2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
3. Selepas proses pengumpulan data maklumat,
Juruanalisa akan memodelkan maklumat yang
diperolehi dengan menggunakan tool grafik yang
dikenali sebagai Data Flow Diagram (DFD) untuk
menggambarkan aliran data dalam sistem maklumat
6 - 3
Pengenalan
4. 6 - 4
Definisi utama
Model proses
Kaedah formal untuk mewakilkan
bagaimana bisnes beroperasi
Menggambarkan aktiviti2 yang dilaksanakan
dan pergerakan data di antaranya
Rajah Aliran Data
Teknik popular untuk membina model
proses
5. 6 - 5
Definisi utama
Model proses logikal menerangkan
proses apa yang dilaksanakan oleh sistem
tanpa menyentuh bagaimana ia
dilaksanakan
Model proses fizikal mengandungi
maklumat bagaimana proses dilaksanakan
6. 6 - 6
Definisi penting: Penyeimbangan
Balancing memastikan maklumat yang
diwakilkan pada satu paras DFD diwakilkan
dengan tepat pada paras DFD yang seterusnya.
Mengekalkan ketidaktentuan atau “consistency”
dalam keseluruhan set DFD
Aliran input dan output data pada ibubapa
(parent) dikekalkan pada anak(child).
7. 6 - 7
Definisi penting: Pemarasan
Leveling
Proses melukis rajah2 yg semakin terperinci
Juga dipanggil sbg “exploding, partitioning, or
decomposing”
Satu proses induk mesti menghasilkan sekurang-kurang
dua proses anak.
Proses anak akan dinomborkan mengikut proses induk
Contoh
Induk 2.0
Anak 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
9. 6 - 9
Rajah Aliran Data
DFD ialah kaedah grafik yg menerangkan
sistem maklumat (IS)
Menunjukkan pergerakan data di dalam IS
DFD mewakili model logikal yg
menunjukkan apa yg dilaksanakan oleh
sistem, dan model fizikal bagaimana ia
melaksanakannya
10. Perbezaan set simbol DFD yang digunakan oleh
DeMarco & Yourdan and Gane & Sarson
12. 6 - 12
Unsur2 DFD
Proses
Proses akan menerima input dan menghasilkan
output.
Output tidak boleh sama dengan input dari segi
bentuk atau kandungan atau kedua-duanya.
Manual atau berkomputer
Nama untuk melabel proses merupakan kata kerja
(verb).
Setiap proses diberikan nombor mengikut paras
DFD.
14. 6 - 14
Unsur2 DFD
Aliran Data
Laluan bagi pergerakan data dari satu lokasi kepada satu lokasi yang
berlainan dalam sistem maklumat.
Mewakili satu atau beberapa data.
Label yang digunakan dari kata nama
Sekurang-kurangnya satu aliran data mesti masuk dan keluar daripada
setiap proses.
Kesilapan kombinasi proses dan aliran data akan menyebabkan:-
o Proses ajaib – aliran keluar tanpa aliran masuk
o Lubang Hitam (Black hole) – aliran masuk tanpa keluar
o Proses Kelabu – aliran input yang minima
menghasilkan output dari proses
15. 1.2
Cipta
Rekod
Bayaran
Amaun Bayaran Rekod Bayaran
1.2
Semak
Kriteria
Pemohon
Borang Pemohonan
Pemohan Layak
Pemohon tidak layak
1.2
Kira
GPA
Jam Kredit
Mata Nilaian
GPA
Contoh Aliran Data yang sah
17. 6 - 17
Unsur2 DFD
Storan data juga dikenali sebagai repositori.
Mengambarkan lokasi di mana data bagi satu
sistem maklumat akan disimpan.
Label yang digunakan adalah dari kata nama.
Mesti dihubung kepada satu proses dengan aliran
data.
