The document discusses opportunities for innovation in the global automotive industry given its current difficulties. It suggests that Indian "frugal engineering" could show the way forward through approaches like making cars upgradeable with replaceable fuel-efficient modules rather than requiring new cars, and downsizing cars without losing interior space like the Tata Nano. This could help address excess industry capacity and make transportation more sustainable and affordable.
2012 Economic Analysis of the Automotive Industry - 10 MinutesRichard Chan, MBA
The automotive industry is a globalized industry with consumers worldwide. Ford, GM, and Chrysler are referred to as the “Big 3” / “Detroit 3” and are the largest automakers in the US and Canada. The “Big 3” are distinguished by their business model as the majority of their operations are unionized which results in higher labor costs than other multinational automakers, including those with plants in North America. There are numerous models between the automotive companies in the industry such gasoline-fueled cars, bio-fueled cars, electric cars, hybrid cars, diesel-fueled cars, and ethanol-powered cars, which slightly distinguishes the companies from one another. Ultimately, the challenges to this industry are the drive for lower cost structure, fuel efficient demand, product differentiation, and globalization.
Drive to Lower Cost Structure
As it is the goal of any corporation to maximize profit, in the short run, in order to decrease costs, many auto manufacturers have been moving away from Detroit to China, Mexico, and Central Europe due to high costs of labor in capital in the US. However, the US might see a resurgence of manufacturing due to the dollar versus other currencies in the short term, though, that could change as the value of the currencies move. In order to prevent shut downs, companies must ensure they are operating efficiently by setting their prices above the minimum average variable cost. It can be resourceful for automakers such as the “Big 3” to operate in locations in the US where unions are not as prevalent, such as the South.
Another factor in operating efficiently in the automotive industry is wage rates. Compared to the labor cost in countries such as Japan, domestic automakers cannot compete because of the high US cost of labor. The cost per hour for a US employee is significantly higher than those in Asia, and when US automakers can find a way to decrease their costs, they’ll be far more competitive. Moving manufacturing to the South and retiring models that do not sell are changes automakers, such as the “Big 3”, can make to help decrease the hourly cost per employee.
Evolution of Fuel Efficient Demand
Just as labor rates have a correlation to profitability, price correlates to demand. According to the economic theory of complement goods, “two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one of the goods causes consumers to demand less of the other good, all other things constant.” In the automobile industry, gasoline and automobiles are complement goods. Due in large part to rising oil prices, a key demand driver, consumer demand for automobiles declined dramatically in 2008. As a result, automakers faced historically low sales, resulting in a dramatic reduction in revenues. Not only did the overall sales of vehicles decline, but Detroit automakers saw a huge dip in sales in their SUV and light truck segment as consumers sought out more fuel efficient options.
2012 Economic Analysis of the Automotive Industry - 10 MinutesRichard Chan, MBA
The automotive industry is a globalized industry with consumers worldwide. Ford, GM, and Chrysler are referred to as the “Big 3” / “Detroit 3” and are the largest automakers in the US and Canada. The “Big 3” are distinguished by their business model as the majority of their operations are unionized which results in higher labor costs than other multinational automakers, including those with plants in North America. There are numerous models between the automotive companies in the industry such gasoline-fueled cars, bio-fueled cars, electric cars, hybrid cars, diesel-fueled cars, and ethanol-powered cars, which slightly distinguishes the companies from one another. Ultimately, the challenges to this industry are the drive for lower cost structure, fuel efficient demand, product differentiation, and globalization.
Drive to Lower Cost Structure
As it is the goal of any corporation to maximize profit, in the short run, in order to decrease costs, many auto manufacturers have been moving away from Detroit to China, Mexico, and Central Europe due to high costs of labor in capital in the US. However, the US might see a resurgence of manufacturing due to the dollar versus other currencies in the short term, though, that could change as the value of the currencies move. In order to prevent shut downs, companies must ensure they are operating efficiently by setting their prices above the minimum average variable cost. It can be resourceful for automakers such as the “Big 3” to operate in locations in the US where unions are not as prevalent, such as the South.
Another factor in operating efficiently in the automotive industry is wage rates. Compared to the labor cost in countries such as Japan, domestic automakers cannot compete because of the high US cost of labor. The cost per hour for a US employee is significantly higher than those in Asia, and when US automakers can find a way to decrease their costs, they’ll be far more competitive. Moving manufacturing to the South and retiring models that do not sell are changes automakers, such as the “Big 3”, can make to help decrease the hourly cost per employee.
