1. www.imentor4success.com

2.  Fever
› Cause: Pyrogens from inflammation &
increased white blood cells (IL-1 & TNF)
› Testing Methods: Thermometer
 Petechiae/purpura
› Cause: Increased vascular permeability
causes microhemorrhages & bleeding
› Testing Methods: Visual inspection
Sitemaker.umich.edu

3.  Nuchal rigidity
› Cause: Cranial nerve irritation in CNS
› Testing Methods: Extension/flexion; SCM
 Brudzinski’s sign
› Cause: Meningeal irritation
› Testing Methods: Supine patient, examiner’s hand
on chest. Neck flexion causes hip flexion
 Kernig sign
› Cause: Meningeal inflammation
› Testing Methods: Flexion at hip with leg extension
Nih.nlm.gov
Nih.nlm.gov

4.  Papilledema
› Cause: Increased ICP extending to CNII sheath
› Testing Methods: Fundoscopy
 Bulging fontanelles
› Cause: Increased ICP
› Testing Methods: Measure diameter

5.  Headache
› Cause: Inflamed intracranial pain sensors
› Testing: LP& increases with increased ICP
 Diminished consciousness: Confusion -> coma
› Cause: Increased ICP, vascular redistribution
› Testing: Glascow Coma Scale, head CT w/contrast
 Photophobia & painful eye movements
› Cause: Increased ICP & inflammation
› Testing: Fundoscopy
Microsoft image library 2010

6.  Otitis media
› Testing Methods: Otoscopy
 Respiratory
› Testing Methods: Discharge; CBC w/ differential
 Septicemia
› Testing Methods: CBC w/ differential
 GI/GU
› Testing Methods: CBC with differential
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7. Complete Blood Count
Variable measure: Range as per laboratory
 White Blood Cells: Immunity 4.5 - 11 x 103/microL
 Red Blood Cells: Transport O2/CO2 within body 4.73-5.49 x 106/microL
(5-10% lower in females)
 Hemoglobin: O2 carrier 14.4-16.6 g/dL
 Hematocrit: Red Cell Number/Volume of blood 42.9-49.1 %
 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin: Hgb/RBC 27-31 pg
 Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration: Hgb/Hct 33-37 g/dL
 Mean Corpuscular Volume: Hct/RBC 76-100 microm3
 Red Cell Distribution Width: Variation of red cell size 11.5-14.5
 Platelets: Coagulation 150-400x109/L
http://home.comcast.net/~itpawarewww.visualphotos.com

8. Number of white blood cells
› Variable measure: Normal 4.5-11x103 cells/mm3
› Function of variable: Immunity and healing
Mlo-online.com

9. Microscopic Examination
› White Blood Cells: Morphology & Percentages
› Indicates: Infection, immune reaction, allergy, or other
Large: Neutrophils (PMNs)
› Stabs & Bands: Immature PMNs
› Segs: Mature PMNs
Middle:
Monocytes, Basophils, Eosinophils , Large Variants
Small:
Normal Lymphocytes - mediate recruitment, B-cell, & T-cell
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/histology
www.sociologyinfocus.com

10.  Fever
 Subjective Neurologic Symptoms
 Objective Signs
 Laboratory Data:
› Elevated white blood cells (12x103/mm3)
› Elevated neutrophils (80%)
› Left shift from bacterial infection.
http://www.health-res.com/neisseria-meningitidis

11.  www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/cbc/test.
html
 www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm
 J. Dirckx. Laboratory Medicine: Essentials of Anatomic and
Clinical Pathology, Second Edition. Chapter 29:
Hematology, pp 282-295. Health Professions Institute 1995.
 Ewald G, McKenzie C. The Washington Manual, 28th
edition. Chapter 13: Treatment of Infectious Diseases, pp
304-306. Little, Brown and Company, New York. 1995
 Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP. Clinical Neurology,
3rd edition. Appleton and Lange, Stamford, Connecticut.
1996.
 All clip art from Microsoft PowerPoint 2007 Edition.
Microsoft Corporation.