The document discusses different genres of writing and their purposes and structures. It provides definitions and examples of 10 genres: narrative, recount, description, report, discussion, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, spoof, and explanation. For each genre, it outlines the purpose, generic structure including common sections and features, and a brief explanation. It also includes additional sections on expressing feelings, gratitude, and compliments.

1. Genre : Narrative
Purpose (Tujuan) : To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences
in difference ways. Narrative always deal with some problems which
lead to the climax and then turn inti a solution to the problem
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 Orientation (who were involved in the story, when and where)
 Complication (a problem arises followed by other problems)
 Resolution (solution to the problem)
Penjelasan :
 Cerita atau dongengdapat berbentuk fableatau folktale, biasanyafiksi
 Ada konflik atau permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh tokoh cerita
 Menggunakan past tense(dominannya)
 Sering berisi kalimat langsung & tidak langsung
Genre : Recounts
Purpose (Tujuan) : To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence
of events.
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
Personal Recount :
 Orientation (who were involved in the story, when, and where)
 Events (tell what happened in a chronological order)
 Evaluation (comments of writer / speaker about the experience)
 Re-orientation(the conclusion of the experience)
Factual Recounts :
 Orientation ( who were in the story, when, and where)
 Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
Penjelasan :
 Cerita masa lampau, biasanya nyata, berupa pengalaman seseorang
 Menggunakan past tense(dominannya)
 Tidak ada masalah /konflik yang dihadapitokoh
 Menceritakan kejadiansecara urut / kronologis
Genre : Description
Purpose (Tujuan) : To describe a particular person /place/thing.
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 Identification (mention the special participant)
 Description (mention the part, quality, and characteristics of the subject being described )

2. Penjelasan :
 Mendeskripsikanmanusia, benda atauhewan seolah melihatnya
 Lebih banyak membahasciri-cirinya atau fiturnya
 Menggunakan simple present tense
Genre : Report
Purpose (Tujuan) : To describe the waythings are such as aman-made thing,animals, and
plants.
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 General classification (it tells what the phenomenon under discussion is. It may include a
definition, classification or brief description)
 Identification (it tells what the phenimenon under discussion is like in terms of A.parts, B.
Qualities, C. Habits or behavior, if living; if non-natural)
Penjelasan :
 Melaporkan sesuatu(makhluk hidup / bendamati / fenomena alam)secara lebih luas
 Menggunakan present tense
 Membahas beberapaaspek secara garis besar
Genre : Discussion
Purpose (Tujuan) : To discuss or compareissue elaborated in two points of view
beforefinally get to aconclusion /recommendation.
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 Issue
 pro arguments (ideas andelaborations)
 conarguments
 Summary
Penjelasan :
 Membahas suatu permasalahan dari duasudut pandang
 Menggunakanpresent tense
 Menyajikan argumen-argumen dari dua sudut pand
Genre : AnalyticalExposition
Purpose (Tujuan) : To persuade by presenting argumentsand to analyze or explain „how‟
and„why‟
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 A thesis
 Arguments
 Reiteration

3. Penjelasan :
 Membujuk pembaca agar setuju atau sependapatdengan penulis
 Membahas suatu permasalahan dari satusudut pandang saja
 Menggunakan present tense
Genre : HortatoryExposition
Purpose (Tujuan) : It is a text which represents the attempt or the writer to have the
addressee do something or act in a certain way
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 Athesis (inrtroduces a topic, main idea or point of viwe to be presented (thesis statement))
 Arguments ( provides the evidence (arguments) to support the thesis statement. Each paragraph
identifies a particular point. The elaboration may be further description, analysis, justification,
giving examples, comparing and contrasting, etc.
 Recommendations ( makes a recommendation for readers
Penjelasan :
 Membujuk pembaca agar setuju atau sependapatdengan penulis
 Membahas suatu permasalahan dari satusudut pandang saja
 Menggunakanpresent tense
 Memberikan saran ataurekomendasi
Genre : Procedure
Purpose (Tujuan) : To help readers do atask or makesomething. They can be a set of
instruction/direction
Generic Strukture (sistematika tulisan )
 Goal (the final purpose of doing the instructions)
 Materials (ingredients,utensils, equipment to do the instructions)
 Steps (a set of instructions to achieve to achieve the final purpose)
Penjelasan :
 Menjelaskan langkah-langkah melakukan ataumembuat sesuatu
 Sering dijumpai di resepmasakan atau buku petunjuk penggunaan alat
 Menggunakan present tense

