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Some Observations on Trade Relations between Austria and Turkey

The document examines trade relations between Austria and Turkey, highlighting their limited economic linkages, with both countries showing increased global trade activity since 1980. Austria primarily trades with EU nations, while Turkey's exports and imports have grown notably, although neither country ranks significantly in each other's trade. Overall, although both have increased their international trade, the bilateral economic relationship remains weak.

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Some Observations on Trade Relations between Austria and Turkey Prof. Dr. Aykut Kibritçioğlu Section for Economic Development and International Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University, Turkey http://kibritcioglu.com/iktisat/ & kibritcioglu@ankara.edu.tr Panel Discussion chaired by Governor Ewald Nowotny (OeNB) on: “Turkish-Austrian Economic Relations in a European and International Context”. Panelists: Murat Çetinkaya (CBRT), Ayşe Sezgin (MFA), Wolfgang Ruttenstorfer (VIG), Aykut Kibritçioğlu (AU). Österreichische Nationalbank, Kassensaal Vienna, March 18, 2013 1 / 38
Turkey and Austria: Two Different Economies with Weak Linkages? Annual Inflation Rate (2010-12, HICP, A Comparison Turkey %) according to Selected 9 Austria Seven Indicators 6 External balance of goods and Unemployment Rate (2012.11, %) 3 services / GDP (2010-12, %) 0 -3 -6 -9 Energy intensity of the economy Real GDP Growth (2010-12, %) (2010, kgoe per 10 euro) Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Annual Population Growth (2009-11, (2009-10, in CO2 equivalent, 1990 = %) 2.0) Source: Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu, March 5, 2013 2 / 38
Movement of Goods, Services & Factors among Two Economies: Direct & Indirect Linkages Trade in Goods Trade in Services Labor Movements Capital Movements Technology Transfer TURKEY AUSTRIA Trade in Goods Trade in Goods Trade in Services Trade in Services Labor Movements Labor Movements Capital Movements Capital Movements Technology Transfer Technology Transfer Trade in Goods Trade in Services Trade in Goods Third Labor Movements Trade in Services Capital Movements Labor Movements Technology Transfer Capital Movements Technology Transfer Countries Quick Answer? Joint economic activities in third countries? OECD-WTO: TiVA ? 3 / 38
Turkey: open to trade, but low “per capita trade” Austria: member of the “trade nations club”? 160 United Arab Major Trade Partners Emirates of Austria (2011): 140 EU27 Trade to GDP ratio (%, 2009-2011) 120 Iraq Switzerland Switzerland China Korea Austria USA 100 S. Arabia Russian Federation Germany 80 Major Trade Partners Israel of Turkey (2011): Iran UK 60 China France EU27 Russian Fed. Turkey Russian Federation 40 China EU27 USA USA Brasil 20 Iraq Iran 0 United Arab Emirates 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Trade per capita (US$, 2009-2011) Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 4 / 38
Merchandise Trade by Commodity (mln. USD at current prices, 1980 & 2011) Share in Share in Increase (%, Indicator Flow Reporter Partner 1980 2011 World ... World ... from 1980 to (%, 1980) (%, 2011) 2011) Agricultural products Exports Austria World 2100 17356 0.7 1.0 726 Agricultural products Exports Turkey World 1881 14949 0.6 0.9 695 Agricultural products Exports World World 298800 1659524 100.0 100.0 455 Agricultural products Imports Austria World 2517 17797 0.8 1.0 607 Agricultural products Imports Turkey World 388 17574 0.1 1.0 4429 Agricultural products Imports World World 312217 1745208 100.0 100.0 459 Manufactures Exports Austria World 14531 145072 1.3 1.3 898 Manufactures Exports Turkey World 782 104210 0.1 0.9 13226 Manufactures Exports World World 1092378 11510949 100.0 100.0 954 Manufactures Imports Austria World 16849 136421 1.5 1.1 710 Manufactures Imports Turkey World 3265 142034 0.3 1.2 4250 Manufactures Imports World World 1110747 11927185 100.0 100.0 974  Both Turkey and Austria increased their exports & imports to/from the rest of the world between 1980 and 2011, in terms of trade values.  Austrian shares in world exports & imports of agricultural products increased, while its share in imports of manufacturing goods decreased slightly.  Turkey’s shares in global exports & imports of both, agricultural and manufacturing commodities increased significantly. Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 5 / 38
Turkey & Austria within the Network of Global Trade in Goods (%, World = 100, 1980 & 2011) 1980 (W=>W: 100) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 0.00 0.15 0.15 Countries Exporting Austria 0.01 0.91 0.91 Rest of the World 0.14 0.89 97.91 98.94 World (Total) 0.15 0.89 98.96 100.00 2011 (W=>W: 100) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 0.01 0.75 0.76 Countries Exporting Austria 0.01 0.95 0.96 Rest of the World 1.16 1.00 96.11 98.28 World (Total) 1.17 1.01 97.82 100.00  Both countries’ shares in global trade in goods are, and were, limited, but Turkey increased her world share remarkably within the last three decades. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 6 / 38
Turkey & Austria within the Network of Global Trade in Goods (TR X = 1.0, 1980 & 2011) 1980 (TR=>AU: 1.0) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 1.0 53 54 Countries Exporting Austria 1.8 323 325 Rest of the World 50 316 34902 35269 World (Total) 52 317 35278 35648 2011 (TR=>AU: 1.0) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 1.0 127 128 Countries Exporting Austria 1.7 161 163 Rest of the World 197 169 16277 16644 World (Total) 199 170 16566 16935  However, the relative global importance of trade between Turkey and Austria has not increased significantly. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 7 / 38
Country Composition of Austrian Exports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) 100% Turkey Rest of the World 90% Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 190 000 180 000 170 000 160 000 150 000 140 000 130 000 Turkey Rest of the Wor ld Midd le Eas t & North Africa Russian Federa tion Chin a Swit zerlan d 1960 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1978 1980 1982 1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 2008 1962 1972 1976 1986 1990 2000 2010 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new mem bers) 100 000 EU13 (old m embers) 90 000 Germ any 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1962 1970 1980 1988 1992 2000 2006 2010 1960 1964 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1990 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008  Turkey is not a major target country for Austrian exporters.  Their destination is mainly (old, and now also new) EU countries. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 8 / 38
Country Composition of Austrian Imports (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) (%, 1960-2011) 100% Turkey 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 190 00 0 180 00 0 170 00 0 160 00 0 150 00 0 140 00 0 Turkey Re st of the World Middle Eas t & North Af rica Russian Fe deration China 130 00 0 Sw itzerla nd 120 00 0 USA 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 110 00 0 EU12 (new m embers) 100 00 0 EU13 (old me mbe rs) 90 00 0 Ge rm any 80 00 0 70 00 0 60 00 0 50 00 0 40 00 0 30 00 0 20 00 0 10 00 0 0 1 96 0 1 99 6 19 62 196 4 19 66 196 8 1 970 19 72 1 974 19 76 1 978 19 80 198 2 19 84 198 6 1 988 199 0 1 992 19 94 19 98 2 000 20 02 200 4 2 006 20 08 2 010  Turkey is not a major source country for imported goods to Austria.  Germany & EU13 are the main exporters to Austria. After 1994, the new EU countries are gaining on importance in Austrian imports. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 9 / 38
Country Composition of Turkish Exports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 140 000 Austria 130 000 Rest of the W orld 120 000 Midd e East & North Africa l 110 000 Russian Federation China 100 000 Sw itzer land 90 000 USA 80 000 EU12 (new members) EU13 (old mem bers) 70 000 Germany 60 000 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1990 2008 2010 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006  Austria is not a major target country for Turkish exporters.  Their destination is mainly EU (old, and now new) countries. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 10 / 38
Changes in Country Composition of Turkish Exports (%, 1948-2011) 100 0 Country Shares in Turkish Exports (1948-2011) (Reporter: Turkey) Rest Middle East of the & North World 50 Africa 50 1957 2011 1950 1987 1982 0 100 100 50 EU27 Countries 0 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 11 / 38
Country Composition of Turkish Imports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 240 000 230 000 Austria 220 000 Rest of the W orld 210 000 Midd e East & North Africa l 200 000 190 000 Russian Federation 180 000 China 170 000 Sw itzer land 160 000 150 000 USA 140 000 EU12 (new members) 130 000 EU13 (old mem bers) 120 000 110 000 Germany 100 000 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 90 000 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1990 2008 2010 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006  Austria is not a major source country for Turkey’s imported goods from abroad. Again, the EU27 ist the … Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 12 / 38
Changes in Country Composition of Turkish Imports (%, 1948-2011) 100 Country Shares in 0 Turkish Imports (1948-2011) (Reporter: Turkey) Rest of the Middle East World 1957 50 & North 50 2011 Africa 1989 1975 1982 1952 0 100 100 50 EU27 Countries 0 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 13 / 38
Bilateral Relative Importance of Turkey and Austria as Trade Partners (as of annual averages, 2009-2011) Export Markets for Export Markets for Exporters to Turkey Exporters to Austria Turkey Austria Top Three Germany: % 7.5 Russian F.: % 13.9 Germany: % 29.0 Germany: % 39.0 1 Countries & their Trade 2 UK: % 5.5 Germany: % 11.6 Italy: % 7.0 Italy: % 6.6 Shares Italy: % 4.3 China: % 11.0 Switzerland: % 4.6 Switzerland: % 5.5 3 Partner Country Austria: top 30. Austria: top 28. Turkey: top 20. Turkey: top 20. and its Rank in importing country exporting country to importing country exporting country to Total Trade from Turkey Turkey from Austria Austria Trade Share of the Partner Country Austria: % 0.8 Austria: % 0.8 Turkey: % 0.9 Turkey: % 0.8 Total Share of the Countries before Top 29 importing Top 27 exporting Top 19 importing Top 19 exporting the Partner countries' share in countries' share in countries' share in countries' share in Country Turkish Total Turkish Total Austrian Total Austrian Total Exports: % 79.3 Imports: % 81.8 Exports: % 80.6 Imports: % 85.0 Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Commodity Coverage: All (Total). Country Coverage: All (243) Countries. Time Span: 2009-2011 (as annual averages). Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 14 / 38
Commodity Composition of Austrian Exports & Imports to / from the World (%, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) 100% 100% 0: Food and live animals 90% 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 70% 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 60% 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 50% 50% 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 40% 40% 6: Manufactured goods 30% 30% 7: Machinery and transport 20% equipment 20% 8: Miscellaneous manufactured 10% articles 10% 9: Commodities and 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0% 1988 1989 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1990 1992 1999 2003 2005 2006 1988 1991 1996 2001 2002 2004 2007 2009 2010 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2003 2005 2006 2008 2011  Austria mainly exports to and imports from the world “machinery & transport equipment” and “manufactured goods”. S ITC Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 15 / 38
Commodity Composition of Turkish Exports & Imports to / from the World (%, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) 100% 100% 0: Food and live animals 90% 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 70% 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 60% 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 50% 50% 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 40% 40% 6: Manufactured goods 30% 30% 7: Machinery and transport equipment 20% 20% 8: Miscellaneous manufactured articles 10% 10% 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0% 0% 1989 1990 1992 1993 1996 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2009 2010 1991 1994 1995 1997 1998 2001 2005 2008 2011 1989 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2007 2010 1990 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011  Turkey mainly exports “manufactured goods” and “machinery & transport equipment” to the world, while it imports mainly “machinery & transport equipment” from the world. S ITC Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 16 / 38