Evolution of Fuel Efficient Demand
Just as labor rates have a correlation to profitability, price correlates to demand. According to the economic theory of complement goods, “two goods are complements if an increase in the price of one of the goods causes consumers to demand less of the other good, all other things constant.” In the automobile industry, gasoline and automobiles are complement goods. Due in large part to rising oil prices, a key demand driver, consumer demand for automobiles declined dramatically in 2008. As a result, automakers faced historically low sales, resulting in a dramatic reduction in revenues. Not only did the overall sales of vehicles decline, but Detroit automakers saw a huge dip in sales in their SUV and light truck segment as consumers sought out more fuel efficient options.
International Public Relations: Fiat Chrysler acquisition 2014pierg11
This is a case study of International Public Relations about the acquisition of Fiat Chrysler.
Is the challenges for communication management and public relation in international mergers and acquisition.
Analysis of Japanese entry in USA automobile industrySuyash Sharma
What are the reasons behind the rise in the presence of Japanese manufacturers in USA automobile industry?
This presentation explores the various channels and the best practices which helped them gain a competitive edge in the markets and led them to gain market share.
This presentation offers a high-level strategy to allow FIAT to successfully market small, efficient cars to North American consumers.
It is not complete as such, but intended to stimulate dialogue and additional ideas.
Chrysler is a viable business on a stand-alone basis. Our future is further enhanced through the proposed global alliance with Fiat.
Here are the benefits that this strategic alliance with Fiat would bring to Chrysler and consumers.
Flight Global & PwC analysis of top 100 aerospace companies. "Our Top 100 analysis of aerospace companies’ 2013 financial performance puts hard data behind anecdotal evidence that the industry has never had it so good."
International Public Relations: Fiat Chrysler acquisition 2014pierg11
This is a case study of International Public Relations about the acquisition of Fiat Chrysler.
Is the challenges for communication management and public relation in international mergers and acquisition.
Analysis of Japanese entry in USA automobile industrySuyash Sharma
What are the reasons behind the rise in the presence of Japanese manufacturers in USA automobile industry?
This presentation explores the various channels and the best practices which helped them gain a competitive edge in the markets and led them to gain market share.
This presentation offers a high-level strategy to allow FIAT to successfully market small, efficient cars to North American consumers.
It is not complete as such, but intended to stimulate dialogue and additional ideas.
Chrysler is a viable business on a stand-alone basis. Our future is further enhanced through the proposed global alliance with Fiat.
Here are the benefits that this strategic alliance with Fiat would bring to Chrysler and consumers.
Flight Global & PwC analysis of top 100 aerospace companies. "Our Top 100 analysis of aerospace companies’ 2013 financial performance puts hard data behind anecdotal evidence that the industry has never had it so good."
Can automakers catch up with google in driverless cars (Financial Times)optimalplustlmmarketing
The traditional pyramid structure of the value chain is quickly changing and adapting within the automotive industry. Carmakers now interact with all levels from makers of semiconductors and radar systems and others who help make autonomous cars a reality with the use of their innovative and reliable technology
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Sheet1Task Name Responsible Start Date End Date Duration Status Sprint 1Jacob 3-Sep13-Sep10Complete Feature 1Kennedy 3-Sep7-Sep4CompleteFeature 2Alex 7-Sep12-Sep5CompleteFeature 3Shari 9-Sep13-Sep4Overdue Sprint 2Shari 16-Sep24-Sep8In progress Feature 4Frank16-Sep17-Sep1In progress Feature 5Alex 17-Sep21-Sep4Not started Feature 6Jacob 22-Sep24-Sep2Not started Sprint 3Jacob 25-Sep5-Oct10Not started Feature 7Jacob 25-Sep29-Sep4Not started Feature 8Frank24-Sep2-Oct8Not started Feature 9 Alex 2-Oct5-Oct3Not started
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General Motors
Table of Contents
1.0:Abstract 3
2.0:Introduction 4
3.0: Internal Strategic Analysis 5
4.0Internal Strengths 7
5.0Internal Weaknesses 9
6.0: Leadership 10
7.0:Customer and Market Focus 11
8.0:Human Resource 13
9.0:Quality Management System 16
10.0:Process Management (HR) 17
11.0: Conclusion18
12.0:References20
Abstract
General Motor (GM) is a multinational automobile manufacturer. The company was founded in 1908 in Flint, Michigan by William Durant and Charles Mott. At present, GM is the second largest automaker after Toyota as measured according to the global industry sales. A key competitive edge that GM has compared with its competitors is its innovative designs and products. The purpose of this paper is to study the company based on the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criteria. GM’s key strategic objectives are place the company to be competitive, satisfy customers, remain solid growth in global vehicle sales, and continually invest to dedicate to improving cultural, economic, educational, environmental, and social aspects of the communities. The paper will look into; internal analysis of GM strategic plan, leadership, customer analysis, human resource analysis, and business process management within the organization.