4. Genre : Spoof
Purpose (Tujuan) : To tell an event with ahumorous twist
Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan )
 Orientation (provides the setting and introduces the characters)
 Event (tells the happennings in sequences)
 Twist ( closes the events with unexpected and funny ending)
Penjelasan :
 Menggunakan past tense
 Cerita lucu, biasanya berupa pengalaman
 akhirnya yang lucu atau tidak di sangka
Genre : Explanation
Purpose (Tujuan) : texts are used to explain the processes involved in nature, how
something works, and the way things are.
Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan )
 a general statement to introduce
 a series of logical steps explaining how or why something works/happens
Genre : Fantasy is a part of the narrative
Purpose (Tujuan) : To intertain and fuel the imagination
Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan )
May simply be a basic chronological narrative set in fantaasy world, but some fantasy
narrative exted yhe „ fantastic‟ element to the structure as well. For example, the story may play
with the concept of time in a different way. Some fantasy structures focus on character
development or description of setting at the expense of plot so that the actual order of events
becomes less important or even impossible to follow
Genre : Social Function
Purpose (Tujuan) : To ceitique an artwork or event for a public audience, including movies,
TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts, and
Ballets.
Generic Structure (sistematika tulisan )
 Orientation ( places the work in its general and particular context, pften by comparing it
with orthers of its kind)
 Interpretive Recount (summaries the plot and/or provides an account of how the reviewed
work came into being)
 Evalution ( provides an evalution of the work and/or its performance or production
 Evaluative Summary ( provides a “punch line” that sums up the reviewer‟s opinion of the
artwork or event as a whole; is optional

5. Expressing Feelings
Expressing Happines : formal Expressing Happines : informal
oh, I‟m so happy Great
I can‟t say how pleased I am Exciting!
I had a splendid time there Fantastic!
What a marvelous place I‟ve ever seen Super!
It‟s an outstanding adventure Terrific
It‟s interesting experience Smashing! (British English)
It‟s sensational trip Hey, that‟s terrific/great
Expressing Boredom : Formal Expressing Boredom : informal
I think it was a boring holiday It‟s totally boring
It sounds boring The film was awfully boring
It‟s totally/awfully How boring!
I‟m rather bored I‟am fed up with all your grumbling!
How boring! Dull
I don‟t think the trip was very interesting Not interesting
Expressing Disappointment : formal Expressing Disappointment : informal
That‟s very disappointing Oh, no1
I must say I‟m really disappointment That‟s too bad
It‟s a great disappointment That‟s a real shame/pity
That‟s too bad Bad luck!
Expressing Thanks
Expressing gratitude Showing gratitude when refusing :
Thank you Thanks anyway
Thanks No, thank you
Thank yiu very much No, thanks
Many thanks
Thanks a lot
I think you
I‟m very much obliged to you
Thank you for your kindness
Thanks for everything
Thanks for ( your help)