Commodity Composition of Austrian Exports to Turkey (% & bln. USD, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, FOB, bln. USD) 100% 1.7 0: Food and live animals 1.6 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 1.5 1.4 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.3 except fuels 70% 1.2 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 1.1 related materials 60% 1.0 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 0.9 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.8 products, n.e.s. 0.7 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.6 30% 0.5 7: Machinery and transport 0.4 equipment 20% 0.3 8: Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.2 10% 9: Commodities and 0.1 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0.0 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 1991 2001 2006 2011 1988 1992 1995 1998 2002 2006 2009 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2010 2011  Austrian exports to Turkey mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7). T urkish Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 17 / 38
Commodity Composition of Austrian Imports from Turkey (% & bln. US$, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, CIF, bln. USD) 100% 1.5 1.4 0: Food and live animals 90% 1.3 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 1.2 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.1 70% except fuels 1.0 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 60% related materials 0.9 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 0.8 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.7 products, n.e.s. 40% 0.6 6: Manufactured goods 0.5 30% 7: Machinery and transport equipment 0.4 20% 8: Miscellaneous 0.3 manufactured articles 0.2 10% 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0.1 0% 0.0 1988 2007 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 2010 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011  Austrian imports from Turkey mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and manufactured goods (SITC-6). T urkish Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 18 / 38
Commodity Composition of Turkish Exports to Austria (% & bln. US$, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, FOB, bln. USD) 100% 1.1 0: Food and live animals 90% 1.0 1: Beverages and tobacco 0.9 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 0.8 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 0.7 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, 0.6 fats and waxes 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.5 products, n.e.s. 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.4 30% 0.3 7: Machinery and transport equipment 20% 0.2 8: Miscellaneous 10% manufactured articles 0.1 9: Commodities and 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0.0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 1999 2000 2003 2007 2011 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2010 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009 2011  Turkish data states that Turkey exports to Austria mainly SITC-7 and SITC-6 products. Austrian Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 19 / 38
Commodity Composition of Turkish Imports from Austria (% & bln. US$, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, CIF, bln. USD) 100% 1.8 0: Food and live animals 1.7 90% 1.6 1: Beverages and tobacco 1.5 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.4 except fuels 1.3 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 1.2 related materials 60% 1.1 4: Animal and vegetable oils, 1.0 fats and waxes 50% 0.9 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 0.8 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.7 0.6 30% 7: Machinery and transport 0.5 equipment 20% 0.4 8: Miscellaneous 0.3 manufactured articles 10% 0.2 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0.1 0% 0.0 1989 2006 2007 2010 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2008 2009 2011 2000 2002 2004 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011  Turkish imports from Austria mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and manufactured goods (SITC-6). Austrian Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 20 / 38
Commodity Structure of Turkish-Austrian Trade in Goods (%, 1989 & 2011) 1989 (Reporter: Turkey) Imports of Austria 2011 (Reporter: Turkey) Imports of Austria Primary Manufacturing Primary Manufacturing Total Total Products Products Products Products Primary Products 37.8 37.8 Primary Products 23.0 23.0 Exports of Exports of Turkey Turkey Manufactured Manufactured Products 62.2 62.2 Products 77.0 77.0 Total 37.8 62.2 100.0 Total 23.0 77.0 100.0 1989 (Reporter: Austria) Imports of Turkey 2011 (Reporter: Austria) Imports of Turkey Primary Manufacturing Primary Manufacturing Total Total Products Products Products Products Primary Products 9.2 9.2 Primary Products 12.5 12.5 Exports of Exports of Austria Austria Manufactured Manufactured Products 90.8 90.8 Products 87.5 87.5 Total 9.2 90.8 100.0 Total 12.5 87.5 100.0 Definitions for Product Groups: Primary Products: SITC = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 68 Manufactured Products: SITC 5 + 6 - 68 + 7 + 8 Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 21 / 38
“Trade Data Discrepancy” between Turkey & Austria (%, 1948-2011) 290 275 Turkey's Exports to Austria / Austria's Imports from Turkey 260 Turkey's Imports from Austria / Austria's Exports to Turkey Exports = Imports 245 230 215 Turkey's Exports to Austria / Austria's Imports from Turkey Turkey's Imports from Austria / Austria's Exports to Turkey 200 Exports = Imports 185 170 155 140 125 110 95 80 65 50 35 1952 1968 1980 1984 1990 1996 2008 1948 1950 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2010  There are huge differences between the reported Turkish exports and Austrian imports data for trade between two countries: 1961-1980, 1981-1988 & 1995-2011.  It cannot simply be explained by the “FOB/CIF factor”.  Reporting / recording errors or lags? Re-exports? Needs to be investigated in detail… Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 22 / 38
Comparison & Development of National Trade Shares according to Turkish & Austrian Trade Data (%, 1948-2011) 4.5 Share of Turkey's Exports to Austria in Turkey's Total Goods Exports to the World 4.0 Share of Turkey's Imports from Austria in Turkey's Total Goods Imports from the World Share of Austria's Exports to Turkey in Austria's Total Goods Exports to the World 3.5 Share of Austria's Imports form Turkey in Austria's Total Goods Imports from the World 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1974 1990 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 23 / 38
Exports (FOB) to Imports (CIF) Ratio for Bilateral Trade between Turkey and Austria (%, 1948-2011) 220 Austrian Exports to Imports Ratio for Trade with Turkey 210 Turkish Exports to Imports Ratio for Trade with Austria 200 Exports = Imports 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1980 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 24 / 38
OECD-WTO Joint Database on “Trade in Value Added” (TiVA) [ Current Coverage: 2005, 2008, 2009; Planned Coverage: since 1995 ] What is Trade in Value Added? “Trade in value-added describes a statistical approach used to estimate the source(s) of value (by country and industry) that is added in producing goods and services for export (and import). It recognises that growing global value chains mean that a country's exports increasingly rely on significant intermediate imports (and, so, value added by industries in upstream countries). For example, a motor vehicle exported by country A may require significant parts, such as engines, seats etc produced in other countries. In turn these countries will use intermediate inputs imported from other countries, such as steel, rubber etc to produce the parts exported to A. The Trade in value-added approach traces the value added by each industry and country in the production chain and allocates the value-added to these source industries and countries.” Source & More Info: http://www.oecd.org/trade/valueadded Database: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TIVA_OECD_WTO WTO’s Trade Data Day: 16 January 2013, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/tradedataday13_e/tradedataday13_e.htm Li nkages 25 / 38
Austria’s Top 10 Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Turkey (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Turkish Imports from Austria General Share Share of of Turkey's Share of Top Three HS.. Exporter Countries to Turkey Austria's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten of Austria's Austria's HS.. Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, annual averages) Austria's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Austria in averages) to the World in Turkey in according to the World in Turkey in Rank as an Turkey's Total Austria's Total Austria's Total Harmonized System (HS Turkey's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Turkey's Austria's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Turkey 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Turkey's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Turkey (%) 1 2 3 (%) Austria (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Austria (%) CIF) Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Germany China Italy HS84. NUCLEAR Turkish HS84 Turkish HS84 REACTORS, BOILERS, Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS84 Imports from Imports from 1. MACHINERY AND 11.5 0.2 291 20.0 19.7 17.9 0.2 HS84 Imports Germany (mln. HS84 Imports China (mln. USD, HS84 Imports Imports from Italy 16. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) PARTS... 17.7 3 871 17.4 3 808 12.2 2 670 China Germany Korea HS85. ELECTRICAL Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Imports from Imports from Imports from 2. 7.7 0.1 143 9.8 10.8 10.5 0.1 HS85 Imports China (mln. USD, HS85 Imports Germany (mln. HS85 Imports Korea (mln. USD, 20. AND PARTS THEREOF; (%) (%) (%) SOUND RECORDERS AND... CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 29.1 4 235 11.2 1 625 5.7 835 China Indonesia India Turkish HS55 Turkish HS55 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS55 3. HS55. MAN-MADE STAPLE Imports from Imports from 1.1 0.1 128 8.8 8.6 0.8 0.1 HS55 Imports China (mln. USD, HS55 Imports Indonesia (mln. HS55 Imports Imports from India 6. FIBRES Top 3 ? (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 14.9 301 13.7 277 11.4 231 Germany United States Switzerland Turkish HS30 Turkish HS30 Turkish HS30 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish 4. HS30. PHARMACEUTICAL Imports from Imports from the Imports from 2.3 0.1 120 8.2 3.6 5.4 0.0 HS30 Imports Germany (mln. HS30 Imports US (mln. USD, HS30 Imports Switzerland (mln. 10. PRODUCTS (%) (%) (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 17.2 754 14.1 621 10.9 479 Germany Saudi Arabia Belgium Turkish HS39 Turkish HS39 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS39 Share in Turkish 5. HS39. PLASTICS AND Imports from Imports from 5.2 0.0 93 6.3 6.4 4.6 0.1 HS39 Imports Germany (mln. HS39 Imports Imports from SA HS39 Imports Belgium (mln. 23. ARTICLES THEREOF (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) 13.1 1 279 10.1 986 6.9 668 Germany United States Finland HS48. PAPER AND Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF Imports from Imports from the Imports from 6. 1.4 0.0 92 6.3 5.7 3.5 0.1 HS48 Imports Germany (mln. HS48 Imports US (mln. USD, HS48 Imports Finland (mln. USD, 9. PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR (%) (%) (%) OF PAPERBOARD USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) 17.8 483 9.7 263 9.3 253 Russian Federation Ukraine United States Turkish HS72 Turkish HS72 Turkish HS72 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Imports from Imports from Imports from the 7. HS72. IRON AND STEEL 8.4 0.0 90 6.2 6.2 4.5 0.1 HS72 Imports Russian Fed. HS72 Imports Ukraine (mln. HS72 Imports US (mln. USD, 28. (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 14.8 2 357 11.8 1 883 11.6 1 843 Germany France Spain HS87. VEHICLES OTHER Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 THAN RAILWAY OR Imports from Imports from Imports from 8. 7.0 0.0 72 4.9 5.2 8.6 0.0 HS87 Imports Germany (mln. HS87 Imports France (mln. USD, HS87 Imports Spain (mln. USD, 20. TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, (%) (%) (%) AND PARTS AND... USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) 31.0 4 089 11.6 1 534 9.9 1 301 China Italy Germany Turkish HS73 Turkish HS73 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS73 Share in Turkish 9. HS73. ARTICLES OF IRON Imports from Imports from 1.1 0.0 45 3.1 3.0 3.6 0.0 HS73 Imports China (mln. USD, HS73 Imports Imports from Italy HS73 Imports Germany (mln. 10. OR STEEL (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) (%) CIF) USD, CIF) 22.8 457 15.6 313 13.8 277 China Germany United States Turkish HS29 Turkish HS29 Turkish HS29 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish 10. HS29. ORGANIC Imports from Imports from Imports from the 2.3 0.0 42 2.9 2.4 1.1 0.0 HS29 Imports China (mln. USD, HS29 Imports Germany (mln. HS29 Imports US (mln. USD, 22. CHEMICALS (%) (%) (%) CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 10.0 440 9.9 438 9.5 418 Top 10 Commodity 48.1 0.6 1 115 76.4 71.7 60.4 0.7 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 26 / 38
