Balance of payments
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The document discusses the balance of payments (BOP), which tracks all international monetary transactions into and out of a country. The BOP is divided into the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods, services, and investment income. The capital account covers financial transfers like foreign direct investment. The financial account records international investment flows. The document also discusses the gold standard, special drawing rights (SDR), the Bretton Woods system, and international liquidity.
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The Gold Standard; The Balance of Payments; and The Flexible Exchange Rates
The document discusses the history and features of the gold standard, balance of payments, and flexible exchange rates. It provides details on how the gold standard works by using gold as a medium of exchange. It then explains the key components and accounting of a country's balance of payments, as well as the importance of maintaining equilibrium. Finally, it outlines the history and mechanics of flexible exchange rates, noting that rates are determined by supply and demand rather than central bank intervention.
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BALANCE OF PAYMENT
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
Foreign Exchange Reserves
Central banks hold foreign exchange reserves in different currencies to maintain the external value of their domestic currency and reduce the impact of economic problems. Foreign exchange reserves became popular after the decline of the gold standard as countries used them through central banks to stabilize exchange rates. Central banks can impact foreign exchange reserves through currency issuance, import/export restrictions, currency value fluctuations, and transferring reserves without affecting domestic currency value. The top foreign exchange reserve holdings are in US dollars, pounds, yen, francs, Canadian dollars, Australian dollars, and euros. Foreign exchange reserves boost confidence, help overcome economic crises, aid currency market control and stabilization, and indicate debt repayment ability and credit ratings. As of now, Pakistan holds $8.4
Foreing exchange control objectives & features
Foreign exchange control is a method by which governments intervene in a country's international payments and currency exchange rates. It aims to conserve foreign exchange reserves, correct deficits in the balance of payments, and stabilize exchange rates. Control mechanisms restrict the flow of capital in/out of the country and regulate the purchase/sale of foreign currencies. The document defines foreign exchange control and outlines its key objectives, including protecting domestic industries and planning economic development.
Analysis for Balance of payments in Egypt
- Egypt's international reserves peaked at $36 billion in 2009-2010 but fell by $8 billion in 4 months after the 2011 revolution due to political and economic crises. The main sources of reserves are exports, Suez Canal revenues, tourism, remittances, and FDI.
- Exports, Suez Canal revenues, tourism and remittances saw varying performance from 2010-2013, with tourism declining after the revolution. Imports have consistently exceeded exports, widening the trade deficit.
- A weak economy, inflation, debt, and political instability have decreased the value of the Egyptian pound against the dollar over time.
Foreign exchange control and rates
The document discusses foreign exchange control, including its definition, objectives, types, and conditions necessitating its use. It defines foreign exchange control as a system where governments intervene in foreign currency markets to influence exchange rates and how domestic buyers/sellers dispose of foreign funds. The key objectives are correcting balance of payments deficits, protecting domestic industries, and maintaining an overvalued exchange rate. The main types of control discussed are mild systems of exchange pegging and full control over all foreign exchange transactions. Exchange control is most effective under conditions of capital flight or temporary balance of payments issues.
LERMS liberalized exchange rate management system
The document summarizes India's Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) and Modified LERMS. Some key points:
- LERMS (1992) introduced partial rupee convertibility, allowing exporters/recipients to sell 60% of foreign exchange at market rates. Importers could buy currency for eligible transactions at market rates.
- Modified LERMS (1993) made the rupee fully floating. All foreign exchange transactions were put through by banks at market rates. Exporters could retain receipts and banks could freely sell receipts.
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Balance of payment & exchange rate
balance of payment and its components, types.
difference between bop &bot.
foreign exchange rate and system.
determination of exchange rate.
exchange market.
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
This document provides an overview of balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world. It notes that BOP has three main components: the current account balance, capital account balance, and the overall BOP. The current account tracks goods/services exports and imports, while the capital account tracks financial flows. The document also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibriums and monetary/non-monetary policy tools to correct imbalances, such as devaluation, export promotion, and tariffs.