6. Expressing Compliment
Expressing Compliment : Responding to Compliment :
That‟s a lovely cake Thank you
That was a nice lunch I‟m glad you enjoyed it
You look good in the dress Thanks. Do you really think so?
What a lovely garden Thank you very much. It‟s niceof you to say so
You‟re really a good cook I‟m glad you like it
You‟ve done a great job Thanks a lot
You did it very well
Well done
You‟re doing just fine
You‟re doing great
Expressing used in an interview
Opening the interview : Asking for information :
Good afternoon Could i ask?
Excuse me, I didn‟t quite catch your name Where was it?
Have a good time I‟m calling to find out . . .
Thanks for you . . . Do you realize that. . .
It is a big surprise Actually. . .
I congratulate you on . . . And?
Well, let me see. .
The Expressions used to say believe or not believe are
Asking if you believe it or not : Responding to believe it or not :
Do you believe it? No, I don‟t believe it
Wouldn‟t you believe it? Are you serious?
Can you imagine that? Are you joking?
You don‟t believe it, do you? Are you kidding?
Don‟t you think it‟s odd that. . . ? You must be joking/kidding!
Oh, no! That‟s not true!
You don‟t say!
Seeing is believing
Expressing being surprised
Telling surprising news : Responding to believe or not :
Guess what! Oh, no that‟s not true
Surprise You don‟t say
I‟ve got news, for you Really? That sounds interesting
Do you know what? Really? It‟s surprising that. . .
You won‟t believe it! Seeing is believing
 Good heavens
 My goodne

7. Some common expressions to express satisfaction:
I‟m satisfied with / that . . . .
I feel quite satisfied with / that . . .
. . . is satisfying
I get some satisfaction
I get some satisfaction from. . .
. . . was satisfactory
I‟m so happy with this
Some common expressions to express dissatisfaction:
I‟m not satisfied with / that. . .
I don‟t feel quite satisfied with / that. . .
. . . is not satisfying
. . .never have the satisfaction of. . .
. . .not get any satisfaction from. . .
. . .was not satisfactory
I‟m not so happy with this
Some common expressions to express pain:
Oh! I‟ve got a toothache
Ouch! That hurts!
This is killing me
I feel sick
If you only knew how much it hurts!
Some common expressions to express relief:
It was such a relief to see her safe
The pain I had has disappeared like a dream
Thanks God, It‟s over
Some common expressions to express pleasure:
Ah, that feels good
It was a very good film
This is very nice/pleasant
I like/love swimming
It‟s a pleasure to see you again

8. Expressions to give an advice
You should . . . . might in case
You ought to. . . . if otherwise
It‟s best to. . . . so that It‟s a good idea to. . . .
Expressions of showing sadness
I feel down My heart is down
I feel bad Feel like I will fall
I feel miserable So grey is this world
I really feel sad with its trouble and strife, . . .
I feel sick and my spirit is low so cold my spirit, . . .
I hate this day in this dark and gloomy life, . . .
I dislike it all
Expressions of showing embarrassment
I feel (really) embarrassed about it
I still blush with embarrassment at the thought of it
I almost die of embarrassment
Boy, my face must go red!
I was extremely shy
I was too shy to ask her for a date
Expressions of showing anger and annoyance
I am fed up with . . .
I am upset with . . .
I am angry with . . .
It annoys me when . . .
I don‟t like it when . . .
I can‟t stand it when . . .
It burns me up when . . .
I hate it when. . .
Attitude Expressions
Interrupting Reluctance
Sorry, but . . . I‟m afraid . . .
Excuse me for interrupting, butt . . . I don‟t see how . . .
May I add here that . . . ? But the problem is . . .

9. I‟d like to comment on that Yes, but. . .
May I add something? I doubt . . .
May I say something here? Possibly, but . . .
I‟d like to say something if I may Yes, but the problem really is . . .
May I ask a question? What I‟m worried about is . . .
May I ask something? What borther me is . . .
Surprised Showing Interest
Do you realize that . . . ? Right
Believe it or not, . . . Ok
It might sound strange, but . . . Yes?
The surprising thing is . . . And?
Surprisingly, . . . Really?
And then?
Some comment expressions to:
Give a command
Restrat your computer
Restrat your computer, pleace
Pleace restrat your computer
Don‟t upload such an insulting status
Pleace don‟t upload such an insulting status
Admitting a mistake
I admit that I copied your files
I will be the first to admit that we have made fun of him
I‟ll be hones enough to admit it all
I hate to admit it, but I think he is right
You were wrong, weren‟t you? Come on, admit it
Make a promise
I promise I won‟t forget it
I give you my word that I‟ll do everything I can
I‟ll consider it, but I make no promises
I won‟t break my promise