Austria’s Top Three Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Turkey (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Turkish Imports from Austria General Share Share of of Turkey's Share of Austria's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Austria's HS.. of Austria's Austria's HS.. Austria's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Austria in averages) to the World in Turkey in according to the World in Turkey in Rank as an Turkey's Total Austria's Total Austria's Total Harmonized System (HS Turkey's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Turkey's Austria's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Turkey 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Turkey's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Turkey (%) (%) Austria (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Austria (%) CIF) Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Turkey HS84. NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND 1. 11.5 0.2 291 20.0 19.7 17.9 0.2 16. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS... HS85. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 2. 7.7 0.1 143 9.8 10.8 10.5 0.1 20. AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND... 3. HS55. MAN-MADE STAPLE 1.1 0.1 128 8.8 8.6 0.8 0.1 6. FIBRES Top 10 Commodity 48.1 0.6 1 115 76.4 71.7 60.4 0.7 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 27 / 38
Turkey’s Top 10 Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Austria (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Austrian Imports from Turkey General Share Share of of Austria's Share of Top Three HS.. Exporter Countries to Austria Turkey's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Turkey's HS.. of Turkey's Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, annual averages) Turkey's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Turkey in averages) to the World in Austria in according to the World in Austria in Rank as an Austria's Total Turkey's Total Turkey's Total Harmonized System (HS Austria's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Austria's CG's Share in Turkey's Total Exporter to Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Austria 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Austria's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Austria (%) 1 2 3 (%) Turkey (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Turkey (%) CIF) Reporter Country Austria Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Austria Germany China Turkey HS61. ARTICLES OF Share in Austrian HS61 Share in Austrian HS61 Share in Austrian HS61 APPAREL AND CLOTHING Imports from Imports from Imports from 1. 1.5 0.1 230 18.5 8.9 6.6 0.1 Austrian HS61 Germany (mln. Austrian HS61 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS61 Turkey (mln. USD, 3. ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) CROCHETED 22.5 538 20.4 486 9.6 230 Germany Italy China HS84. NUCLEAR Austrian HS84 Austrian HS84 REACTORS, BOILERS, Share in Imports from Share in Austrian HS84 Share in Imports from 2. MACHINERY AND 12.8 0.1 139 11.1 10.2 8.3 0.1 Austrian HS84 Germany (mln. Austrian HS84 Imports from Italy Austrian HS84 China (mln. USD, 19. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) PARTS... 48.6 9 718 7.6 1 513 5.6 1 118 Germany Italy France HS87. VEHICLES OTHER Share in Austrian HS87 Share in Austrian HS87 Share in Austrian HS87 THAN RAILWAY OR Imports from Imports from 3. 9.8 0.1 104 8.4 15.4 11.9 0.1 Austrian HS87 Germany (mln. Austrian HS87 Imports from Italy Austrian HS87 France (mln. USD, 18. Top 3 ? TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) AND PARTS AND... 45.2 6 914 6.5 997 6.5 993 Germany China Italy HS62. ARTICLES OF Share in Austrian HS62 Share in Austrian HS62 Share in Austrian HS62 APPAREL AND CLOTHING Imports from Imports from 4. 1.8 0.1 100 8.0 3.6 4.0 0.0 Austrian HS62 Germany (mln. Austrian HS62 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS62 Imports from Italy 4. ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) OR CROCHETED 24.0 659 23.8 652 7.7 211 Germany China Czech Republic HS85. ELECTRICAL Share in Austrian HS85 Share in Austrian HS85 Share in Austrian HS85 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Imports from Imports from Imports from 5. 9.1 0.0 76 6.1 5.8 6.6 0.0 Austrian HS85 Germany (mln. Austrian HS85 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS85 Czech Rep. (mln. 27. AND PARTS THEREOF; Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) SOUND RECORDERS AND... 34.4 4 898 13.0 1 849 4.6 658 Germany Italy Czech Republic Austrian HS73 Austrian HS73 Austrian HS73 Share in Share in Share in 6. HS73. ARTICLES OF IRON Imports from Imports from Imports from 2.8 0.0 63 5.1 6.9 4.3 0.1 Austrian HS73 Germany (mln. Austrian HS73 ItalyS (mln. USD, Austrian HS73 Czech Rep. (mln. 11. OR STEEL Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 47.6 2 078 10.0 435 6.0 260 Germany Italy Netherlands HS20. PREPARATIONS OF Share in Austrian HS20 Share in Austrian HS20 Share in Austrian HS20 VEGETABLES, FRUIT, NUTS Imports from Imports from 7. 0.5 0.0 58 4.6 5.6 1.3 0.0 Austrian HS20 Germany (mln. Austrian HS20 Imports from Italy Austrian HS20 Netherlands (mln. 5. OR OTHER PARTS OF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) PLANTS 22.6 169 15.2 114 10.4 78 Germany China Turkey HS63. OTHER MADE UP Share in Austrian HS63 Share in Austrian HS63 Share in Austrian HS63 TEXTILE ARTICLES; SETS; Imports from Imports from Imports from 8. 0.3 0.0 57 4.6 4.5 1.6 0.0 Austrian HS63 Germany (mln. Austrian HS63 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS63 Turkey (mln. USD, 3. WORN CLOTHING AND WORN Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) TEXTILE... 37.8 203 16.4 88 10.6 57 Germany Italy France Austrian HS76 Austrian HS76 Share in Share in Austrian HS76 Share in 9. HS76. ALUMINUM AND Imports from Imports from 2.0 0.0 46 3.7 4.3 1.6 0.0 Austrian HS76 Germany (mln. Austrian HS76 Imports from Italy Austrian HS76 France (mln. USD, 17. ARTICLES THEREOF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) 30.7 963 6.9 218 6.1 192 Germany Italy Czech Republic Austrian HS40 Austrian HS40 Share in Share in Austrian HS40 Share in 10. HS40. RUBBER AND Imports from Imports from 1.2 0.0 43 3.4 3.2 1.7 0.0 Austrian HS40 Germany (mln. Austrian HS40 Imports from Italy Austrian HS40 Czech Rep. (mln. 8. ARTICLES THEREOF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) 40.3 747 6.1 112 5.8 107 Top 10 Commodity 41.7 0.6 916 73.7 68.4 47.8 0.5 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 28 / 38
Turkey’s Top Three Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Austria (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Austrian Imports from Turkey General Share Share of of Austria's Share of Turkey's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Turkey's HS.. of Turkey's Turkey's HS.. Turkey's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups from the Exports to Country Rank Turkey in averages) to the World in Austria in (CGs) according to the World in Austria in Rank as an Austria's Total Turkey's Total Turkey's Total Harmonized System (HS Austria's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Austria's Turkey's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Austria 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Austria's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Austria (%) (%) Turkey (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Turkey (%) CIF) Reporter Country Austria Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria HS61. ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 1. 1.5 0.1 230 18.5 8.9 6.6 0.1 3. ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CROCHETED HS84. NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 2. MACHINERY AND 12.8 0.1 139 11.1 10.2 8.3 0.1 19. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS... HS87. VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR 3. 9.8 0.1 104 8.4 15.4 11.9 0.1 18. TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, AND PARTS AND... Top 10 Commodity 41.7 0.6 916 73.7 68.4 47.8 0.5 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 29 / 38
Empirical Observations on Turkish-Austrian Trade in Goods: Major Conclusions?  Turkey’s and Austria’s shares in global trade in goods have increased between 1980 and 2011.  However they are still not major players/exporters in world goods markets.  To a large extent, the trade between Turkey and Austria consists of two-way trade of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and “manufactured goods” (SITC-6).  Moreover, Turkey and Austria are in general not unignorable trade partners for each other.  Possible reasons to think that this fact will not change easily in a short period of time:  Austria’s orientation towards new EU member countries (EU12) to make more trade since early 1990s.  Turkey’s trade orientation towards MENA region countries & Russian Federation since early 2000s. Back to Question? 30 / 38
What then may occur, or is there still room for politics/initiatives to promote bilateral trade?  Positive indirect effects of labor movements and/or No immigrants on Turkish exports to Austria?  Possible effects of Austrian FDIs in Turkey on bilateral trade between Turkey and Austria:  Substitution of existing trade with production in Turkey: ? negative effects?  Increases in exports of intermediate goods from Austria to ? Turkey: positive effects?  Austria and Turkey both have free market economies, and producers and exporters in both countries are free to choose where to export.  Both countries are WTO members too.  So, should we wait and see what happens? Or? 31 / 38
Economic Linkages between Austria & Turkey: International Migration (persons, 1990-2010) Inflows of foreign Outflows of Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Stock of foreign population by foreign population born population population by labour by Variable nationality by nationality by country of nationality nationality birth Country of origin Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Country Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria 1990 .. .. .. .. 6 979 .. .. .. .. .. 1991 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 973 1995 332 .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 426 .. 54 684 1996 489 5 939 .. 4 871 .. .. .. 135 044 .. 53 551 1997 657 6 236 .. 4 459 .. .. .. 133 037 .. 52 820 1998 669 5 909 .. 3 950 .. 118 800 .. 132 233 .. 54 248 1999 .. 7 296 .. 3 797 .. 124 500 .. 129 631 .. 55 628 2000 .. 7 096 .. 3 702 14 335 110 100 6 143 127 264 .. 57 128 2001 .. 7 764 .. 3 693 .. 126 828 .. 127 147 .. 56 831 2002 .. 11 277 .. 2 942 .. 135 153 .. 127 156 .. 56 285 2003 .. 10 411 .. 3 041 .. 142 653 .. 123 043 .. 55 689 2004 .. 8 249 .. 3 037 .. 147 911 .. 116 544 .. 54 588 2005 .. 7 727 .. 2 828 .. 152 499 .. 113 068 .. 53 480 2006 .. 4 867 .. 2 938 .. 154 088 .. 108 189 .. 62 046 2007 .. 5 234 .. 2 991 .. 155 941 .. 109 179 .. 62 409 2008 .. 4 996 .. 2 863 .. 157 750 .. 110 678 .. 62 871 2009 .. 4 751 .. 2 997 .. 159 038 .. 112 150 .. 61 366 2010 139 4 338 .. 2 963 .. 159 891 .. 113 457 .. .. Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Migration Database”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 32 / 38
Economic Linkages between Austria & Turkey: International Migration “Turkish Day” in Vienna, Austria (2009)  Labor mobility between Turkey and Austria is functioning to a great extent in a one-way direction: from TR to A.  OECD’s “International Migration Database” shows that the stock of Turkish population in Austria is more than 113 thousand persons as of 2010. 33 / 38
Turkish Immigrants in Selected Countries (2010) 2.1 2.0 Germany Stock of 1.9 Immigrant 1.8 Population with Ratio of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality Host Country 1.7 Turkish 1.6 Nationality 1.5 (persons, 2010) to the Local Population (%, 2010) 1.4 Austria Germany 1 629 480 1.3 France 220 089 1.2 Austria 113 457 1.1 1.0 Netherlands 88 028 0.9 Switzerland Switzerland 70 642 0.8 Untd. Kingdom 45 000 0.7 Belgium 39 551 0.6 Denmark Denmark 29 150 0.5 Netherlands Italy 19 068 0.4 France Sweden 11 902 0.3 Belgium 0.2 Sweden 0.1 UK 0.0 Italy 100 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1 100 000 1 200 000 1 300 000 1 400 000 1 500 000 1 600 000 1 700 000 200 000 300 000 Stock of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality (persons, 2010) Source: OECD.Stat, Aykut Kibritçioğlu’s calculations. 34 / 38
Turkish Immigrants & Turkish Exports (2010) 12 Germany Stock of 11 Immigrant 10 Population with Host Country Turkish 9 Nationality Turkish Exports (billions of USD, 2010) UK (persons, 2010) 8 Germany 1 629 480 7 France 220 089 Italy Austria 113 457 6 France Netherlands 88 028 5 Switzerland 70 642 Untd. Kingdom 45 000 4 Belgium 39 551 3 Denmark 29 150 Netherlands Italy 19 068 2 Switzerland Sweden 11 902 Sweden Belgium 1 Austria Denmark 0 No 1 000 000 500 000 600 000 800 000 1 100 000 1 200 000 1 300 000 1 400 000 1 500 000 1 600 000 1 700 000 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 700 000 900 000 export effects? Stock of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality (persons, 2010) Source: OECD.Stat, Aykut Kibritçioğlu’s calculations. 35 / 38