Foreign Exchange Reserves
Central banks hold foreign exchange reserves in different currencies to maintain the external value of their domestic currency and reduce the impact of economic problems. Foreign exchange reserves became popular after the decline of the gold standard as countries used them through central banks to stabilize exchange rates. Central banks can impact foreign exchange reserves through currency issuance, import/export restrictions, currency value fluctuations, and transferring reserves without affecting domestic currency value. The top foreign exchange reserve holdings are in US dollars, pounds, yen, francs, Canadian dollars, Australian dollars, and euros. Foreign exchange reserves boost confidence, help overcome economic crises, aid currency market control and stabilization, and indicate debt repayment ability and credit ratings. As of now, Pakistan holds $8.4
Foreing exchange control objectives & features
Foreign exchange control is a method by which governments intervene in a country's international payments and currency exchange rates. It aims to conserve foreign exchange reserves, correct deficits in the balance of payments, and stabilize exchange rates. Control mechanisms restrict the flow of capital in/out of the country and regulate the purchase/sale of foreign currencies. The document defines foreign exchange control and outlines its key objectives, including protecting domestic industries and planning economic development.
Analysis for Balance of payments in Egypt
- Egypt's international reserves peaked at $36 billion in 2009-2010 but fell by $8 billion in 4 months after the 2011 revolution due to political and economic crises. The main sources of reserves are exports, Suez Canal revenues, tourism, remittances, and FDI.
- Exports, Suez Canal revenues, tourism and remittances saw varying performance from 2010-2013, with tourism declining after the revolution. Imports have consistently exceeded exports, widening the trade deficit.
- A weak economy, inflation, debt, and political instability have decreased the value of the Egyptian pound against the dollar over time.
Foreign exchange control and rates
The document discusses foreign exchange control, including its definition, objectives, types, and conditions necessitating its use. It defines foreign exchange control as a system where governments intervene in foreign currency markets to influence exchange rates and how domestic buyers/sellers dispose of foreign funds. The key objectives are correcting balance of payments deficits, protecting domestic industries, and maintaining an overvalued exchange rate. The main types of control discussed are mild systems of exchange pegging and full control over all foreign exchange transactions. Exchange control is most effective under conditions of capital flight or temporary balance of payments issues.
LERMS liberalized exchange rate management system
The document summarizes India's Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) and Modified LERMS. Some key points:
- LERMS (1992) introduced partial rupee convertibility, allowing exporters/recipients to sell 60% of foreign exchange at market rates. Importers could buy currency for eligible transactions at market rates.
- Modified LERMS (1993) made the rupee fully floating. All foreign exchange transactions were put through by banks at market rates. Exporters could retain receipts and banks could freely sell receipts.
- The aims were to move towards full currency convertibility and balance demand/supply of external transactions under a market-determined exchange rate.
Fx Reserves
The document discusses India's foreign exchange reserves, including how they are defined, managed by the Reserve Bank of India, and their importance. It outlines objectives of maintaining confidence, limiting external vulnerability, and providing stability. It traces the evolution of reserve management policy in India from the 1991 balance of payments crisis to current policies, which aim to ensure safety, liquidity, and protection from external shocks through deployment in US government papers. New strategies proposed include creating sovereign wealth funds or using reserves for infrastructure and technology investments.
Introduction to Foreign Exchange
This document provides an overview of foreign exchange, including:
- Foreign exchange involves the conversion of one country's currency into another country's currency to facilitate international money transfers.
- Banks facilitate foreign exchange by converting currencies using credit instruments like bills of exchange, promissory notes, letters of credit, and telegraphic transfers.
- Bangladesh's foreign exchange market is regulated by the Bangladesh Bank and operated through authorized dealers, which are bank branches authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies, and authorized money changers, which purchase and sell foreign currencies from tourists.
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time. It includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as unilateral transfers. The current account tracks trade balances and the capital account covers short and long-term capital flows. Reserve accounts, which include IMF reserves and gold holdings, are used to meet deficits. Errors and omissions ensure total debits and credits balance according to double-entry bookkeeping. The balance of payments provides insight into a country's international economic relationships and pressures on its foreign exchange rates.