A key to GM’s success is its management. Without efficient management GM would not have been able to sell and finance its vehicles globally. Success does not mean that the company is not facing any impending threats. Threats for the company do exist in the industry, especially in terms of high cost and brand dilution. In order to avoid them, GM needs to reduce the cost of its vehicles and to add GM letters in all of its brands to increase the awareness among its .
The past five years have been good to the auto industry. Following a cyclical downturn and a series of bankruptcies and harsh restructurings in the wake of the 2008–09 financial crisis, U.S. vehicle sales have been strong, especially for highly profitable trucks and SUVs. Globally, automobiles have grown more attractive than ever, with all kinds of exciting new technologies — impressive powertrain systems, mobile connectivity, advanced driver-assistance systems, maintenance monitoring, and the like — further exciting car buyers.
In the eyes of many in the industry, the future looks equally bright. Oil and gas prices appear likely to remain reasonably low for some time, encouraging big-margin SUV sales. The technology inside autos will continue to grow more sophisticated and affordable.
Automakers feel confident investing large sums of money in developing new features for their cars, particularly advanced safety and navigation options. Many suspect that they can make fully autonomous vehicles (AVs), machines that can drive themselves anywhere, under any traffic and weather conditions, without a human ever having to take the wheel, a reality within a relatively short time, as little as five or 10 years. That, in turn, would open huge new markets, it is hoped, as buyers — large fleets as well as individuals — flock to driverless vehicles and associated services.
There is much truth in the vision of fully autonomous vehicles. Certainly, there will come a time when commuters can relax, eat breakfast, and write emails on the way to work as their robotic taxis transport them on algorithmically chosen routes in perfect safety. But as the recent fatal crash of a Tesla in semi-autonomous mode sadly made clear, it will probably take decades, not years, for this vision to become a common reality.
Are you preparing for a meeting? Or just a presentation?Achal Raghavan
How do you avoid the infamous "death by PowerPoint" syndrome? Here is a simple, yet powerful action plan to make your meetings more effective - based on the concept that when you prepare for a meeting, you need to focus on the desirable outcome of the meeting rather than just on the presentation.
"HR 2.0": Talent retention in the post-Covid worldAchal Raghavan
Covid-19 has altered human relationships and priorities in a fundamental way. This paper describes "HR 2.0", a new approach to talent retention in the post-Covid world.
Why scrap? Retrofit: The green road ahead for the Indian auto industryAchal Raghavan
Is the Indian government’s proposed “15-year-old vehicles scrappage” policy really good for the environment? Or is it more a helpful push for the struggling auto industry? ACHAL RAGHAVAN takes a hard look at the pros and cons, and suggests a holistic “green” road going forward.
Book review: An astronaut's guide to life on earth - Chris HadfieldAchal Raghavan
A detailed review of the book "An astronaut's guide to life on earth" by the Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield. The book describes his life, his single-minded focus, and his tips for leadership and happiness.
Achal Raghavan's case analysis (along with those from other authors) published in Vikalpa (the IIM Ahmedabad journal) in Oct-Dec 2007. Deals with the challenges faced by Infosys in transitioning from low-end system maintenance jobs to high-end consulting / solutions projects. The analysis includes a strategy recommendation. Though published several years back, the analysis is especially relevant now, when the "Infosys 3.0" growth strategy is under increasing scrutiny.
KIOCL - Sustainability and Business Ethics (Vikalpa analysis)Achal Raghavan
Please see Case Analysis II - an analysis of sustainability, ethics and green business strategy issues pertaining to an iron ore mine located in an area of rich biodiversity in south India.