Economic Linkages between Austria & Turkey: Foreign Direct Investments (mln. US$, 1980-2010) Currency US dollars, millions Reporting country Austria Turkey Partner country Turkey TOTAL WORLD Austria TOTAL WORLD Type of FDI Inward Outward Inward Outward Inward Outward Inward Outward 1985 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1986 .. 3.2 4 994.0 1 219.4 .. .. .. .. 1987 .. 2.8 6 700.1 1 335.4 .. .. .. .. 1988 .. 2.6 6 699.1 1 360.8 .. .. .. .. 1989 0.0 12.9 9 312.4 2 878.2 .. .. .. .. 1990 0.0 14.9 11 097.3 4 747.0 .. .. .. .. 1991 0.0 24.3 13 172.7 5 993.7 .. .. .. .. 1992 0.0 36.4 13 179.4 6 583.9 .. .. .. .. 1993 .. 40.9 13 990.2 7 974.5 .. .. .. .. 1994 .. 24.7 16 353.5 9 514.0 .. .. .. .. 1995 .. 4.9 21 362.2 11 831.5 .. .. .. .. 1996 .. 2.3 21 297.3 13 060.1 .. .. .. .. 1997 .. 2.5 21 323.4 14 010.5 .. .. .. .. 1998 .. 5.8 24 960.1 17 468.2 .. .. .. .. 1999 .. 13.3 24 372.7 19 126.9 .. .. .. .. 2000 34.3 8.1 31 164.8 24 820.6 34.0 .. 19 209.0 3 668.0 2001 35.8 4.3 34 999.4 28 510.7 16.0 23.0 19 677.0 4 581.0 2002 18.0 - 25.3 44 895.5 42 484.7 21.0 46.0 18 792.0 5 847.0 2003 58.1 - 33.0 57 636.4 55 961.4 51.0 56.0 33 533.0 6 138.0 2004 82.8 79.0 70 713.7 69 806.0 85.0 78.0 38 522.0 7 060.0 2005 77.7 73.8 82 551.4 71 806.9 159.0 85.0 71 297.0 8 315.0 2006 170.5 529.9 111 072.3 105 696.6 569.0 74.0 95 089.0 8 866.0 2007 238.3 3 863.2 162 649.1 148 821.1 4 393.0 104.0 153 950.0 12 210.0 2008 137.8 2 622.4 148 124.5 148 731.4 2 296.0 267.0 80 227.0 17 846.0 2009 195.9 4 143.5 172 649.5 163 243.0 6 031.0 305.0 143 723.0 22 250.0 2010 224.5 5 859.2 158 432.7 176 870.7 11 003.0 368.0 186 971.0 22 509.0 2011 191.7 6 971.5 153 233.2 198 910.6 10 803.0 54.0 140 043.0 26 398.0 Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “FDI positions by partner country”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 back 36 / 38
Still Room for Politics, or Political Initiatives?  High level political initiatives from both sides to foster President Gül’s Austria visit to boost economic relationship trade in goods between two countries may be key to succeed in increasing the trade volume between two countries. Vienna, May 2011  Governmental organizations and platforms to strengthen the economic linkages between Turkey and Austria? Institutions?  Transition to green economy: Joint green investments? Joint green R&D efforts? 37 / 38
Organizations & Platforms to Strengthen Economic Linkages between Turkey and Austria? Austrian Business Agency - Invest in Austria http://investinaustria.at Advantage Austria http://www.advantageaustria.org/tr/Oesterreich-in-Tuerkei.tr.html İhracat Bilgi Platformu – Turkey Contact Point http://www.ibp.gov.tr - http://www.tcp.gov.tr Invest in Turkey (Investment Support and Promotion Agency) http://www.invest.gov.tr back 38 / 38
Appendix This file is downloadable at: http://kibritcioglu.com/iktisat/oenb-20130318.html 39 / 38
Turkey Austria Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 40 / 38
Turkey Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 41 / 38
Austria Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 42 / 38
SITC, Revision 3 00: Live animals other than animals of division 03 0: Food and live animals 01: Meat and meat preparations 02: Dairy products and birds' eggs 03: Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and preparations thereof 04: Cereals and cereal preparations 05: Vegetables and fruits 06: Sugar, sugar preparations and honey 07: Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof 08: Feedstuff for animals (excluding unmilled cereals) 09: Miscellaneous edible products and preparations 11: Beverages 1: Beverages and tobacco 12: Tobacco and tobacco manufactures 21: Hides, skins and furskins, raw 2: Crude materials, inedible, except 22: Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits fuels 23: Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) 24: Cork and wood 25: Pulp and waste paper 26: Textiles fibres and their wastes 27: Crude fertilizers other than division 56, and crude minerals 28: Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 29: Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 32: Coal, coke and briquettes 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 33: Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials related materials 34: Gas, natural and manufactured 35: Electric current 41: Animal oils and fats 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats 42: Fixed vegetable oils and fats, crude, refined or fractionated and waxes 43: Processed Animal and vegetable oils and fats 51: Organic chemicals 5: Chemicals and related products, 52: Inorganic chemicals n.e.s. 53: Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials 54: Medicinal and pharmaceutical products 61: Leather, leather manufactures and dressed furskins 6: Manufactured goods 62: Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. 63: Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture) 64: Paper and paper manufactures 65: Textile yarn and related products 66: Non metallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. 67: Iron and steel 68: Non-ferrous metals 69: Manufactures of metal, n.e.s. 71: Power generating machinery and equipment 7: Machinery and transport 72: Specialised machinery equipment 73: Metal working machinery 74: Other industrial machinery and parts 75: Office machines and automatic data processing machines 76: Telecommunication and sound recording apparatus 77: Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, n.e.s. 78: Road vehicles 79: Other transport equipment 81: Prefabricated buildings, sanitary, heating and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. 8: Miscellaneous manufactured 82: Furniture and parts thereof articles 83: Travel goods, handbags, etc. 84: Articles of apparel & clothing accessories 85: Footwear 87: Professional and scientific instruments, n.e.s. 88: Photo apparatus, optical goods, watches and clocks back 89: Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. 91: Postal packages not classified according to kind 9: Commodities and transactions, 93: Special transactions & commodities not classified n.e.s. 96: Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender 97: Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores & concentrates) 43 / 38
Country Composition of Austrian Exports (millions of US Dollars, FOB, 1960-2011) 190 000 Turkey 180 000 Rest of the World 170 000 160 000 Middle East & North Africa 150 000 Russian Federation 140 000 China 130 000 Switzerland 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new members) 100 000 EU13 (old members) 90 000 Germany 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 1972 100% Turkey Rest of the World 90% Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germ any 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 44 / 38
Country Composition of Austrian Imports (millions of US Dollars, CIF, 1960-2011) 190 000 Turkey 180 000 Rest of the World 170 000 160 000 Middle East & North Africa 150 000 Russian Federation 140 000 China 130 000 Switzerland 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new members) 100 000 EU13 (old members) 90 000 Germany 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1968 1974 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1988 1990 1994 2002 2008 100% Turkey 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 45 / 38
Country Composition of Turkish Exports (millions of US Dollars, FOB, 1960-2011) 140 000 Austria 130 000 Rest of the World 120 000 Middle East & North Africa 110 000 Russian Federation China 100 000 Switzerland 90 000 USA 80 000 EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 70 000 Germany 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 1960 1962 1968 1974 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1988 1990 1994 2002 2008 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 46 / 38
Country Composition of Turkish Imports (millions of US Dollars, CIF, 1960-2011) 240 000 230 000 Austria 220 000 Rest of the World 210 000 Middle East & North Africa 200 000 190 000 Russian Federation 180 000 China 170 000 Switzerland 160 000 150 000 USA 140 000 EU12 (new members) 130 000 EU13 (old members) 120 000 110 000 Germany 100 000 90 000 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1964 1966 1976 1978 1980 1992 1994 1998 2006 1960 1962 1968 1970 1972 1974 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1996 2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 47 / 38
International Migration between Austria & Turkey (1980-2010) Gender Total Inflows of foreign Outflows of Inflows of asylum Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Acquisition of Inflows of foreign Inflows of Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Status changes of population by foreign population seekers by born population population by nationality by workers by seasonal foreign born labour by labour by international Variable nationality by nationality nationality by country of nationality country of former nationality workers by country of birth nationality students birth nationality nationality Country of origin Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Country Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Year i i i i i i i i i i i i 1980 .. .. .. .. .. 120 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1981 .. .. .. .. .. 35 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1982 .. .. .. .. .. 54 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1983 .. .. .. .. .. 39 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1984 .. .. .. .. .. 31 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1985 .. .. .. .. .. 56 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1986 .. .. .. .. .. 163 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1987 .. .. .. .. .. 408 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1988 .. .. .. .. .. 644 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1989 .. .. .. .. .. 3 263 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 .. .. .. .. .. 1 862 000 6 979 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1991 .. .. .. .. .. 2 252 000 .. .. .. .. .. 1 801 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. .. .. .. .. 1 251 000 .. .. .. .. .. 1 987 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 .. .. .. .. .. 342 000 .. .. .. .. .. 2 686 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 .. .. .. .. .. 362 000 .. .. .. .. .. 3 377 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 973 .. .. 1995 332 .. .. .. .. 509 000 .. .. .. 136 426 .. 3 201 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 684 .. .. 1996 489 5 939 .. 4 871 .. 477 000 .. .. .. 135 044 .. 7 492 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 551 .. .. 1997 657 6 236 .. 4 459 .. 340 000 .. .. .. 133 037 .. 5 064 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 820 .. .. 1998 669 5 909 .. 3 950 .. 210 000 .. 118 800 .. 132 233 .. 5 664 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 248 .. .. 1999 .. 7 296 .. 3 797 .. 335 000 .. 124 500 .. 129 631 .. 10 324 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 628 .. .. 2000 .. 7 096 .. 3 702 .. 592 000 14 335 110 100 6 143 127 264 .. 6 720 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 128 .. .. 2001 .. 7 764 .. 3 693 .. 1 868 000 .. 126 828 .. 127 147 .. 10 046 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 831 .. .. 2002 .. 11 277 .. 2 942 .. 3 561 000 .. 135 153 .. 127 156 4 000 12 623 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 285 .. .. 2003 .. 10 411 .. 3 041 .. 2 854 000 .. 142 653 .. 123 043 1 000 13 665 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 689 .. .. 2004 .. 8 249 .. 3 037 .. 1 114 000 .. 147 911 .. 116 544 2 000 13 004 000 .. .. .. .. .. 79 299 .. 54 588 .. .. 2005 .. 7 727 .. 2 828 .. 1 064 000 .. 152 499 .. 113 068 5 000 9 545 000 .. .. .. .. .. 82 338 .. 53 480 .. .. 2006 .. 4 867 .. 2 938 .. 668 000 .. 154 088 .. 108 189 8 000 7 542 000 .. .. .. .. .. 84 271 .. 62 046 .. .. 2007 .. 5 234 .. 2 991 .. 659 000 .. 155 941 .. 109 179 .. 2 076 000 .. .. .. .. .. 91 300 .. 62 409 .. .. 2008 .. 4 996 .. 2 863 .. 417 000 .. 157 750 .. 110 678 .. 1 664 000 .. .. .. .. .. 96 683 .. 62 871 .. .. 2009 .. 4 751 .. 2 997 .. 554 000 .. 159 038 .. 112 150 .. 1 242 000 .. .. .. .. .. 88 809 .. 61 366 .. .. 2010 139 4 338 .. 2 963 .. 369 000 .. 159 891 .. 113 457 .. 937 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Migration Database”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 48 / 38

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Some Observations on Trade Relations between Austria and Turkey

  • 1.
    Some Observations onTrade Relations between Austria and Turkey Prof. Dr. Aykut Kibritçioğlu Section for Economic Development and International Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University, Turkey http://kibritcioglu.com/iktisat/ & kibritcioglu@ankara.edu.tr Panel Discussion chaired by Governor Ewald Nowotny (OeNB) on: “Turkish-Austrian Economic Relations in a European and International Context”. Panelists: Murat Çetinkaya (CBRT), Ayşe Sezgin (MFA), Wolfgang Ruttenstorfer (VIG), Aykut Kibritçioğlu (AU). Österreichische Nationalbank, Kassensaal Vienna, March 18, 2013 1 / 38
  • 2.
    Turkey and Austria: Two Different Economies with Weak Linkages? Annual Inflation Rate (2010-12, HICP, A Comparison Turkey %) according to Selected 9 Austria Seven Indicators 6 External balance of goods and Unemployment Rate (2012.11, %) 3 services / GDP (2010-12, %) 0 -3 -6 -9 Energy intensity of the economy Real GDP Growth (2010-12, %) (2010, kgoe per 10 euro) Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Annual Population Growth (2009-11, (2009-10, in CO2 equivalent, 1990 = %) 2.0) Source: Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu, March 5, 2013 2 / 38
  • 3.
    Movement of Goods,Services & Factors among Two Economies: Direct & Indirect Linkages Trade in Goods Trade in Services Labor Movements Capital Movements Technology Transfer TURKEY AUSTRIA Trade in Goods Trade in Goods Trade in Services Trade in Services Labor Movements Labor Movements Capital Movements Capital Movements Technology Transfer Technology Transfer Trade in Goods Trade in Services Trade in Goods Third Labor Movements Trade in Services Capital Movements Labor Movements Technology Transfer Capital Movements Technology Transfer Countries Quick Answer? Joint economic activities in third countries? OECD-WTO: TiVA ? 3 / 38
  • 4.