Presentation balance of payment
The document introduces the topic of international finance and balance of payments. It defines balance of payments as a summary statement that records all economic transactions between a country's residents and residents of other countries over a given period, usually one year. These transactions include trade of goods, services, and income. The document goes on to discuss accounting principles and components of the balance of payments.
Financial environment
1. The document discusses key topics related to international finance and marketing, including the historical role of the US dollar, development of the international monetary system, fixed vs floating exchange rates, foreign exchange rates, and balance of payments.
2. It provides details on factors that influence exchange rates like inflation, current accounts, and interest rates. It also explains concepts such as purchasing power parity, spot rates, and forward rates.
3. Several sections cover economic crises around the world, from the Asian financial crisis to rising inflation in emerging markets. It analyzes the causes and impacts of these crises as well as corporate and consumer responses.
Method of Exchange control
This document discusses methods of exchange control used in international economics. Direct methods of exchange control involve government intervention in foreign exchange markets through pegging exchange rates, imposing exchange restrictions, using multiple exchange rates, and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. Indirect methods include exchange clearing agreements, payment agreements, export bounties, and manipulating interest rates to influence capital flows and the external value of a country's currency. The overall goal of exchange control methods is for governments to regulate foreign exchange markets rather than leaving them to free market forces.
Balanace of payment
1) The document discusses India's balance of payments, including definitions, components, and the current situation.
2) It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including exports/imports and financial flows.
3) The current account balance tracks trade in goods/services while the capital account tracks financial flows, with both components contributing to overall balance of payments.
4) In recent months, India has seen exports grow but imports grow faster, leading to a higher trade deficit, though the overall deficit has declined from the same period last year according to government reports.
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The document defines and explains the key components of a country's balance of payments. It states that the balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It includes accounts for goods, services, unilateral transfers, long-term capital, short-term capital, and international liquidity. Each account records receipts and payments of transactions such as exports/imports, transportation fees, foreign aid, investments, bank deposits, and changes in foreign reserves. The document provides examples to illustrate the calculation and impact of surpluses or deficits in the overall balance of payments.
Exchange Controls
Exchange controls are restrictions imposed by governments on obtaining foreign currency and foreign exchange transactions. They are implemented to conserve a country's foreign exchange reserves and control exchange rates. Exchange control regulations cover payments between monetary areas and the disposition of foreign exchange receipts and incomes of residents. The key objectives of exchange controls are to maintain exchange rates, assure imports of essential goods, stimulate production of vital goods, and discourage other goods. Controls are enforced through mechanisms like compensation agreements, import restrictions, and trade control measures. Effects include reduced imports, altered terms of trade, increased domestic employment in favored industries, and incentives for smuggling or misreporting trade values.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
India's balance of payments witnessed improvements in 2009-10 as the global economic recovery was visible. Exports and imports both increased during the third quarter, with the trade deficit lower than the previous year. The current account deficit was marginally higher for April-December 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, due to a fall in invisibles surplus despite a lower trade deficit. Capital flows remained strong, led by FDI, portfolio investments, and trade credits. Foreign exchange reserves increased by $27.1 billion for the year, reaching $279.1 billion in March 2010. The turnaround in exports and continued capital inflows inflows buoyed India's external sector.
Balance of payment and exchange rate
The document summarizes the key aspects of a country's balance of payments (BOP), including:
1) The BOP records all economic transactions between a country's residents and the rest of the world in a given period, usually one year. It has both a current account and a capital/financial account.
2) A BOP deficit can put pressure on a country's exchange rate and signals the need for corrective measures.
3) Measures to correct a deficit include reducing imports through monetary steps like devaluation or non-monetary steps like tariffs and quotas.
Balance of trade & Balance of payments
The document discusses the balance of trade, balance of payments, and components of the balance of payments. It defines key terms like exports, imports, trade surplus, trade deficit. It explains that the balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and foreign countries, including both visible and invisible transactions. It has a current account, capital account, unilateral payments account, and official settlements account. The current account tracks trade in goods and the capital account tracks financial flows. Together, the balance of payments aims to equalize total receipts and payments in international transactions for a country over a period of time.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments, which is a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually one year. It includes transactions by citizens and the government. The balance of payments considers all transactions, while the balance of trade only considers trade transactions. A country aims for its balance of payments to equal zero. The main components are the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. The document also discusses causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balances, such as increasing exports, reducing imports, and controlling the population.