Your VW's camshaft position sensor is crucial for engine performance. Signs of failure include engine misfires, difficulty starting, stalling at low speeds, reduced fuel efficiency, and the check engine light. Prompt inspection and replacement can prevent further damage and keep your VW running smoothly.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
At ASP Cranes, we understand the importance of reliable and efficient crane operations in various industries, from construction and manufacturing to logistics and infrastructure development. That's why we strive to deliver top-notch solutions that enhance productivity, safety, and cost-effectiveness for our clients.
Our services include:
Crane Rental: Whether you need a crawler crane for heavy lifting or a hydraulic crane for versatile operations, we have a diverse fleet of well-maintained cranes available for rent. Our rental options are flexible and can be customized to suit your project requirements.
Crane Sales: Looking to invest in a crane for your business? We offer a wide selection of new and used cranes from leading manufacturers, ensuring you find the perfect equipment to match your needs and budget.
Crane Maintenance and Repair: To ensure optimal performance and safety, regular maintenance and timely repairs are essential for cranes. Our team of skilled technicians provides comprehensive maintenance and repair services to keep your equipment running smoothly and minimize downtime.
Crane Operator Training: Proper training is crucial for safe and efficient crane operation. We offer specialized training programs conducted by certified instructors to equip operators with the skills and knowledge they need to handle cranes effectively.
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At ASP Cranes, customer satisfaction is our top priority. We are dedicated to delivering reliable, cost-effective, and innovative crane solutions that exceed expectations. Contact us today to learn more about our services and how we can support your project in Raipur, Chhattisgarh, and beyond. Let ASP Cranes be your trusted partner for all your crane needs!
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
harmony of functionality and emotion
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
How To Fix The Key Not Detected Issue In Mercedes CarsIntegrity Motorcar
Experiencing a "Key Not Detected" problem in your Mercedes? Don’t take it for granted. Go through this presentation to find out the exact nature of the issue you are dealing with. Have your vehicle checked by a certified professional if necessary.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
What Are The Immediate Steps To Take When The VW Temperature Light Starts Fla...Import Motorworks
Learn how to respond when the red temperature light flashes in your VW with this presentation. From checking coolant levels to seeking professional help, follow these steps promptly to prevent engine damage and ensure safety on the road.
Learn why monitoring your Mercedes' Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor is crucial. Understand its role in engine performance and emission reduction. Discover five warning signs of EBP sensor failure, from loss of power to increased emissions. Take action promptly to avoid costly repairs and maintain your Mercedes' reliability and efficiency.
5 Warning Signs Your Mercedes Exhaust Back Pressure Sensor Is Failing
Automotive: Innovative Frugal Engineering Holds The Key
1. The Hindu Business Line : Global Automotive Industry — Frugal engine... http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/05/06/stories/2009050650...
Spark -Fuel Efficient Car New Hyundai i10 Kappa
Rising fuel cost Worries you? Spark Produces Now With Automatic Transmission.Get
Business Daily from THE HINDU group of publications best Mileage in its Class Maximum Power With Maximum Mileage
www.ChevySpark.in/Test-Drive Hyundaii10.co.in/ExploreNow
Wednesday, May 06, 2009
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Global Automotive Industry — Frugal engineering holds the
key
News
Front Page Today’s uncertainties in the auto industry provide a great window of opportunity for Indian frugal
Corporate engineering to show the way forward. ACHAL RAGHAVAN takes a look at some potential avenues
Markets for innovation.
Info-Tech
Marketing
Money & The global automotive industry is in the throes of some fundamental structural changes. GM’s CEO,
Banking Mr Rick Wagoner, has stepped aside at the US government’s request. Chrysler has filed for
Agri-Biz & bankruptcy, and is preparing for a “shotgun wedding” with Fiat. Toyota and Daimler have posted
Commodities losses. Given the importance of the automotive industry with respect to jobs, many governments —
Industry & led by the US — have rushed to provide large bailout packages . Global sourcing strategies are being
Economy re-examined.