    Turkey: open totrade, but low “per capita trade” Austria: member of the “trade nations club”? 160 United Arab Major Trade Partners Emirates of Austria (2011): 140 EU27 Trade to GDP ratio (%, 2009-2011) 120 Iraq Switzerland Switzerland China Korea Austria USA 100 S. Arabia Russian Federation Germany 80 Major Trade Partners Israel of Turkey (2011): Iran UK 60 China France EU27 Russian Fed. Turkey Russian Federation 40 China EU27 USA USA Brasil 20 Iraq Iran 0 United Arab Emirates 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 Trade per capita (US$, 2009-2011) Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 4 / 38
  • 5.
    Merchandise Trade byCommodity (mln. USD at current prices, 1980 & 2011) Share in Share in Increase (%, Indicator Flow Reporter Partner 1980 2011 World ... World ... from 1980 to (%, 1980) (%, 2011) 2011) Agricultural products Exports Austria World 2100 17356 0.7 1.0 726 Agricultural products Exports Turkey World 1881 14949 0.6 0.9 695 Agricultural products Exports World World 298800 1659524 100.0 100.0 455 Agricultural products Imports Austria World 2517 17797 0.8 1.0 607 Agricultural products Imports Turkey World 388 17574 0.1 1.0 4429 Agricultural products Imports World World 312217 1745208 100.0 100.0 459 Manufactures Exports Austria World 14531 145072 1.3 1.3 898 Manufactures Exports Turkey World 782 104210 0.1 0.9 13226 Manufactures Exports World World 1092378 11510949 100.0 100.0 954 Manufactures Imports Austria World 16849 136421 1.5 1.1 710 Manufactures Imports Turkey World 3265 142034 0.3 1.2 4250 Manufactures Imports World World 1110747 11927185 100.0 100.0 974  Both Turkey and Austria increased their exports & imports to/from the rest of the world between 1980 and 2011, in terms of trade values.  Austrian shares in world exports & imports of agricultural products increased, while its share in imports of manufacturing goods decreased slightly.  Turkey’s shares in global exports & imports of both, agricultural and manufacturing commodities increased significantly. Source: WTO Statistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 5 / 38
  • 6.
    Turkey & Austriawithin the Network of Global Trade in Goods (%, World = 100, 1980 & 2011) 1980 (W=>W: 100) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 0.00 0.15 0.15 Countries Exporting Austria 0.01 0.91 0.91 Rest of the World 0.14 0.89 97.91 98.94 World (Total) 0.15 0.89 98.96 100.00 2011 (W=>W: 100) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 0.01 0.75 0.76 Countries Exporting Austria 0.01 0.95 0.96 Rest of the World 1.16 1.00 96.11 98.28 World (Total) 1.17 1.01 97.82 100.00  Both countries’ shares in global trade in goods are, and were, limited, but Turkey increased her world share remarkably within the last three decades. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 6 / 38
  • 7.
    Turkey & Austriawithin the Network of Global Trade in Goods (TR X = 1.0, 1980 & 2011) 1980 (TR=>AU: 1.0) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 1.0 53 54 Countries Exporting Austria 1.8 323 325 Rest of the World 50 316 34902 35269 World (Total) 52 317 35278 35648 2011 (TR=>AU: 1.0) Importing Countries Turkey Austria Rest of the World World (Total) Turkey 1.0 127 128 Countries Exporting Austria 1.7 161 163 Rest of the World 197 169 16277 16644 World (Total) 199 170 16566 16935  However, the relative global importance of trade between Turkey and Austria has not increased significantly. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 7 / 38
  • 8.
    Country Composition ofAustrian Exports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) 100% Turkey Rest of the World 90% Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 190 000 180 000 170 000 160 000 150 000 140 000 130 000 Turkey Rest of the Wor ld Midd le Eas t & North Africa Russian Federa tion Chin a Swit zerlan d 1960 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1978 1980 1982 1984 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 2008 1962 1972 1976 1986 1990 2000 2010 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new mem bers) 100 000 EU13 (old m embers) 90 000 Germ any 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1962 1970 1980 1988 1992 2000 2006 2010 1960 1964 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1990 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008  Turkey is not a major target country for Austrian exporters.  Their destination is mainly (old, and now also new) EU countries. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 8 / 38
  • 9.
    Country Composition ofAustrian Imports (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) (%, 1960-2011) 100% Turkey 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 190 00 0 180 00 0 170 00 0 160 00 0 150 00 0 140 00 0 Turkey Re st of the World Middle Eas t & North Af rica Russian Fe deration China 130 00 0 Sw itzerla nd 120 00 0 USA 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 110 00 0 EU12 (new m embers) 100 00 0 EU13 (old me mbe rs) 90 00 0 Ge rm any 80 00 0 70 00 0 60 00 0 50 00 0 40 00 0 30 00 0 20 00 0 10 00 0 0 1 96 0 1 99 6 19 62 196 4 19 66 196 8 1 970 19 72 1 974 19 76 1 978 19 80 198 2 19 84 198 6 1 988 199 0 1 992 19 94 19 98 2 000 20 02 200 4 2 006 20 08 2 010  Turkey is not a major source country for imported goods to Austria.  Germany & EU13 are the main exporters to Austria. After 1994, the new EU countries are gaining on importance in Austrian imports. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 9 / 38
  • 10.
    Country Composition ofTurkish Exports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 140 000 Austria 130 000 Rest of the W orld 120 000 Midd e East & North Africa l 110 000 Russian Federation China 100 000 Sw itzer land 90 000 USA 80 000 EU12 (new members) EU13 (old mem bers) 70 000 Germany 60 000 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1990 2008 2010 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006  Austria is not a major target country for Turkish exporters.  Their destination is mainly EU (old, and now new) countries. Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 10 / 38
  • 11.
    Changes in CountryComposition of Turkish Exports (%, 1948-2011) 100 0 Country Shares in Turkish Exports (1948-2011) (Reporter: Turkey) Rest Middle East of the & North World 50 Africa 50 1957 2011 1950 1987 1982 0 100 100 50 EU27 Countries 0 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 11 / 38
  • 12.
    Country Composition ofTurkish Imports (%, 1960-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 240 000 230 000 Austria 220 000 Rest of the W orld 210 000 Midd e East & North Africa l 200 000 190 000 Russian Federation 180 000 China 170 000 Sw itzer land 160 000 150 000 USA 140 000 EU12 (new members) 130 000 EU13 (old mem bers) 120 000 110 000 Germany 100 000 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1984 1992 1998 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 1960 1962 1964 1968 1974 1982 1986 1988 1990 1994 1996 2002 90 000 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1990 2008 2010 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006  Austria is not a major source country for Turkey’s imported goods from abroad. Again, the EU27 ist the … Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 12 / 38
  • 13.
    Changes in CountryComposition of Turkish Imports (%, 1948-2011) 100 Country Shares in 0 Turkish Imports (1948-2011) (Reporter: Turkey) Rest of the Middle East World 1957 50 & North 50 2011 Africa 1989 1975 1982 1952 0 100 100 50 EU27 Countries 0 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 13 / 38
  • 14.
    Bilateral Relative Importanceof Turkey and Austria as Trade Partners (as of annual averages, 2009-2011) Export Markets for Export Markets for Exporters to Turkey Exporters to Austria Turkey Austria Top Three Germany: % 7.5 Russian F.: % 13.9 Germany: % 29.0 Germany: % 39.0 1 Countries & their Trade 2 UK: % 5.5 Germany: % 11.6 Italy: % 7.0 Italy: % 6.6 Shares Italy: % 4.3 China: % 11.0 Switzerland: % 4.6 Switzerland: % 5.5 3 Partner Country Austria: top 30. Austria: top 28. Turkey: top 20. Turkey: top 20. and its Rank in importing country exporting country to importing country exporting country to Total Trade from Turkey Turkey from Austria Austria Trade Share of the Partner Country Austria: % 0.8 Austria: % 0.8 Turkey: % 0.9 Turkey: % 0.8 Total Share of the Countries before Top 29 importing Top 27 exporting Top 19 importing Top 19 exporting the Partner countries' share in countries' share in countries' share in countries' share in Country Turkish Total Turkish Total Austrian Total Austrian Total Exports: % 79.3 Imports: % 81.8 Exports: % 80.6 Imports: % 85.0 Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Commodity Coverage: All (Total). Country Coverage: All (243) Countries. Time Span: 2009-2011 (as annual averages). Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 14 / 38
  • 15.
    Commodity Composition ofAustrian Exports & Imports to / from the World (%, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) 100% 100% 0: Food and live animals 90% 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 70% 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 60% 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 50% 50% 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 40% 40% 6: Manufactured goods 30% 30% 7: Machinery and transport 20% equipment 20% 8: Miscellaneous manufactured 10% articles 10% 9: Commodities and 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0% 1988 1989 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 2002 2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1990 1992 1999 2003 2005 2006 1988 1991 1996 2001 2002 2004 2007 2009 2010 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2003 2005 2006 2008 2011  Austria mainly exports to and imports from the world “machinery & transport equipment” and “manufactured goods”. S ITC Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 15 / 38
  • 16.
    Commodity Composition ofTurkish Exports & Imports to / from the World (%, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) 100% 100% 0: Food and live animals 90% 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 70% 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 60% 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 50% 50% 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 40% 40% 6: Manufactured goods 30% 30% 7: Machinery and transport equipment 20% 20% 8: Miscellaneous manufactured articles 10% 10% 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0% 0% 1989 1990 1992 1993 1996 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2009 2010 1991 1994 1995 1997 1998 2001 2005 2008 2011 1989 1991 1994 1998 2001 2003 2007 2010 1990 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011  Turkey mainly exports “manufactured goods” and “machinery & transport equipment” to the world, while it imports mainly “machinery & transport equipment” from the world. S ITC Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 16 / 38
  • 17.
    Commodity Composition ofAustrian Exports to Turkey (% & bln. USD, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Exports, FOB, bln. USD) 100% 1.7 0: Food and live animals 1.6 90% 1: Beverages and tobacco 1.5 1.4 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.3 except fuels 70% 1.2 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 1.1 related materials 60% 1.0 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 0.9 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.8 products, n.e.s. 0.7 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.6 30% 0.5 7: Machinery and transport 0.4 equipment 20% 0.3 8: Miscellaneous manufactured articles 0.2 10% 9: Commodities and 0.1 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0.0 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 1991 2001 2006 2011 1988 1992 1995 1998 2002 2006 2009 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1996 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 2010 2011  Austrian exports to Turkey mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7). T urkish Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 17 / 38
  • 18.
    Commodity Composition ofAustrian Imports from Turkey (% & bln. US$, 1988-2011) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, %) (Reporter: Austria, Imports, CIF, bln. USD) 100% 1.5 1.4 0: Food and live animals 90% 1.3 1: Beverages and tobacco 80% 1.2 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.1 70% except fuels 1.0 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 60% related materials 0.9 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes 0.8 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.7 products, n.e.s. 40% 0.6 6: Manufactured goods 0.5 30% 7: Machinery and transport equipment 0.4 20% 8: Miscellaneous 0.3 manufactured articles 0.2 10% 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0.1 0% 0.0 1988 2007 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2005 2010 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011  Austrian imports from Turkey mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and manufactured goods (SITC-6). T urkish Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 18 / 38
  • 19.
    Commodity Composition ofTurkish Exports to Austria (% & bln. US$, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Exports, FOB, bln. USD) 100% 1.1 0: Food and live animals 90% 1.0 1: Beverages and tobacco 0.9 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 0.8 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials 0.7 60% 4: Animal and vegetable oils, 0.6 fats and waxes 50% 5: Chemicals and related 0.5 products, n.e.s. 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.4 30% 0.3 7: Machinery and transport equipment 20% 0.2 8: Miscellaneous 10% manufactured articles 0.1 9: Commodities and 0% transactions, n.e.s. 0.0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2001 2002 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 1999 2000 2003 2007 2011 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2010 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 2005 2007 2009 2011  Turkish data states that Turkey exports to Austria mainly SITC-7 and SITC-6 products. Austrian Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 19 / 38
  • 20.
