels have time
limits for a total game time, but at very
young levels). Each inning is split into two
halves. The visiting team bats first; in the top
half of each inning, and the home team bats
second; in the bottom half of each inning.
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6. Inning /S
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A regulation baseball measures 9 to 9.25
inches (229 to 235 mm) in circumference
and 2.86 to 2.94 inches (73 to 75 mm) in
diameter. The weight of a baseball is
between 5 and 5.25 ounces (0.142 to 0.149
kg). The ball is made of a round cushioned
cork center wrapped in wool and
polyester/cotton yarn, and covered by
stitched cowhide.

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Baseball Bats (Professional)
have a typical length of 34”
(86.4 cm) and maximum
diameter of 2.61” (67 mm). The
weight of a Professional
Baseball Bat is between 2.06-
2.25 lb (.935-1.02 kg).

9. TACTICAL AND
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS IN
PLAYING BASEBALL
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10. 1. Batting or hitting
Batting, hitting, swinging, you name it, is one of
the most important baseball skills. Each player will
have three chances to hit the ball to proceed bases
when your team is on offense. When the player
hit’s the ball well, it’s time to sprint onto the first
base.

11. 2. Running
Running is most important for offensive players as
they need to run from base to base when a hit is
made. Defensive players must also be able to move
quickly in order to achieve an out as soon as
possible.

12. 3.Fielding
Fielding involves defensive players working
together in order to catch or collects the ball,
so it can be thrown back into the infield;
outfielders have longer throws than infielders
do.
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13. 4. Throwing
Throwing accurately and quickly is
essential for all positions on defense; this
involves transitioning the ball from glove
hand to throwing hand before releasing it
at a right angle towards its target above or
near where intended, with good
momentum behind it.
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14. 6. Catcher
The position of catcher in baseball is a crucial
defensive position. The catcher stops pitched
balls from landing behind the plate in error,
and also catches foul balls and gets outs at
home plate.
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15. 7.Pitching skills
In baseball, the pitcher can be thought of as the
heart of a team’s defense. He controls the pace
of the game and uses strategy to strike out as
many batters as he can.
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16. 8. Fair ball
when a pitcher throws the ball and the batsman
hit it, he must run to the first base.
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17. Positions in baseball
First Base
The first baseman, naturally, stands near first base. If a ball is
hit in the first baseman's direction, they must field the ball and
try to get the opposing player out.
When a ground ball is hit to another infielder (besides the first
baseman) and no runners are on first base, that infielder will
throw the ball to the first baseman, who must catch it with at
least one foot touching first base in order to get the batter out.
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19. Second Base
Unlike the first and third basemen, who stand
right next to the bases they're assigned, second
basemen usually stand in the area between first
and second base. That's because ground balls
are hit there more often than directly up the
middle of the field. Together, the second
baseman and shortstop (more on this below)
are called the "middle infield".
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20. Shortstop
The shortstop's usual position is between second and
third base. They are usually the most skilled defensive
player on the field, Stone said, and they have to be able
to make a wide variety of plays.
Shortstops have to run to field slow-rolling balls,
quickly move left to snag balls that have been smashed
up the middle of the field and be able to execute
double plays. The shortstop also needs to cover second
base on stolen-base attempts.
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21. Third Base
Third base is known as the "hot corner"
because balls come at the third baseman fast.
When a right-handed hitter takes a hard swing
and is in front of a pitch, he'll "pull" the ball,
hitting it to the left side of the field.
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22. Centre field
The centre fielder plays in the outfield—
the area of grass beyond the dirt infield—
and is responsible for catching fly balls,
fielding ground balls and throwing balls
to the infielders. Centre fielders have a
huge amount of ground to cover, so
they're often fast players and they're
generally skilled at catching.

23. Left Field
Left fielders patrol the area of the outfield
from the left-field foul line to the centre of
the outfield, between second and third
base. Their job is similar to that of the
other outfielders—run after fly balls and
ground balls hit into their area.
Increasingly, Stone said, left fielders are
also called upon to take on another role:
as a deep second baseman.

24. Right field
The right fielder stands in right field—in
the grass area of the outfield between the
right-field foul line and the centre of the
outfield. This is roughly between first and
second base, to the catcher's right.
Like the centre fielder, the right fielder is
responsible for catching fly balls, fielding
ground balls and throwing the ball into
the infield.

25. Outs
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Pop out
if the batsman hit it too high and
anyone of the fielders in the
infield catches the ball.

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Flyout
if the batsman hit the ball and
anyone from the outfield fielder
catches the ball.

27. Strike out
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In baseball, an out occurs when the umpire rules
a batter or baserunner out. When a batter or runner
is out, they lose their ability to score a run and must
return to the dugout until their next turn at bat.
When three outs are recorded in a half-inning, the
batting team's turn expires.
To signal an out, an umpire generally makes a fist
with one hand, and then flexes that arm either
upward, particularly on pop flies, or forward,
particularly on routine plays at first base. Home
plate umpires often use a "punch-out" motion to
signal a called strikeout.

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Put Out
if the batsman hits the ball and
on the run on the first base but the
fielder catched tha ball indirectly
and reach the base before the
hitter could even reach it.

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Tag Out
when the batsman hit the ball and
the fielder caught it (direct or
not), he has two options. It is
either he moved to the base or he
can just touch the batsman.

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31. Equipments
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baseball gloves
A catcher uses a mitt, which is
typically much larger than a
traditional baseball glove, and
designed to catch blazing fastballs
from pitchers.

32. Baseball bat
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There are aluminum and other
types of metal bats and there are
wood bats. Most leagues are
lower than professional baseball
use metal bats.

33. Baseballs
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Most baseballs are made of a
rubberized core, wrapped with yarn
(very densely), and covered with
full-grain leather. There are
differences to this with some balls,
and some balls are covered with
plastic to make them better for use in
wet weather.

34. Batting helmet
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Helmets are made of strong plastic
material and have padding on the
inside for safety and comfort.

35. Catcher’s Gear
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Catcher's gear consists of leg
guards, chest pad, and a helmet.

36. Protective Cup
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These are particularly important if
the player is on the infield where he
will get a lot of ground balls, but
every player should really wear
them.

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