Mesti ada sekurang-kurangnya satu data masuk dan
data keluar
19. Contoh Storan Data yang sah
D1 STAF
1.1
Cipta
Rekod
Staf
1.2
Cetak Senarai
Staf Sambilan
Rekod Staf
Profil Pekerja
Sambilan
1.3
Kemaskini
Jawatan
Kemaskini
Jawatan
20. Contoh Storan Data yang tidak sah
D1 PELANGGAN D1 INVOIS
1.1
Cipta
Rekod
Invois
D1 INVOIS
D1 INVOIS
1.1
Dapatkan
maklumat
Invois
Maklumat
Pelanggan
Rekod Invois
Maklumat Invois
21. 6 - 21
Rajah Aliran Data
Entiti luaran
Mewakili manusia, objek, konsep, tempat atau
peristiwa yang menyediakan data atau menerima
output dari sistem.
Entiti-entiti mesti tersambung kepada proses-
proses.
Boleh dikatogerikan kepada dua iaitu:
Sumber (beri data kpd sistem)
Destinasi (terima data dpd sistem)
25. 6 - 25
Naming and Drawing DFD Elements
Process
Data flow
Data Store
External
entity
26. 6 - 26
Menggambarkan Proses Bisnes
dengan DFD
Proses bisnes adalah terlalu kompleks
untuk ditunjukkan pada satu DFD
Dekomposisi ialah proses mewakilkan
sistem dalam hirarki DFD
Rajah anak menunjukkan sebahagian dari
rajah bapa dengan lebih terperinci
29. 6 - 29
Rajah Konteks
Pandangan paras-atas yg menunjukkan sempadan
sistem
Rajah pertama yang dilukis apabila menyediakan
DFD.
Menunjukkan proses bisnes keseluruhan sebagai
satu proses sahaja (proses 0)
Menunjukkan semua entiti luaran yang menerima
atau menyumbang maklumat kepada sistem
31. 6 - 31
Rajah Konteks
Storan data tidak ditunjukkan di dalam
Rajah Konteks kecuali jika ia dimiliki oleh
sistem maklumat lain.
Storan data merupakan komponen
dalaman sistem
33. Ciri Rajah Konteks
Rajah konteks mesti dimuatkan dalam satu halaman
sahaja.
Hanya terdapat satu proses sahaja ditengah-tengah
rajah.
Nama yang digunakan untuk melabel proses adalah
nama bagi sistem maklumat yang dibangunkan.
Nomborkan proses dengan nombor yang unik – 0
(memudahkan rujukan)
6 - 33
34. Ciri Rajah Konteks
Tiada garis silang yang menghubungkan entiti dengan
proses.
Semua entiti yang terlibat mesti ditunjukkan dan
dilabelkan dengan nama yang unik.
Tiada simbol storan data.
6 - 34
35. 6 - 35
Maklum status
tempahan temujanjiTerima tempahan
temujanji
Buat tempahan
temujanji
Pengesahan dan
makluman temujanji
Sistem Penempahan
Temujanji Secara Atas
Talian
Pelajar
Pensyarah
Pelajar boleh semak kelapangan masa
pensyarah dalam membuat temujanji
Contoh Rajah Konteks
36. 6 - 36
Rajah Paras 0
Memaparkan perincian rajah konteks dan merupakan
pecahan kepada rajah konteks.
Menunjukkan semua proses utama yang membentuk
keseluruhan sistem –komponen dalaman proses 0
Menunjukkan bagaimana proses utama dihubungkan
melalui aliran data
Menunjukkan entiti luaran dan proses utama yang
berinteraksi dengannya
Mempunyai storan data
37. Rajah Paras Rendah
Perincian yang lebih mendalam
Rajah yang dihasilkan dari pemecahan Rajah Sifar
dinamakan Rajah Paras 1
Pemecahan proses perlu mengambil kira:
- Pemarasan (Leveling)
- Penyeimbangan (Balancing)
6 - 37
38. 6 - 38
Rajah Paras 1
Biasanya, sebuah rajah paras 1dilukis untuk setiap
proses utama pada rajah 0
Menunjukkan semua proses dalaman yang
membentuk setiap proses pada rajah paras 0
Menunjukkan aliran data masuk dan keluar setiap
proses
39. 6 - 39
Rajah Paras 2
Menunjukkan semua proses yang membentuk setiap
satu proses dalam rajah 1
Menunjukkan aliran data masuk dan keluar
setiap proses
Tidak semua proses dalam rajah 1 mempunyai rajah 2
Penomboran proses yang betul membantu pengguna
memahami kedudukan proses di dalam keseluruhan
sistem
40. 6 - 40
Aliran Data Alternatif
Proses boleh hasilkan aliran data yang berlainan
dengan syarat yang berbeza
DFD dan penerangan proses digunakan untuk
menerangkan kewujudan aliran data alternatif ini
Tip -- aliran data alternatif selalunya berkaitan dengan
proses dengan klausa IF
49. Level-2 Diagram Showing the Decomposition of Process 4.3
from the Level-1 Diagram for Process 4.0
50. 6 - 50
Giliran Anda
Terangkan perbezaan di antara aliran data, storan
data, and proses.