The history of international monetary system
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems from 1816 to present. It describes the gold standard system from 1816-1914, the Bretton Woods system from 1945-1971, and modern exchange rate regimes. The gold standard linked currencies to gold, while the Bretton Woods system established a US dollar-backed system. Countries now choose between fixed exchange rates, where a currency is pegged to another, or floating rates, where the market determines a currency's value.
International monetary system
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems. It describes the gold standard system used in the late 19th century, the interwar period without a clear system, the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 pegging currencies to gold and the US dollar, and the move to floating exchange rates after the Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s. It also discusses features of fixed and flexible exchange rate systems used today including crawling pegs, target zones, and currency baskets.
Foreign exchange controls
Foreign exchange controls are restrictions imposed by governments on buying and selling foreign currencies. They aim to control capital flows, maintain exchange rates, and pursue independent monetary policies. Common controls include restrictions on currency imports/exports, fixed exchange rates, and requiring currency exchanges to be done through government-approved entities. While many countries have liberalized controls in recent decades due to globalization, some still impose restrictions on capital flows and currency exchanges.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and Causes
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
Balance of Payment(BOP)
The balance of a payment is a systematic record of all its monetary transections with other countries of the world in a given period of time. i.e 1 year
The Balance Of Payments
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which measures international economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign residents. It has three main parts: the current account, capital account, and reserves. BOP disequilibrium can occur for various reasons, and countries use methods like devaluation, tariffs, import quotas, and export duties to correct disequilibriums. Equilibrium is achieved when surpluses or deficits are eliminated from the BOP.
Balance of payment
The document discusses India's balance of payments accounts. It provides details on how data is compiled from various sources like exchange control records, surveys, and information from government agencies and banks. The balance of payments is divided into the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account covers trade in goods and services, income, and transfers. Data on exports, imports and various service categories are obtained. The capital and financial accounts cover cross-border investment, debt and other financial flows.
International Financial Market
There are two main types of exchange rate regimes: fixed and floating. Under a fixed regime, currencies are pegged to an anchor currency, limiting fluctuations. A floating regime allows currencies to fluctuate against each other. The Bretton Woods system established the IMF and pegged currencies to the US dollar. The balance of payments accounts record a country's transactions with the rest of the world. A current account surplus means a country is increasing foreign reserves, while a deficit means reserves are decreasing.
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The document discusses India's foreign exchange reserves, including how they are defined, managed by the Reserve Bank of India, and their importance. It outlines objectives of maintaining confidence, limiting external vulnerability, and providing stability. It traces the evolution of reserve management policy in India from the 1991 balance of payments crisis to current policies, which aim to ensure safety, liquidity, and protection from external shocks through deployment in US government papers. New strategies proposed include creating sovereign wealth funds or using reserves for infrastructure and technology investments.
Introduction to Foreign Exchange
This document provides an overview of foreign exchange, including:
- Foreign exchange involves the conversion of one country's currency into another country's currency to facilitate international money transfers.
- Banks facilitate foreign exchange by converting currencies using credit instruments like bills of exchange, promissory notes, letters of credit, and telegraphic transfers.
- Bangladesh's foreign exchange market is regulated by the Bangladesh Bank and operated through authorized dealers, which are bank branches authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies, and authorized money changers, which purchase and sell foreign currencies from tourists.
BALANCE OF PAYMENT
The balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign countries over a period of time. It includes imports and exports of goods and services as well as unilateral transfers. The current account tracks trade balances and the capital account covers short and long-term capital flows. Reserve accounts, which include IMF reserves and gold holdings, are used to meet deficits. Errors and omissions ensure total debits and credits balance according to double-entry bookkeeping. The balance of payments provides insight into a country's international economic relationships and pressures on its foreign exchange rates.