www.Hyundaiverna.co.in Ads by Goooooogle
Logistics
Demand-capacity mismatch
Government
Opinion Car manufacturers worldwide are saddled with excess capacity. The total global capacity for light
Corporate Stories in this Section
vehicles was 87 million in 2008, with actual utilisation at 76 per cent. Excess capacity stood at a Protectionist code
Results whopping 21 million vehicles last year. This is expected to worsen to 29 million vehicles in 2009. The
Columns global automotive industry just cannot expect to reach long-term financial viability unless chunks of NGOs in agriculture
States capacity are taken out permanently. This is an extremely painful process involving huge human and
Web Extras financial costs. But the industry may not have a choice. Global Automotive Industry
Index — Frugal engineering holds
Archives Heading for global ‘Big Six’? the key
Features A large-scale consolidation of the global industry is a possible scenario, where auto companies merge Friedman vs Keynes
with each other and reduce surplus capacities, leaving a total of (say) six giant companies to meet the
Investment global demand. External sector
World
eWorld This hypothesis has been around for a while, and there has been much speculation on which among Employment issue
Brand Line the current players would survive in the long term. In the extreme condition, would GM, Ford and
Mentor Chrysler merge (or be forced to merge by the Government), to form “US Auto, Inc.”? Will Toyota,
Life Hyundai and Volkswagen (VW) turn out to be the other front-runners in this global race? Will the
Brand Quest Chinese government force the formation of a consolidated “United China Auto”? What about India?
The New Would Tata or Mahindra expand aggressively and become truly global auto giants? The possibilities
Manager are many.
BL Club
Smartbuy Short-term schemes
Books
To entice customers into buying a new car, Governments are trying out new incentives. The German
government, for example, is offering car buyers €2500 for scrapping their old cars and buying new
Stocks cars that are more fuel-efficient. This has already shown strong results, encouraging the US
government to look at a similar “cash for clunkers” scheme.
Quotes
SE Diary In such cases, the car industry is happy, and so is the new car buyer; but the economic merit of such
Scoreboard schemes is questionable, considering the waste involved in crushing cars in working condition to
Open-End Mutual lumps of scrap.
Fund
These cars are typically nine-10 years old, with many years of useful life left in a majority of the
Cross Currency components. The term “clunker”, therefore, is more a mindset than physical reality. The
fuel-efficiency argument is also not tenable, since it takes large amounts of energy and fuel to
Rates manufacture a new car in the first place.
If we take the US, Europe and Japan, their approach to car-making has so far been the opposite of
“frugal”. More than 40 per cent of the cost of today’s typical car is accounted for by electronic
Shipping hardware and software. In 1996, the typical car had six electronic control units (ECUs). By 2008, this
had grown to 70.
Ports
The typical modern car has more lines of software code written into it than the F-22 Raptor, the most
advanced jet fighter in the US Air Force today.
Simultaneously, the role of the driver has been downgraded. More and more of the control of the car
Archives has been handed over to onboard computers, under the pretext of ensuring safety.
Yesterday Cars are being made more and more “intelligent”, with the ability to “see” what is ahead and behind;
Datewise recognise objects such as pedestrians; know when the car is drifting across lanes, and correct the
Resources drift; “read” speed limit and other warning signages; and so on. The driver is now increasingly being
In Focus driven by the car.
In Depth
Events 2007 Future of frugal engineering
Today’s uncertainties in the auto industry provide a great window of opportunity for Indian frugal
engineering to show the way forward. Here are some potential avenues for innovation:
Design ‘upgradeable’ green cars in which the engine and drive train can be unplugged and replaced
at the dealership with newer and more fuel-efficient modules (including alternatives such as hybrids).
This is somewhat like upgrading your faithful home PC with a faster processor, leaving everything
else intact. The cost of this “upgrade” will be a fraction of the cost of a new car.
Group Sites This will be bad news for the auto industry, but great for the owner and society as a whole. The
energy spent in manufacturing this “upgrade pack” and the corresponding global warming impact will
The Hindu be far less than that for making a new car. If the car manufacturers won’t play ball, independent
The Hindu engine and drive train manufacturers can step in. This solution is far superior to the short-term “cash
ePaper for clunkers” approach.
Business Line
Business Line Downsize the cars without losing out on interior space. The Nano has already shown the way. Build
ePaper impact (crash) strength into the car through clever structural engineering, thus countering the “small
Sportstar cars are unsafe” argument. Concurrently, replace large US-style engines, which have been designed
Frontline for power and speed, with smaller engines. Lower cost, less fuel consumption, less material usage,
The Hindu less pollution, and reduced global warming — how can you lose?
eBooks
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