    Commodity Composition ofTurkish Imports from Austria (% & bln. US$, 1989-2011) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, %) (Reporter: Turkey, Imports, CIF, bln. USD) 100% 1.8 0: Food and live animals 1.7 90% 1.6 1: Beverages and tobacco 1.5 80% 2: Crude materials, inedible, 1.4 except fuels 1.3 70% 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 1.2 related materials 60% 1.1 4: Animal and vegetable oils, 1.0 fats and waxes 50% 0.9 5: Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. 0.8 40% 6: Manufactured goods 0.7 0.6 30% 7: Machinery and transport 0.5 equipment 20% 0.4 8: Miscellaneous 0.3 manufactured articles 10% 0.2 9: Commodities and transactions, n.e.s. 0.1 0% 0.0 1989 2006 2007 2010 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2008 2009 2011 2000 2002 2004 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011  Turkish imports from Austria mainly consist of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and manufactured goods (SITC-6). Austrian Data SIT C Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 20 / 38
  • 21.
    Commodity Structure ofTurkish-Austrian Trade in Goods (%, 1989 & 2011) 1989 (Reporter: Turkey) Imports of Austria 2011 (Reporter: Turkey) Imports of Austria Primary Manufacturing Primary Manufacturing Total Total Products Products Products Products Primary Products 37.8 37.8 Primary Products 23.0 23.0 Exports of Exports of Turkey Turkey Manufactured Manufactured Products 62.2 62.2 Products 77.0 77.0 Total 37.8 62.2 100.0 Total 23.0 77.0 100.0 1989 (Reporter: Austria) Imports of Turkey 2011 (Reporter: Austria) Imports of Turkey Primary Manufacturing Primary Manufacturing Total Total Products Products Products Products Primary Products 9.2 9.2 Primary Products 12.5 12.5 Exports of Exports of Austria Austria Manufactured Manufactured Products 90.8 90.8 Products 87.5 87.5 Total 9.2 90.8 100.0 Total 12.5 87.5 100.0 Definitions for Product Groups: Primary Products: SITC = + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 68 Manufactured Products: SITC 5 + 6 - 68 + 7 + 8 Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (SITC Rev. n 3), http://stats.oecd.org 21 / 38
  • 22.
    “Trade Data Discrepancy”between Turkey & Austria (%, 1948-2011) 290 275 Turkey's Exports to Austria / Austria's Imports from Turkey 260 Turkey's Imports from Austria / Austria's Exports to Turkey Exports = Imports 245 230 215 Turkey's Exports to Austria / Austria's Imports from Turkey Turkey's Imports from Austria / Austria's Exports to Turkey 200 Exports = Imports 185 170 155 140 125 110 95 80 65 50 35 1952 1968 1980 1984 1990 1996 2008 1948 1950 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2010  There are huge differences between the reported Turkish exports and Austrian imports data for trade between two countries: 1961-1980, 1981-1988 & 1995-2011.  It cannot simply be explained by the “FOB/CIF factor”.  Reporting / recording errors or lags? Re-exports? Needs to be investigated in detail… Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 22 / 38
  • 23.
    Comparison & Developmentof National Trade Shares according to Turkish & Austrian Trade Data (%, 1948-2011) 4.5 Share of Turkey's Exports to Austria in Turkey's Total Goods Exports to the World 4.0 Share of Turkey's Imports from Austria in Turkey's Total Goods Imports from the World Share of Austria's Exports to Turkey in Austria's Total Goods Exports to the World 3.5 Share of Austria's Imports form Turkey in Austria's Total Goods Imports from the World 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1974 1990 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 23 / 38
  • 24.
    Exports (FOB) toImports (CIF) Ratio for Bilateral Trade between Turkey and Austria (%, 1948-2011) 220 Austrian Exports to Imports Ratio for Trade with Turkey 210 Turkish Exports to Imports Ratio for Trade with Austria 200 Exports = Imports 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1980 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 24 / 38
  • 25.
    OECD-WTO Joint Databaseon “Trade in Value Added” (TiVA) [ Current Coverage: 2005, 2008, 2009; Planned Coverage: since 1995 ] What is Trade in Value Added? “Trade in value-added describes a statistical approach used to estimate the source(s) of value (by country and industry) that is added in producing goods and services for export (and import). It recognises that growing global value chains mean that a country's exports increasingly rely on significant intermediate imports (and, so, value added by industries in upstream countries). For example, a motor vehicle exported by country A may require significant parts, such as engines, seats etc produced in other countries. In turn these countries will use intermediate inputs imported from other countries, such as steel, rubber etc to produce the parts exported to A. The Trade in value-added approach traces the value added by each industry and country in the production chain and allocates the value-added to these source industries and countries.” Source & More Info: http://www.oecd.org/trade/valueadded Database: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TIVA_OECD_WTO WTO’s Trade Data Day: 16 January 2013, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/miwi_e/tradedataday13_e/tradedataday13_e.htm Li nkages 25 / 38
  • 26.
    Austria’s Top 10Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Turkey (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Turkish Imports from Austria General Share Share of of Turkey's Share of Top Three HS.. Exporter Countries to Turkey Austria's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten of Austria's Austria's HS.. Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, annual averages) Austria's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Austria in averages) to the World in Turkey in according to the World in Turkey in Rank as an Turkey's Total Austria's Total Austria's Total Harmonized System (HS Turkey's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Turkey's Austria's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Turkey 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Turkey's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Turkey (%) 1 2 3 (%) Austria (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Austria (%) CIF) Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Germany China Italy HS84. NUCLEAR Turkish HS84 Turkish HS84 REACTORS, BOILERS, Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS84 Imports from Imports from 1. MACHINERY AND 11.5 0.2 291 20.0 19.7 17.9 0.2 HS84 Imports Germany (mln. HS84 Imports China (mln. USD, HS84 Imports Imports from Italy 16. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) PARTS... 17.7 3 871 17.4 3 808 12.2 2 670 China Germany Korea HS85. ELECTRICAL Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 Share in Turkish Turkish HS85 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Imports from Imports from Imports from 2. 7.7 0.1 143 9.8 10.8 10.5 0.1 HS85 Imports China (mln. USD, HS85 Imports Germany (mln. HS85 Imports Korea (mln. USD, 20. AND PARTS THEREOF; (%) (%) (%) SOUND RECORDERS AND... CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 29.1 4 235 11.2 1 625 5.7 835 China Indonesia India Turkish HS55 Turkish HS55 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS55 3. HS55. MAN-MADE STAPLE Imports from Imports from 1.1 0.1 128 8.8 8.6 0.8 0.1 HS55 Imports China (mln. USD, HS55 Imports Indonesia (mln. HS55 Imports Imports from India 6. FIBRES Top 3 ? (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 14.9 301 13.7 277 11.4 231 Germany United States Switzerland Turkish HS30 Turkish HS30 Turkish HS30 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish 4. HS30. PHARMACEUTICAL Imports from Imports from the Imports from 2.3 0.1 120 8.2 3.6 5.4 0.0 HS30 Imports Germany (mln. HS30 Imports US (mln. USD, HS30 Imports Switzerland (mln. 10. PRODUCTS (%) (%) (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 17.2 754 14.1 621 10.9 479 Germany Saudi Arabia Belgium Turkish HS39 Turkish HS39 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS39 Share in Turkish 5. HS39. PLASTICS AND Imports from Imports from 5.2 0.0 93 6.3 6.4 4.6 0.1 HS39 Imports Germany (mln. HS39 Imports Imports from SA HS39 Imports Belgium (mln. 23. ARTICLES THEREOF (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) 13.1 1 279 10.1 986 6.9 668 Germany United States Finland HS48. PAPER AND Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 Share in Turkish Turkish HS48 PAPERBOARD; ARTICLES OF Imports from Imports from the Imports from 6. 1.4 0.0 92 6.3 5.7 3.5 0.1 HS48 Imports Germany (mln. HS48 Imports US (mln. USD, HS48 Imports Finland (mln. USD, 9. PAPER PULP, OF PAPER OR (%) (%) (%) OF PAPERBOARD USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) 17.8 483 9.7 263 9.3 253 Russian Federation Ukraine United States Turkish HS72 Turkish HS72 Turkish HS72 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Imports from Imports from Imports from the 7. HS72. IRON AND STEEL 8.4 0.0 90 6.2 6.2 4.5 0.1 HS72 Imports Russian Fed. HS72 Imports Ukraine (mln. HS72 Imports US (mln. USD, 28. (%) (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 14.8 2 357 11.8 1 883 11.6 1 843 Germany France Spain HS87. VEHICLES OTHER Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 Share in Turkish Turkish HS87 THAN RAILWAY OR Imports from Imports from Imports from 8. 7.0 0.0 72 4.9 5.2 8.6 0.0 HS87 Imports Germany (mln. HS87 Imports France (mln. USD, HS87 Imports Spain (mln. USD, 20. TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, (%) (%) (%) AND PARTS AND... USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) 31.0 4 089 11.6 1 534 9.9 1 301 China Italy Germany Turkish HS73 Turkish HS73 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Turkish HS73 Share in Turkish 9. HS73. ARTICLES OF IRON Imports from Imports from 1.1 0.0 45 3.1 3.0 3.6 0.0 HS73 Imports China (mln. USD, HS73 Imports Imports from Italy HS73 Imports Germany (mln. 10. OR STEEL (%) (%) (mln. USD, CIF) (%) CIF) USD, CIF) 22.8 457 15.6 313 13.8 277 China Germany United States Turkish HS29 Turkish HS29 Turkish HS29 Share in Turkish Share in Turkish Share in Turkish 10. HS29. ORGANIC Imports from Imports from Imports from the 2.3 0.0 42 2.9 2.4 1.1 0.0 HS29 Imports China (mln. USD, HS29 Imports Germany (mln. HS29 Imports US (mln. USD, 22. CHEMICALS (%) (%) (%) CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) 10.0 440 9.9 438 9.5 418 Top 10 Commodity 48.1 0.6 1 115 76.4 71.7 60.4 0.7 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 26 / 38
  • 27.
    Austria’s Top ThreeExport Commodity Groups in Trade with Turkey (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Turkish Imports from Austria General Share Share of of Turkey's Share of Austria's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Austria's HS.. of Austria's Austria's HS.. Austria's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Austria in averages) to the World in Turkey in according to the World in Turkey in Rank as an Turkey's Total Austria's Total Austria's Total Harmonized System (HS Turkey's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Turkey's Austria's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Turkey 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Turkey's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Turkey (%) (%) Austria (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Austria (%) CIF) Reporter Country Turkey Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Turkey HS84. NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, MACHINERY AND 1. 11.5 0.2 291 20.0 19.7 17.9 0.2 16. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS... HS85. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 2. 7.7 0.1 143 9.8 10.8 10.5 0.1 20. AND PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND... 3. HS55. MAN-MADE STAPLE 1.1 0.1 128 8.8 8.6 0.8 0.1 6. FIBRES Top 10 Commodity 48.1 0.6 1 115 76.4 71.7 60.4 0.7 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 27 / 38
  • 28.