Presentation balance of payment
The document introduces the topic of international finance and balance of payments. It defines balance of payments as a summary statement that records all economic transactions between a country's residents and residents of other countries over a given period, usually one year. These transactions include trade of goods, services, and income. The document goes on to discuss accounting principles and components of the balance of payments.
Financial environment
1. The document discusses key topics related to international finance and marketing, including the historical role of the US dollar, development of the international monetary system, fixed vs floating exchange rates, foreign exchange rates, and balance of payments.
2. It provides details on factors that influence exchange rates like inflation, current accounts, and interest rates. It also explains concepts such as purchasing power parity, spot rates, and forward rates.
3. Several sections cover economic crises around the world, from the Asian financial crisis to rising inflation in emerging markets. It analyzes the causes and impacts of these crises as well as corporate and consumer responses.
Method of Exchange control
This document discusses methods of exchange control used in international economics. Direct methods of exchange control involve government intervention in foreign exchange markets through pegging exchange rates, imposing exchange restrictions, using multiple exchange rates, and quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. Indirect methods include exchange clearing agreements, payment agreements, export bounties, and manipulating interest rates to influence capital flows and the external value of a country's currency. The overall goal of exchange control methods is for governments to regulate foreign exchange markets rather than leaving them to free market forces.
Balanace of payment
1) The document discusses India's balance of payments, including definitions, components, and the current situation.
2) It defines balance of payments as a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world, including exports/imports and financial flows.
3) The current account balance tracks trade in goods/services while the capital account tracks financial flows, with both components contributing to overall balance of payments.
4) In recent months, India has seen exports grow but imports grow faster, leading to a higher trade deficit, though the overall deficit has declined from the same period last year according to government reports.
Balance of Trade and Balance of Payment
the balance of trade and balance of payment components for imports and exports in an economy of a country.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
The document defines and explains the key components of a country's balance of payments. It states that the balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It includes accounts for goods, services, unilateral transfers, long-term capital, short-term capital, and international liquidity. Each account records receipts and payments of transactions such as exports/imports, transportation fees, foreign aid, investments, bank deposits, and changes in foreign reserves. The document provides examples to illustrate the calculation and impact of surpluses or deficits in the overall balance of payments.
Exchange Controls
Exchange controls are restrictions imposed by governments on obtaining foreign currency and foreign exchange transactions. They are implemented to conserve a country's foreign exchange reserves and control exchange rates. Exchange control regulations cover payments between monetary areas and the disposition of foreign exchange receipts and incomes of residents. The key objectives of exchange controls are to maintain exchange rates, assure imports of essential goods, stimulate production of vital goods, and discourage other goods. Controls are enforced through mechanisms like compensation agreements, import restrictions, and trade control measures. Effects include reduced imports, altered terms of trade, increased domestic employment in favored industries, and incentives for smuggling or misreporting trade values.
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
India's balance of payments witnessed improvements in 2009-10 as the global economic recovery was visible. Exports and imports both increased during the third quarter, with the trade deficit lower than the previous year. The current account deficit was marginally higher for April-December 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, due to a fall in invisibles surplus despite a lower trade deficit. Capital flows remained strong, led by FDI, portfolio investments, and trade credits. Foreign exchange reserves increased by $27.1 billion for the year, reaching $279.1 billion in March 2010. The turnaround in exports and continued capital inflows inflows buoyed India's external sector.
Balance of payment and exchange rate
The document summarizes the key aspects of a country's balance of payments (BOP), including:
1) The BOP records all economic transactions between a country's residents and the rest of the world in a given period, usually one year. It has both a current account and a capital/financial account.
2) A BOP deficit can put pressure on a country's exchange rate and signals the need for corrective measures.
3) Measures to correct a deficit include reducing imports through monetary steps like devaluation or non-monetary steps like tariffs and quotas.
Balance of trade & Balance of payments
The document discusses the balance of trade, balance of payments, and components of the balance of payments. It defines key terms like exports, imports, trade surplus, trade deficit. It explains that the balance of payments is a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and foreign countries, including both visible and invisible transactions. It has a current account, capital account, unilateral payments account, and official settlements account. The current account tracks trade in goods and the capital account tracks financial flows. Together, the balance of payments aims to equalize total receipts and payments in international transactions for a country over a period of time.
