The document discusses the functions and structures of various types of back axles, including live back axles and single reduction back axles. It highlights the bending action, torque reaction, and driving thrust, along with different connection arrangements such as transverse radius rods and panhard rods. Additionally, it categorizes axles into semi-floating, three-quarter floating, and full-floating types.

1. BACK AXLE

2. FUNCTIONS OF LIVE BACK AXLE

3. SINGLE REDUCTION BACK AXLE

4. BENDING ACTION OF BACK AXLE

5. TORQUE REACTION

6. DRIVING THRUST

7. VARIOUS FORCES

8. VARIOUS CONNECTION ARRANGEMENTS

10. torque
SPRING DEFLECTION

11. TORQUE TUBE DRIVE
Single combined Torque –Thrust Reaction Member,
with Springs taking only Vertical and Side Load

12. TRANSVERSE RADIUS RODS
Panhard Rod

17. TYPES OF AXLES
 Semi Floating Axles
 Three Quarter Floating Axles
 Full Floating Axles

18. TYPES OF AXLES
Semi Floating Axles

19. TYPES OF AXLES
Three Quarter Floating Axles

20. TYPES OF AXLES
Full Floating Axles