Terangkan hubungan di antara DFD dan aplikasi baru
yang sedang dilaksanakan.
52. 6 - 52
Menggabungkan Penerangan
Senario
DFD bermula dengan kes guna, senarai
aktiviti/proses dan definisi keperluan
Nama aktiviti/peristiwa/kes guna menjadi
proses
Input dan output menjadi aliran data
Input dan output data yang “kecil”
digabungkan menjadi satu aliran
53. 6 - 53
Langkah2 membina DFD
Lukis Rajah Konteks
Susun semua proses utama dalam rajah 0
Perincikan rajah 0 kepada rajah 1;
perincikan rajah 1 kepada rajah 2 jika
perlu; dan seterusnya.
Sahkan DFD dengan pengguna untuk
memastikan rajah yang lengkap dan betul
54. 6 - 54
Melukis Rajah Konteks
Lukis satu proses yang mewakili keseluruhan
sistem (proses 0)
Kenalpasti semua input dan output utama yang
diperolehi atau disumbangkan oleh entiti
luaran; lukis sebagai aliran data
Lukis entiti luaran sebagai sumber atau
destinasi aliran data
56. 6 - 56
Melukis fragmen DFD
Setiap proses dijadikan sebagai satu
fragmen DFD
Boleh berpandukan Functional
Decomposition Diagram/Event List
Nomborkan proses
Namakan proses dengan kata kerja
Takrifkan proses mengikut pandangan
organisasi yang menggunakan sistem
57. G e n e ra te
M e m b e rs h ip
R e p o rts
P ro c e s s
M e m b e rs h ip
T ra n s a c t io n s
G e n e ra te
O rd e r
R e p o rts
P ro m o tio n s
S u b s y s te m
P ro c e s s
P ro m o tio n
T ra n s a c t io n s
G e n e ra te
P ro m o tio n
R e p o rts
O rd e rs
S u b s y s te m
M e m b e rs h ip
S u b s y s te m
P ro c e s s
O rd e r
T ra n s a c t io n s
M e m b e r S e rv ic e s
S y s te m
58. EVENT LIST
Event Description Trigger (Inputs) Responses (Outputs)
Marketing department
establishes a new
membership plan and offer.
SUBSCRIPTION PROGRAM SUBSCRIPTION PLAN
CONFIRMATION
CREATE AGREEMENT
Marketing department
terminates a membership
offer.
SUBSCRIPTION PROGRAM
TERMINATION
SUBSCRIPTION PLAN
TERMINATION NOTICE
DELETE AGREEMENT
UPDATE MEMBERS
Potential member responds
to a subscription offer.
NEW MEMBER SUBSCRIPTION SUBSCRIPTION CONFIRMATION
SUBSCRIPTION REJECTION
CREATE MEMBER
Potential member is referred
to membership by a current
member.
REFERAL SUBSCRIPTION
REFERAL BONUS ORDER
SUBSCRIPTION CONFIRMATION
SUBSCRIPTION REJECTION
CREATE MEMBER
Potential member exercises
10 day cancellation option.
SUBSCRIPTION CANCELLATION SUBSCRIPTION CANCELLATION
NOTICE
DELETE MEMBER
Club member changes name
or address.
MEMBER CHANGE OF NAME OR
ADDRESS
UPDATE MEMBER
60. 6 - 60
Melukis fragmen DFD
Tambah aliran data
Kedudukan biasa simbol:
Proses di tengah2
input dari kiri
Output ke kanan
Storan data di bawah proses
62. 6 - 62
Melukis Rajah Paras 0
Gabungkan set fragmen DFD dalam satu rajah
Biasanya lukis dari atas ke bawah, kiri ke kanan
Kurangkan tindihan garisan
Ulangi selagi perlu
DFD biasanya dilukis beberapa kali untuk mendapatkan
rajah yang terbaik, walaupun ianya dilakukan oleh juru
analisa yang sangat berpengalaman!