Balance of payment
The document discusses the balance of payments, which is a systematic record of all monetary transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually one year. It includes transactions by citizens and the government. The balance of payments considers all transactions, while the balance of trade only considers trade transactions. A country aims for its balance of payments to equal zero. The main components are the current account, capital account, reserve accounts, and errors and omissions. The document also discusses causes of imbalances and measures to correct adverse balances, such as increasing exports, reducing imports, and controlling the population.
The history of international monetary system
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems from 1816 to present. It describes the gold standard system from 1816-1914, the Bretton Woods system from 1945-1971, and modern exchange rate regimes. The gold standard linked currencies to gold, while the Bretton Woods system established a US dollar-backed system. Countries now choose between fixed exchange rates, where a currency is pegged to another, or floating rates, where the market determines a currency's value.
International monetary system
The document discusses the history and evolution of international monetary systems. It describes the gold standard system used in the late 19th century, the interwar period without a clear system, the Bretton Woods system established in 1944 pegging currencies to gold and the US dollar, and the move to floating exchange rates after the Bretton Woods system collapsed in the early 1970s. It also discusses features of fixed and flexible exchange rate systems used today including crawling pegs, target zones, and currency baskets.
Foreign exchange controls
Foreign exchange controls are restrictions imposed by governments on buying and selling foreign currencies. They aim to control capital flows, maintain exchange rates, and pursue independent monetary policies. Common controls include restrictions on currency imports/exports, fixed exchange rates, and requiring currency exchanges to be done through government-approved entities. While many countries have liberalized controls in recent decades due to globalization, some still impose restrictions on capital flows and currency exchanges.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and Causes
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
Balance of Payment(BOP)
The balance of a payment is a systematic record of all its monetary transections with other countries of the world in a given period of time. i.e 1 year
The Balance Of Payments
The document discusses balance of payments (BOP), which measures international economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign residents. It has three main parts: the current account, capital account, and reserves. BOP disequilibrium can occur for various reasons, and countries use methods like devaluation, tariffs, import quotas, and export duties to correct disequilibriums. Equilibrium is achieved when surpluses or deficits are eliminated from the BOP.
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The balance of payments is a statistical statement that shows:
a) Transactions of goods, services, and income between a country and the rest of the world.
b) Changes in ownership of that country's monetary gold, SDRs, and claims and liabilities to other countries.
c) Transfers needed to balance entries that do not offset each other.
The Relation between Balance of Payment and Foreign Exchange Rate
The Definition of the (BOP)
The (BOP) structure
The Surplus and Deficit of (BOP)
Purposes of Official Reserve
The nominal and real exchange rate
The exchange rate regimes
Basic 2-bop and imf & world bank
The document discusses international flows of funds and balance of payments. It explains key concepts like the current account, capital account, and financial account. It also discusses factors that influence international trade and capital flows, such as exchange rates, inflation, national income, and trade agreements. Several international organizations that facilitate global economic cooperation and trade are also outlined, including the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and BIS.
International flow of fund
The document discusses key components of the balance of payments including the current account, capital account, and financial account. It explains factors that influence international flows of funds such as economic conditions, government restrictions, exchange rates, and inflation rates in countries. It also summarizes several international organizations that facilitate global trade and financial flows, such as the IMF, World Bank, WTO, and regional development agencies.
Module - I.pptx
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Module 1 of an International Finance & Forex Management course, including:
- The international monetary system and how currencies are exchanged globally.
- Key international financial markets like bonds, equities and currency markets.
- Factors that influence currency conversion like a country's capital account and current account balances.
- International flows of funds through mechanisms like foreign direct investment, portfolio investment and government policies regulating them.
- How global economic developments integrate with changing business environments in countries like India.
Balance of payments
This document discusses the balance of payments (BOP) of a country. It defines BOP as a systematic record of all economic transactions between a country and the rest of the world over a period of time, usually annually. It notes that the BOP has two components - the current account, which covers visible and invisible trade, and the capital account, which covers financial transactions like investments. A country experiences a BOP surplus if it receives more foreign currency than it spends, and a deficit if it spends more than it receives. It also discusses factors that can cause BOP disequilibria and measures governments can take to address BOP deficits.