    Turkey’s Top 10Export Commodity Groups in Trade with Austria (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Austrian Imports from Turkey General Share Share of of Austria's Share of Top Three HS.. Exporter Countries to Austria Turkey's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Turkey's HS.. of Turkey's Turkey's HS.. (2009-2011, annual averages) Turkey's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups (CGs) from the Exports to Country Rank Turkey in averages) to the World in Austria in according to the World in Austria in Rank as an Austria's Total Turkey's Total Turkey's Total Harmonized System (HS Austria's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Austria's CG's Share in Turkey's Total Exporter to Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Austria 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Austria's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Austria (%) 1 2 3 (%) Turkey (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Turkey (%) CIF) Reporter Country Austria Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria Austria Austria Austria Germany China Turkey HS61. ARTICLES OF Share in Austrian HS61 Share in Austrian HS61 Share in Austrian HS61 APPAREL AND CLOTHING Imports from Imports from Imports from 1. 1.5 0.1 230 18.5 8.9 6.6 0.1 Austrian HS61 Germany (mln. Austrian HS61 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS61 Turkey (mln. USD, 3. ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) CROCHETED 22.5 538 20.4 486 9.6 230 Germany Italy China HS84. NUCLEAR Austrian HS84 Austrian HS84 REACTORS, BOILERS, Share in Imports from Share in Austrian HS84 Share in Imports from 2. MACHINERY AND 12.8 0.1 139 11.1 10.2 8.3 0.1 Austrian HS84 Germany (mln. Austrian HS84 Imports from Italy Austrian HS84 China (mln. USD, 19. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) PARTS... 48.6 9 718 7.6 1 513 5.6 1 118 Germany Italy France HS87. VEHICLES OTHER Share in Austrian HS87 Share in Austrian HS87 Share in Austrian HS87 THAN RAILWAY OR Imports from Imports from 3. 9.8 0.1 104 8.4 15.4 11.9 0.1 Austrian HS87 Germany (mln. Austrian HS87 Imports from Italy Austrian HS87 France (mln. USD, 18. Top 3 ? TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) AND PARTS AND... 45.2 6 914 6.5 997 6.5 993 Germany China Italy HS62. ARTICLES OF Share in Austrian HS62 Share in Austrian HS62 Share in Austrian HS62 APPAREL AND CLOTHING Imports from Imports from 4. 1.8 0.1 100 8.0 3.6 4.0 0.0 Austrian HS62 Germany (mln. Austrian HS62 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS62 Imports from Italy 4. ACCESSORIES, NOT KNITTED Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) USD, CIF) CIF) OR CROCHETED 24.0 659 23.8 652 7.7 211 Germany China Czech Republic HS85. ELECTRICAL Share in Austrian HS85 Share in Austrian HS85 Share in Austrian HS85 MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Imports from Imports from Imports from 5. 9.1 0.0 76 6.1 5.8 6.6 0.0 Austrian HS85 Germany (mln. Austrian HS85 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS85 Czech Rep. (mln. 27. AND PARTS THEREOF; Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) SOUND RECORDERS AND... 34.4 4 898 13.0 1 849 4.6 658 Germany Italy Czech Republic Austrian HS73 Austrian HS73 Austrian HS73 Share in Share in Share in 6. HS73. ARTICLES OF IRON Imports from Imports from Imports from 2.8 0.0 63 5.1 6.9 4.3 0.1 Austrian HS73 Germany (mln. Austrian HS73 ItalyS (mln. USD, Austrian HS73 Czech Rep. (mln. 11. OR STEEL Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) USD, CIF) 47.6 2 078 10.0 435 6.0 260 Germany Italy Netherlands HS20. PREPARATIONS OF Share in Austrian HS20 Share in Austrian HS20 Share in Austrian HS20 VEGETABLES, FRUIT, NUTS Imports from Imports from 7. 0.5 0.0 58 4.6 5.6 1.3 0.0 Austrian HS20 Germany (mln. Austrian HS20 Imports from Italy Austrian HS20 Netherlands (mln. 5. OR OTHER PARTS OF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) PLANTS 22.6 169 15.2 114 10.4 78 Germany China Turkey HS63. OTHER MADE UP Share in Austrian HS63 Share in Austrian HS63 Share in Austrian HS63 TEXTILE ARTICLES; SETS; Imports from Imports from Imports from 8. 0.3 0.0 57 4.6 4.5 1.6 0.0 Austrian HS63 Germany (mln. Austrian HS63 China (mln. USD, Austrian HS63 Turkey (mln. USD, 3. WORN CLOTHING AND WORN Imports (%) Imports (%) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) CIF) TEXTILE... 37.8 203 16.4 88 10.6 57 Germany Italy France Austrian HS76 Austrian HS76 Share in Share in Austrian HS76 Share in 9. HS76. ALUMINUM AND Imports from Imports from 2.0 0.0 46 3.7 4.3 1.6 0.0 Austrian HS76 Germany (mln. Austrian HS76 Imports from Italy Austrian HS76 France (mln. USD, 17. ARTICLES THEREOF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) CIF) 30.7 963 6.9 218 6.1 192 Germany Italy Czech Republic Austrian HS40 Austrian HS40 Share in Share in Austrian HS40 Share in 10. HS40. RUBBER AND Imports from Imports from 1.2 0.0 43 3.4 3.2 1.7 0.0 Austrian HS40 Germany (mln. Austrian HS40 Imports from Italy Austrian HS40 Czech Rep. (mln. 8. ARTICLES THEREOF Imports (%) Imports (%) (mln. USD, CIF) Imports (%) USD, CIF) USD, CIF) 40.3 747 6.1 112 5.8 107 Top 10 Commodity 41.7 0.6 916 73.7 68.4 47.8 0.5 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 28 / 38
  • 29.
    Turkey’s Top ThreeExport Commodity Groups in Trade with Austria (as annual averages, 2009-2011) A1 B1 C D1 D2 A2 B2 General Share The Values and Shares of Share of Austrian Imports from Turkey General Share Share of of Austria's Share of Turkey's Top Ten Export HS.. Imports Austria's HS.. (2009-2011, Top Ten Turkey's HS.. of Turkey's Turkey's HS.. Turkey's Imports from Commodity Groups, annual HS.. Exports Exports to Commodity Groups from the Exports to Country Rank Turkey in averages) to the World in Austria in (CGs) according to the World in Austria in Rank as an Austria's Total Turkey's Total Turkey's Total Harmonized System (HS Austria's Total Imports (CIF) Value of Austria's Turkey's Total Exporter to CG's Share in Exports (FOB) Exports (FOB) Austria 2007) Imports (CIF) Imports in the Exports (FOB) from the World relevant CG from Austria's Total to the World to the World from the Imports (CIF) from to Austria (%) (%) Turkey (mln. USD, (%) (%) World (%) Turkey (%) CIF) Reporter Country Austria Austria Austria Austria Turkey Turkey Turkey Austria HS61. ARTICLES OF APPAREL AND CLOTHING 1. 1.5 0.1 230 18.5 8.9 6.6 0.1 3. ACCESSORIES, KNITTED OR CROCHETED HS84. NUCLEAR REACTORS, BOILERS, 2. MACHINERY AND 12.8 0.1 139 11.1 10.2 8.3 0.1 19. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; PARTS... HS87. VEHICLES OTHER THAN RAILWAY OR 3. 9.8 0.1 104 8.4 15.4 11.9 0.1 18. TRAMWAY ROLLING-STOCK, AND PARTS AND... Top 10 Commodity 41.7 0.6 916 73.7 68.4 47.8 0.5 Groups Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Trade by Commodity Statistics” (HS 2007), http://stats.oecd.org 29 / 38
  • 30.
    Empirical Observations onTurkish-Austrian Trade in Goods: Major Conclusions?  Turkey’s and Austria’s shares in global trade in goods have increased between 1980 and 2011.  However they are still not major players/exporters in world goods markets.  To a large extent, the trade between Turkey and Austria consists of two-way trade of “machinery and transport equipment” (SITC-7) and “manufactured goods” (SITC-6).  Moreover, Turkey and Austria are in general not unignorable trade partners for each other.  Possible reasons to think that this fact will not change easily in a short period of time:  Austria’s orientation towards new EU member countries (EU12) to make more trade since early 1990s.  Turkey’s trade orientation towards MENA region countries & Russian Federation since early 2000s. Back to Question? 30 / 38
  • 31.
    What then mayoccur, or is there still room for politics/initiatives to promote bilateral trade?  Positive indirect effects of labor movements and/or No immigrants on Turkish exports to Austria?  Possible effects of Austrian FDIs in Turkey on bilateral trade between Turkey and Austria:  Substitution of existing trade with production in Turkey: ? negative effects?  Increases in exports of intermediate goods from Austria to ? Turkey: positive effects?  Austria and Turkey both have free market economies, and producers and exporters in both countries are free to choose where to export.  Both countries are WTO members too.  So, should we wait and see what happens? Or? 31 / 38
  • 32.
    Economic Linkages betweenAustria & Turkey: International Migration (persons, 1990-2010) Inflows of foreign Outflows of Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Stock of foreign population by foreign population born population population by labour by Variable nationality by nationality by country of nationality nationality birth Country of origin Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Country Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria 1990 .. .. .. .. 6 979 .. .. .. .. .. 1991 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 973 1995 332 .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 426 .. 54 684 1996 489 5 939 .. 4 871 .. .. .. 135 044 .. 53 551 1997 657 6 236 .. 4 459 .. .. .. 133 037 .. 52 820 1998 669 5 909 .. 3 950 .. 118 800 .. 132 233 .. 54 248 1999 .. 7 296 .. 3 797 .. 124 500 .. 129 631 .. 55 628 2000 .. 7 096 .. 3 702 14 335 110 100 6 143 127 264 .. 57 128 2001 .. 7 764 .. 3 693 .. 126 828 .. 127 147 .. 56 831 2002 .. 11 277 .. 2 942 .. 135 153 .. 127 156 .. 56 285 2003 .. 10 411 .. 3 041 .. 142 653 .. 123 043 .. 55 689 2004 .. 8 249 .. 3 037 .. 147 911 .. 116 544 .. 54 588 2005 .. 7 727 .. 2 828 .. 152 499 .. 113 068 .. 53 480 2006 .. 4 867 .. 2 938 .. 154 088 .. 108 189 .. 62 046 2007 .. 5 234 .. 2 991 .. 155 941 .. 109 179 .. 62 409 2008 .. 4 996 .. 2 863 .. 157 750 .. 110 678 .. 62 871 2009 .. 4 751 .. 2 997 .. 159 038 .. 112 150 .. 61 366 2010 139 4 338 .. 2 963 .. 159 891 .. 113 457 .. .. Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Migration Database”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 32 / 38
  • 33.
    Economic Linkages betweenAustria & Turkey: International Migration “Turkish Day” in Vienna, Austria (2009)  Labor mobility between Turkey and Austria is functioning to a great extent in a one-way direction: from TR to A.  OECD’s “International Migration Database” shows that the stock of Turkish population in Austria is more than 113 thousand persons as of 2010. 33 / 38
  • 34.
    Turkish Immigrants inSelected Countries (2010) 2.1 2.0 Germany Stock of 1.9 Immigrant 1.8 Population with Ratio of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality Host Country 1.7 Turkish 1.6 Nationality 1.5 (persons, 2010) to the Local Population (%, 2010) 1.4 Austria Germany 1 629 480 1.3 France 220 089 1.2 Austria 113 457 1.1 1.0 Netherlands 88 028 0.9 Switzerland Switzerland 70 642 0.8 Untd. Kingdom 45 000 0.7 Belgium 39 551 0.6 Denmark Denmark 29 150 0.5 Netherlands Italy 19 068 0.4 France Sweden 11 902 0.3 Belgium 0.2 Sweden 0.1 UK 0.0 Italy 100 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1 100 000 1 200 000 1 300 000 1 400 000 1 500 000 1 600 000 1 700 000 200 000 300 000 Stock of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality (persons, 2010) Source: OECD.Stat, Aykut Kibritçioğlu’s calculations. 34 / 38
  • 35.
    Turkish Immigrants &Turkish Exports (2010) 12 Germany Stock of 11 Immigrant 10 Population with Host Country Turkish 9 Nationality Turkish Exports (billions of USD, 2010) UK (persons, 2010) 8 Germany 1 629 480 7 France 220 089 Italy Austria 113 457 6 France Netherlands 88 028 5 Switzerland 70 642 Untd. Kingdom 45 000 4 Belgium 39 551 3 Denmark 29 150 Netherlands Italy 19 068 2 Switzerland Sweden 11 902 Sweden Belgium 1 Austria Denmark 0 No 1 000 000 500 000 600 000 800 000 1 100 000 1 200 000 1 300 000 1 400 000 1 500 000 1 600 000 1 700 000 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 700 000 900 000 export effects? Stock of Immigrant Population with Turkish Nationality (persons, 2010) Source: OECD.Stat, Aykut Kibritçioğlu’s calculations. 35 / 38
  • 36.