64. 6 - 64
Melukis Rajah Paras 1
Aliran data input pada DFD bapa selalunya
dipecahkan pada rajah anak
Aliran data output pada DFD anak selalunya
digabungkan menjadi aliran data yang lebih besar
pada rajah bapa
Bila perincian DFD berakhir?
Secara ideal, DFD mempunyai sekurang2nya 3
proses dan tidak melebihi 7-9 proses.
Perincian berakhir pada proses yang paling mudah;
yang tidak boleh dipecahkan lagi (fungsian primitif).
65. 6 - 65
Panduan Melukis DFD
Setiap rajah konteks mesti dilukis dalam satu
halaman
Nama proses dlm rajah konteks ialah nama sistem
maklumat
Gunakan nama yg unik utk setiap simbol
Jangan terlalu padat dan tidak tersusun
Gunakan ringkasan
Gunakan nombor rujukan yg unik utk setiap simbol
proses
66. 6 - 66
Panduan Melukis DFD
Teknik manakah yg lebih baik: top-down atau
bottom-up?
Kebanyakan juru analisa bermula dari atas
Lukis Rajah Konteks
Seterusnya rajah 0 dan rajah2 pada paras lebih rendah
Ada yg bermula dari bawah
Kenalpasti fungsian primitif2, storan data, entiti luaran
dan aliran data
Teruskan sehingga mencapai rajah 0
Hasil mesti jelas dan mudah difahami
67. 6 - 67
Mengesahkan DFD
Elakkan kesilapan dengan mengikuti beberapa
peraturan
Pastikan struktur DFD yang betul
For each DFD:
Check each process for:
A unique name: action verb phrase; number; description
At least one input data flow
At least one output data flow
Output data flow names usually different than input data flow names
Between 3 and 7 proseses per DFD
68. 6 - 68
Validating the DFD
For each DFD:
Check each data flow for:
A unique name: noun; description
Connects to at least one proses
Shown in only one direction (no two-headed arrows)
A minimum number of crossed lines
Check each data store for:
A unique name: noun; description
At least one input data flow
At least one output data flow
Check each external entity for:
A unique name: noun; description
At least one input or output data flow
69. 6 - 69
Validating the DFD
Across DFDs:
Context Diagram:
Every set of DFDs must have one Context Diagram
Viewpoint:
There is a consistent viewpoint for the entire set of DFDs
Decomposition:
Every process is wholly and complete described by the processes on
its children DFDs
Balance:
Every data flow, data storage, and external entity on a higher level DFD
is shown on the lower level DFD that decomposes it
No data storage or data flows appear on lower-lever DFDs that do not
appear on their parent DFD
70. 6 - 70
Mengesahkan DFD
Ralat semantik – sama ada rajah memberikan
gambaran sebenar
Pastikan ketepatan DFD mengikut proses bisnes
sebenar/dikehendaki
Kaedah pengesahan
User walkthroughs
Role-play processes
Semak DFD paras terendah untuk memastikan
dekomposisi yang konsisten
Semak keseragaman istilah pada nama yang digunakan
71. 6 - 71
Illegal Data Flows
B1 B2 B1 B1
B1 B1
B1 B1
DS1 DS2 DS1
a process is
needed to
exchange data
flows between
boundaries
a process is
needed to
update (or
use) a data
store
a process is
needed to
present data
from a data
store
a process is
needed to
move data
from one data
store to
another
DS2
DS1
DS1 DS1
DS1
Illegal
data
flows
Corrected
data
flows
72. Process
data flow A
data flow B
data flow C
converging
data flow
A + B + C
data flow D
data flow E
data flow F
converging
data flow
D or E or F
diverging
data flow
U + V + W
diverging
data flow
X or Y or Z
data flow U
data flow V
data flow W
data flow X
data flow Y
data flow Z
1 1
2 2
data flow H
data flow J
data flow R
data flow T
3 3data flow I data flow S
73. 6 - 73
DFD Logikal vs. Fizikal
Model logikal vs. fizikal
Logikal: apa yg sistem lakukan
Fizikal: bagaimana sistem dilaksanakan
Model Fizikal sistem semasa
Model Logikal sistem semasa