International Finance
The document discusses India's balance of payments. It includes:
1. The current account which covers merchandise (exports and imports) and invisibles (services, transfers, investment income).
2. The capital account which includes foreign investment, loans, banking capital, and other capital flows.
3. Errors and omissions and the overall balance which is the sum of the current account, capital account and errors/omissions.
Balance of payment
The Balance of Payments (BOP) measures all international economic transactions between residents of a country and foreign residents. It includes transactions in the current account (exports, imports, income, transfers) and financial account (direct investment, portfolio investment, other investment). While the BOP must balance, imbalances occur due to errors and misreporting. Monitoring the BOP helps policymakers understand a country's international economic activity and detect trends in areas like trade balances, capital flows, and currency pressures.
Forex
1) The foreign exchange market allows for the trading of global currencies where exchange rates are determined.
2) Major currencies traded include the US Dollar, Euro, Yen, and Pound Sterling. The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in the world, operating 24 hours a day across many locations.
3) India's foreign exchange reserves have grown significantly over the years and recently surpassed $400 billion, allowing the country to meet foreign debt obligations and maintain stability.
Accounting principles in bop
This document discusses accounting principles for balance of payments (BOP) accounting. It outlines that BOP accounting follows double-entry bookkeeping, with debits equal to credits. Transactions are recorded based on whether they represent payments from or receipts to a country. Exports are credited on the current account and debited on the capital account. Imports are debited on the current account and credited on the capital account. The BOP consists of the current account balance, capital and financial account balance, and official settlements account balance. Valuation and timing of recording transactions can pose challenges to uniform BOP accounting practices.
Foreign CurrencyTrading pdf.pdf
Nabil Messabia (nabil.messabia@uqo.ca) has a DBA, master’s in information systems, and bachelor in finance and accounting. His research interests encompass governance, auditing and control of IT, financial auditing, internal control and qualitative research. He is an accounting professor at UQO and part-time professor at Ottawa University and the Royal Military College.
Edouich Beauvoir (beae25@uqo.ca) works actually as accountant and research assistant. He won an MBA from the University of Quebec in Outaouais. His research interests encompass governance and financial auditing.
Chokri Kooli (ibm4chk@yahoo.fr) is a research associate professor at the university of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada and also adjunct associate professor at the Telfer School of Management (Ottawa, Canada). He earned a doctorate (PhD) in economics from the school for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS). He is experts in programs and policy evaluation. He performs research in Social and Economic Public policy. He has more than 25 research articles and book chapters published in refereed journals.Nabil Messabia (nabil.messabia@uqo.ca) has a DBA, master’s in information systems, and bachelor in finance and accounting. His research interests encompass governance, auditing and control of IT, financial auditing, internal control and qualitative research. He is an accounting professor at UQO and part-time professor at Ottawa University and the Royal Military College.
Edouich Beauvoir (beae25@uqo.ca) works actually as accountant and research assistant. He won an MBA from the University of Quebec in Outaouais. His research interests encompass governance and financial auditing.
Chokri Kooli (ibm4chk@yahoo.fr) is a research associate professor at the university of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada and also adjunct associate professor at the Telfer School of Management (Ottawa, Canada). He earned a doctorate (PhD) in economics from the school for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS). He is experts in programs and policy evaluation. He performs research in Social and Economic Public policy. He has more than 25 research articles and book chapters published in refereed journals.Nabil Messabia (nabil.messabia@uqo.ca) has a DBA, master’s in information systems, and bachelor in finance and accounting. His research interests encompass governance, auditing and control of IT, financial auditing, internal control and qualitative research. He is an accounting professor at UQO and part-time professor at Ottawa University and the Royal Military College.
Edouich Beauvoir (beae25@uqo.ca) works actually as accountant and research assistant. He won an MBA from the University of Quebec in Outaouais. His research interests encompass governance and financial auditing.