    Economic Linkages betweenAustria & Turkey: Foreign Direct Investments (mln. US$, 1980-2010) Currency US dollars, millions Reporting country Austria Turkey Partner country Turkey TOTAL WORLD Austria TOTAL WORLD Type of FDI Inward Outward Inward Outward Inward Outward Inward Outward 1985 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1986 .. 3.2 4 994.0 1 219.4 .. .. .. .. 1987 .. 2.8 6 700.1 1 335.4 .. .. .. .. 1988 .. 2.6 6 699.1 1 360.8 .. .. .. .. 1989 0.0 12.9 9 312.4 2 878.2 .. .. .. .. 1990 0.0 14.9 11 097.3 4 747.0 .. .. .. .. 1991 0.0 24.3 13 172.7 5 993.7 .. .. .. .. 1992 0.0 36.4 13 179.4 6 583.9 .. .. .. .. 1993 .. 40.9 13 990.2 7 974.5 .. .. .. .. 1994 .. 24.7 16 353.5 9 514.0 .. .. .. .. 1995 .. 4.9 21 362.2 11 831.5 .. .. .. .. 1996 .. 2.3 21 297.3 13 060.1 .. .. .. .. 1997 .. 2.5 21 323.4 14 010.5 .. .. .. .. 1998 .. 5.8 24 960.1 17 468.2 .. .. .. .. 1999 .. 13.3 24 372.7 19 126.9 .. .. .. .. 2000 34.3 8.1 31 164.8 24 820.6 34.0 .. 19 209.0 3 668.0 2001 35.8 4.3 34 999.4 28 510.7 16.0 23.0 19 677.0 4 581.0 2002 18.0 - 25.3 44 895.5 42 484.7 21.0 46.0 18 792.0 5 847.0 2003 58.1 - 33.0 57 636.4 55 961.4 51.0 56.0 33 533.0 6 138.0 2004 82.8 79.0 70 713.7 69 806.0 85.0 78.0 38 522.0 7 060.0 2005 77.7 73.8 82 551.4 71 806.9 159.0 85.0 71 297.0 8 315.0 2006 170.5 529.9 111 072.3 105 696.6 569.0 74.0 95 089.0 8 866.0 2007 238.3 3 863.2 162 649.1 148 821.1 4 393.0 104.0 153 950.0 12 210.0 2008 137.8 2 622.4 148 124.5 148 731.4 2 296.0 267.0 80 227.0 17 846.0 2009 195.9 4 143.5 172 649.5 163 243.0 6 031.0 305.0 143 723.0 22 250.0 2010 224.5 5 859.2 158 432.7 176 870.7 11 003.0 368.0 186 971.0 22 509.0 2011 191.7 6 971.5 153 233.2 198 910.6 10 803.0 54.0 140 043.0 26 398.0 Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “FDI positions by partner country”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 back 36 / 38
  • 37.
    Still Room forPolitics, or Political Initiatives?  High level political initiatives from both sides to foster President Gül’s Austria visit to boost economic relationship trade in goods between two countries may be key to succeed in increasing the trade volume between two countries. Vienna, May 2011  Governmental organizations and platforms to strengthen the economic linkages between Turkey and Austria? Institutions?  Transition to green economy: Joint green investments? Joint green R&D efforts? 37 / 38
  • 38.
    Organizations & Platformsto Strengthen Economic Linkages between Turkey and Austria? Austrian Business Agency - Invest in Austria http://investinaustria.at Advantage Austria http://www.advantageaustria.org/tr/Oesterreich-in-Tuerkei.tr.html İhracat Bilgi Platformu – Turkey Contact Point http://www.ibp.gov.tr - http://www.tcp.gov.tr Invest in Turkey (Investment Support and Promotion Agency) http://www.invest.gov.tr back 38 / 38
  • 39.
    Appendix This file isdownloadable at: http://kibritcioglu.com/iktisat/oenb-20130318.html 39 / 38
  • 40.
    Turkey Austria Source: WTOStatistics Database (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 40 / 38
  • 41.
    Turkey Source: WTO StatisticsDatabase (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 41 / 38
  • 42.
    Austria Source: WTO StatisticsDatabase (SDB), http://stat.wto.org, September 2012 42 / 38
  • 43.
    SITC, Revision 3 00: Live animals other than animals of division 03 0: Food and live animals 01: Meat and meat preparations 02: Dairy products and birds' eggs 03: Fish, crustaceans, molluscs and preparations thereof 04: Cereals and cereal preparations 05: Vegetables and fruits 06: Sugar, sugar preparations and honey 07: Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof 08: Feedstuff for animals (excluding unmilled cereals) 09: Miscellaneous edible products and preparations 11: Beverages 1: Beverages and tobacco 12: Tobacco and tobacco manufactures 21: Hides, skins and furskins, raw 2: Crude materials, inedible, except 22: Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits fuels 23: Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) 24: Cork and wood 25: Pulp and waste paper 26: Textiles fibres and their wastes 27: Crude fertilizers other than division 56, and crude minerals 28: Metalliferous ores and metal scrap 29: Crude animal and vegetable materials, n.e.s. 32: Coal, coke and briquettes 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and 33: Petroleum, petroleum products and related materials related materials 34: Gas, natural and manufactured 35: Electric current 41: Animal oils and fats 4: Animal and vegetable oils, fats 42: Fixed vegetable oils and fats, crude, refined or fractionated and waxes 43: Processed Animal and vegetable oils and fats 51: Organic chemicals 5: Chemicals and related products, 52: Inorganic chemicals n.e.s. 53: Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials 54: Medicinal and pharmaceutical products 61: Leather, leather manufactures and dressed furskins 6: Manufactured goods 62: Rubber manufactures, n.e.s. 63: Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture) 64: Paper and paper manufactures 65: Textile yarn and related products 66: Non metallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s. 67: Iron and steel 68: Non-ferrous metals 69: Manufactures of metal, n.e.s. 71: Power generating machinery and equipment 7: Machinery and transport 72: Specialised machinery equipment 73: Metal working machinery 74: Other industrial machinery and parts 75: Office machines and automatic data processing machines 76: Telecommunication and sound recording apparatus 77: Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, n.e.s. 78: Road vehicles 79: Other transport equipment 81: Prefabricated buildings, sanitary, heating and lighting fixtures, n.e.s. 8: Miscellaneous manufactured 82: Furniture and parts thereof articles 83: Travel goods, handbags, etc. 84: Articles of apparel & clothing accessories 85: Footwear 87: Professional and scientific instruments, n.e.s. 88: Photo apparatus, optical goods, watches and clocks back 89: Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. 91: Postal packages not classified according to kind 9: Commodities and transactions, 93: Special transactions & commodities not classified n.e.s. 96: Coin (other than gold coin), not being legal tender 97: Gold, non-monetary (excluding gold ores & concentrates) 43 / 38
  • 44.
    Country Composition ofAustrian Exports (millions of US Dollars, FOB, 1960-2011) 190 000 Turkey 180 000 Rest of the World 170 000 160 000 Middle East & North Africa 150 000 Russian Federation 140 000 China 130 000 Switzerland 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new members) 100 000 EU13 (old members) 90 000 Germany 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 1972 100% Turkey Rest of the World 90% Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germ any 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 44 / 38
  • 45.
    Country Composition ofAustrian Imports (millions of US Dollars, CIF, 1960-2011) 190 000 Turkey 180 000 Rest of the World 170 000 160 000 Middle East & North Africa 150 000 Russian Federation 140 000 China 130 000 Switzerland 120 000 USA 110 000 EU12 (new members) 100 000 EU13 (old members) 90 000 Germany 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1960 1962 1968 1974 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1988 1990 1994 2002 2008 100% Turkey 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 45 / 38
  • 46.
    Country Composition ofTurkish Exports (millions of US Dollars, FOB, 1960-2011) 140 000 Austria 130 000 Rest of the World 120 000 Middle East & North Africa 110 000 Russian Federation China 100 000 Switzerland 90 000 USA 80 000 EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 70 000 Germany 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 1960 1962 1968 1974 1980 1982 1984 1986 1992 1996 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1988 1990 1994 2002 2008 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 46 / 38
  • 47.
    Country Composition ofTurkish Imports (millions of US Dollars, CIF, 1960-2011) 240 000 230 000 Austria 220 000 Rest of the World 210 000 Middle East & North Africa 200 000 190 000 Russian Federation 180 000 China 170 000 Switzerland 160 000 150 000 USA 140 000 EU12 (new members) 130 000 EU13 (old members) 120 000 110 000 Germany 100 000 90 000 80 000 70 000 60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 1964 1966 1976 1978 1980 1992 1994 1998 2006 1960 1962 1968 1970 1972 1974 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1996 2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 100% Austria 90% Rest of the World Middle East & North Africa 80% Russian Federation China 70% Switzerland USA 60% EU12 (new members) EU13 (old members) 50% Germany 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1960 1964 1970 1980 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Source: IMF eLibrary, Direction of Trade Statistics (DOTS) Database, http://elibrary-data.imf.org 47 / 38
  • 48.
    International Migration between Austria & Turkey (1980-2010) Gender Total Inflows of foreign Outflows of Inflows of asylum Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Acquisition of Inflows of foreign Inflows of Stock of foreign- Stock of foreign Status changes of population by foreign population seekers by born population population by nationality by workers by seasonal foreign born labour by labour by international Variable nationality by nationality nationality by country of nationality country of former nationality workers by country of birth nationality students birth nationality nationality Country of origin Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Country Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Turkey Austria Year i i i i i i i i i i i i 1980 .. .. .. .. .. 120 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1981 .. .. .. .. .. 35 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1982 .. .. .. .. .. 54 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1983 .. .. .. .. .. 39 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1984 .. .. .. .. .. 31 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1985 .. .. .. .. .. 56 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1986 .. .. .. .. .. 163 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1987 .. .. .. .. .. 408 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1988 .. .. .. .. .. 644 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1989 .. .. .. .. .. 3 263 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990 .. .. .. .. .. 1 862 000 6 979 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1991 .. .. .. .. .. 2 252 000 .. .. .. .. .. 1 801 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992 .. .. .. .. .. 1 251 000 .. .. .. .. .. 1 987 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993 .. .. .. .. .. 342 000 .. .. .. .. .. 2 686 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994 .. .. .. .. .. 362 000 .. .. .. .. .. 3 377 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 973 .. .. 1995 332 .. .. .. .. 509 000 .. .. .. 136 426 .. 3 201 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 684 .. .. 1996 489 5 939 .. 4 871 .. 477 000 .. .. .. 135 044 .. 7 492 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53 551 .. .. 1997 657 6 236 .. 4 459 .. 340 000 .. .. .. 133 037 .. 5 064 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 820 .. .. 1998 669 5 909 .. 3 950 .. 210 000 .. 118 800 .. 132 233 .. 5 664 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 54 248 .. .. 1999 .. 7 296 .. 3 797 .. 335 000 .. 124 500 .. 129 631 .. 10 324 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 628 .. .. 2000 .. 7 096 .. 3 702 .. 592 000 14 335 110 100 6 143 127 264 .. 6 720 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 128 .. .. 2001 .. 7 764 .. 3 693 .. 1 868 000 .. 126 828 .. 127 147 .. 10 046 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 831 .. .. 2002 .. 11 277 .. 2 942 .. 3 561 000 .. 135 153 .. 127 156 4 000 12 623 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 285 .. .. 2003 .. 10 411 .. 3 041 .. 2 854 000 .. 142 653 .. 123 043 1 000 13 665 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 689 .. .. 2004 .. 8 249 .. 3 037 .. 1 114 000 .. 147 911 .. 116 544 2 000 13 004 000 .. .. .. .. .. 79 299 .. 54 588 .. .. 2005 .. 7 727 .. 2 828 .. 1 064 000 .. 152 499 .. 113 068 5 000 9 545 000 .. .. .. .. .. 82 338 .. 53 480 .. .. 2006 .. 4 867 .. 2 938 .. 668 000 .. 154 088 .. 108 189 8 000 7 542 000 .. .. .. .. .. 84 271 .. 62 046 .. .. 2007 .. 5 234 .. 2 991 .. 659 000 .. 155 941 .. 109 179 .. 2 076 000 .. .. .. .. .. 91 300 .. 62 409 .. .. 2008 .. 4 996 .. 2 863 .. 417 000 .. 157 750 .. 110 678 .. 1 664 000 .. .. .. .. .. 96 683 .. 62 871 .. .. 2009 .. 4 751 .. 2 997 .. 554 000 .. 159 038 .. 112 150 .. 1 242 000 .. .. .. .. .. 88 809 .. 61 366 .. .. 2010 139 4 338 .. 2 963 .. 369 000 .. 159 891 .. 113 457 .. 937 000 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Source: OECD.Stat, Dataset: “International Migration Database”, http://stats.oecd.org, March 1, 2013 48 / 38