Model Fizikal sistem baru
Model Logikal sistem baru
74. Common Errors on DFD
3.1.2
Create a new
member account
3.1.1
Generate an
employee bank
statement
3.1.3
Freeze member
account number
Accounts
Receivable
Department
Employee
Member Accounts Employees
Existing account
New account status
Employee
status
Frozen account notification
Employee address
Bank statement
Membership
application
75. 6 - 75
Penerangan proses
Penerangan proses dalam bentuk teks memberikan
lebih banyak maklumat berbanding DFD sahaja
Jika logik proses agak kompleks, ia boleh diterangkan
dalam bentuk
Structured English
Decision trees
Decision tables
76. 6 - 76
1. Structured English
Subset of standard English
Menerangkan logik proses
Menggunakan struktur jujukan, pilihan dan
ulangan yang piawai sahaja
Gunakan “indentation” supaya mudah
dibaca
Gunakan perbendaharaan kata yang terhad
77. 6 - 77
Structured English
Common Statements Example
Action Statement Profits = Revenues - Expenses
Generate Inventory Report
Add Product record to Product storan data
If Statement IF Customer Not in Customer storan data
THEN Add Customer record to Customer storan data
ELSE Add Current Sale to Customer’s Total Sales
Update Customer record in Customer storan data
For Statement For all Customers in Customer storan data, do
Generate a new line in the Customer Report
Add Customer’s Total Sales to Report Total
Case Statement CASE
If Income < 10,000: Marginal tax rate = 10%
If Income < 20,000: Marginal tax rate = 20%
If Income < 30,000: Marginal tax rate = 31%
If Income < 40,000: Marginal tax rate = 35%
ELSE Marginal tax rate = 38%
ENDCASE
78. 6 - 78
Process 2.1 :
Structured English Process Description
79. 6 - 79
2. Jadual Keputusan (Decision Tables)
Mewakili proses yang sangat kompleks dengan
aneka peraturan keputusan
Menunjukkan struktur logikal yg menerangkan
logik proses
Setiap kombinasi logikal ditunjukkan
Hasil digabungkan dan dimudahkan
Pengaturcara boleh menggunakan jadual
keputusan utk membangunkan kod
80. Letakkan tajuk di bahagian atas jadual.
Masukkan semua keadaan ke dalam jadual, satu
keadaan dalam satu baris.
Masukkan semua gabungan Y/N utk keadaan. Setiap
keadaan mewakili satu petua.
Masukkan X ke dalam bahagian tindakan bagi setiap
petua utk menunjukkan sama hasil dari gabungan
petua.
6 - 80
Langkah-langkah
81. A SIMPLE POLICY STATEMENT
CHECK CASHING IDENTIFICATION CARD
A customer with check cashing privileges is entitled to cash
personal checks of up to $75.00 and payroll checks of from
companies pre-approved by LMART. This card is issued in
accordance with the terms and conditions of the application and is
subject to change without notice. This card is the property of
LMART and shall be forfeited upon request of LMART.
SIGNATURE
EXPIRES May 31, 1998
THE EQUIVALENT POLICY DECISION TABLE
Conditions and Actions Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 5
C1: Type of check personal payroll personal payroll
C2: Check amount less than or equal to $75.00
yes
doesn’t
matter
no
doesn’t
matter
C3: Company accredited by LMART doesn’t
matter
yes
doesn’t
matter
no
A1: Cash the check X X
A2: Don’t cash the check X X
82. 6 - 82
3. Pokok Keputusan
(Decision Tree)
Perwakilan grafik yg menunjukkan syarat, tindakan
dan peraturan jadual keputusan
Struktur logik ditunjukkan secara melintang
Mudah dilukis dan difahami
Jadual keputusan lebih sesuai utk situasi kompleks
83. 6 - 83
Pokok Keputusan
Kaedah grafik untuk menggambarkan
logik if-then-else
84. 6 - 84
Ringkasan
DFD adalah alat untuk menerangkan proses
bisnes secara formal.
Permodelan proses bisnes adalah kemahiran yang
sangat penting kepada juru analisa sistem.