Chokri Kooli (ibm4chk@yahoo.fr) is a research associate professor at the university of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada and also adjunct associate professor at the Telfer School of Management (Ottawa, Canada).
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" Managing working capital, financing the business, assessing
control of foreign Exchange and political risks and evaluating foreign
direct Investment."
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◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
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SWAIAP Fraud Risk Mitigation Prof Oyedokun.pptx
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Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
永久可查学历认证【微信：A575476】【美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证成绩单Offer】【微信：A575476】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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Balance of payments
- 1. BBaallaannccee ooff ppaayymmeenntt Bahram Nawabi 2012UCE1790
- 2. CONTENTS What is the balance of payments. Classification of (BOP). Gold standard. SDR. International liquidity.
- 3. BOP What Is TThhee BBaallaannccee OOff PPaayymmeennttss?? Countries track money coming in and going out through something called the balance of payments. The balance of payments (BOP) is the method countries use to monitor all international monetary transactions at a specific period of time. Usually, the BOP is calculated every quarter and every calendar year.
- 4. BOP All trades conducted by both the private and public sectors are accounted for in the BOP in order to determine how much money is going in and out of a country. If a country has received money, this is known as a credit, and, if a country has paid or given money, the transaction is counted as a debit.
- 5. BOP Theoretically, the BOP should be zero, meaning that assets (credits) and liabilities (debits) should balance. But in practice this is rarely the case and, thus, the BOP can tell the observer if a country has a deficit or a surplus and from which part of the economy the discrepancies are stemming.
- 6. Divided into.. Current account Capital account financial account
- 7. Current A/c The Current Account The current account is used to mark the inflow and outflow of goods and services into a country. Earnings on investments, both public and private, are also put into the current account.
- 8. Current A/c ….Within the current account are credits and debits on the trade of merchandise, which includes goods such as raw materials and manufactured goods that are bought, sold or given away (possibly in the form of aid). Services refer to receipts from tourism, transportation (like the levy that must be paid in Egypt when a ship passes through the Suez Canal), engineering, business service fees (from lawyers or management consulting, for example)
- 9. Current A/c Transactions Merchandise Export fob Merchandise Import fob Export of a non-financial service Investment Income: Export of a financial service An unrequited Transfer
- 10. Capital A/c The Capital Account The capital account is where all international capital transfers are recorded. This refers to the acquisition or disposal of non-financial assets (for example, a physical asset such as land) and non-produced assets, which are needed for production but have not been produced, like a mine used for the extraction of diamonds.
- 11. Capital A/c Transactions A reserve transaction with a non-resident A reserve transaction with a resident
- 12. Financial account In the financial account, international monetary flows related to investment in business, real estate, bonds and stocks are documented. Also included are government-owned assets such as foreign reserves, gold, special drawing rights (SDRs) held with the International Monetary Fund, private assets held abroad, and direct foreign investment. Assets owned by foreigners, private and official, are also recorded in the financial account.
- 13. Gold standard Definition: A commitment by participating countries to fix the prices of their domestic currencies in terms of a specified amount of gold. National money and other forms of money(bank deposits & notes) were freely converted into gold at the fixed price.
- 14. Advantages During war time emergencies govt. emphasizes on purchasing gold standard which would be helpful in post-war deflations. The gold standard limits the power of govt. to inflate prices through excessive issuance of paper currency.
- 15. Disadvantages Gold standard means amount of money would be determined by supply of gold & hence monetary policy could no longer be used to stabilize the economy in times of economic recessions. Monetary policy be determined by the rate of gold production. Fluctuation in the amount of gold that causes inflation if there is an increase or deflation if there is a decrease.
- 16. SDR Special Drawing Rights are defined in terms of a basket of major currencies used in international trade & finance. Why was the SDR created:- The SDR was created by the IMF in 1969 to support the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system.
- 17. Purpose SDRs are used as a unit of account by the IMF & several other international organization. SDRs were originally created to replace gold & silver in large international transactions.
- 18. Bretton Woods system The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid-20th century.
- 19. International liquidity International Liquidity meant the relative amount of resources available to a nation’s monetary authorities that could be used to settle a balance of payment deficit.
- 20. Thanks you!