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Auditing8e_PPT_Ch01.pptx
1.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 1 AUDITING An International Approach Eighth Edition SMIELIAUSKAS, BEWLEY, KWAN, COGLIANO, BARRETTE PowerPoint Author: Alla Volodina, CPA, CA, MBA Schulich School of Business, York University Chapter 1 Introduction to Auditing
2.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 2 Learning Objectives • Explain the importance of auditing. • Distinguish auditing from accounting. • Explain the role auditing in information risk reduction. • Provide an overview of international auditing and its impact on Canadian Auditing Standards. • (Appendix 1A) Explain how to become a professional accountant in Canada. 1 2 3 4 5
3.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 3 Learning Objectives • (Appendix 1B) Distinguish alternative theories of the role of auditing in a society. • (Appendix 1C) Describe the other major types of audits and authors, and audit firm organization. 6 7
4.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 4 Introduction: the Concept of Auditing • The role of audits is critical in the current business environment • Important decisions are made on the basis of accounting information. – Audits reduce the risk that these decisions will be based on inaccurate information. • Auditors provide assurance as to the accuracy of accounting information. • This creates “three-party accountability.” • Auditing is the verification of information by someone other than the one providing that information.
5.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 5 Illustration: The Importance of Auditing • Assume that you are going to purchase a business... – Businesses are frequently valued using a multiple of earnings. Assume that your business should be valued at five times annual profit. • How should profit be calculated? What amounts should be included or excluded? • How do you trust accounting information provided by the seller?
6.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 6 Illustration: How Should Profit be Calculated? • The buyer and seller should agree on the method of calculation of profit. – GAAP provides a useful guideline. • Financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP can be compared to other financial statements. • GAAP have been determined by third parties, there is no particular bias toward buyer or seller.
7.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 7 Illustration: How Can We Trust the Financial Information • The seller of the business prepares the financial statements. – The seller has a natural bias toward increasing income, which will increase the selling price. – The purchaser may not have the ability to check the accuracy themselves. • The purchaser could hire a third party to verify the financial information. • This person would be the Auditor.
8.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 8 The Public Interest • Under three-party accountability the auditor is expected to act in the interest of the user of the information. – To meet the public interest, it is important that the auditor is trustworthy.
9.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 9 Agency Theory and Accountability • When a task is delegated by one party to another (Agent) it can create a problem when three conditions are present: – The agent has different objectives – The agent has the information – There is room for the agent to be creative. • The Auditor monitors the Agent (management)
10.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 10 Demand for Reliable Information • Accounting attempts to record and summarize a company’s transactions into financial statements for the benefit of users. – Accounting is a function of the organization’s management. – Users are removed from accounting due to: • complexity, • remoteness, or • consequences.
11.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 11 What Creates the Demand for Audits? • Audits lend credibility to information by reducing information risk, the risk that information is materially misstated • Financial statement misstatements arise due to: – Accidental errors – Lack of knowledge of accounting principles – Unintentional bias – Deliberate falsification • Audits do not directly address business risk, the risk that a company will not be able to meet its financial obligations due to economic conditions or poor management decisions
12.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 12 Auditing • Preparation of financial information by management creates a conflict of interest between users of financial information and management. – The auditor serves as an independent intermediary who lends credibility to the financial information. • Also called providing assurance as to the reliability of the information.
13.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 13 Auditing • An external auditor is independent of management and of the production of the financial information. – This creates three-party accountability. – Auditee refers to the organization whose financial information is being audited. – Client refers to the person who hires the auditor and pays the fee.
14.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 14 Professional Judgment • The application of relevant training, knowledge, and experience, within the context provided by auditing, accounting, and ethical standards, in making informed decisions about the courses of action that are appropriate in the circumstances of the audit engagement. – Professional judgment is a process used to reach a well-reasoned conclusion. – Professional judgment is used widely in accounting and auditing. – Application of professional judgment requires critical thinking. • Documentation of professional judgment at the time the judgments are made is also very important – “not documented, not done” is effectively a standard of audit practice
15.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 15 Professional Skepticism • Professional skepticism is an auditor’s tendency not to believe management assertions but, instead, to find sufficient support for the assertions through appropriate audit evidence. – Professional skepticism is an important aspect of professional judgment. – Specifically, professional skepticism means recognizing that circumstances causing the financial statements to be materially misstated may exist (CAS 200.15).
16.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 16 Definition of Auditing • Auditing is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between the assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested parties.
17.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 17 Audit Objectives “The purpose of an audit is to enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the financial statements. This is achieved by the expression of an opinion by the auditor on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework.” CAS 200
18.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 18 Attestation Services • To attest to information means to provide assurance as to its reliability. • Attest engagement: – A practitioner is engaged to issue or does issue an examination, a review, or an agreed-upon procedures report on subject matter or an assertion about subject matter that is the responsibility of another party (e.g. management) • Direct reporting engagement: – A type of assurance engagement in which the assertions are implied and not written down in some form
19.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 19 Expectations Gap • An auditing expectation gap is the term used to signify the difference in expectations of users of financial statements and auditor’s expectation concerning audited financial statements. – Expectation gap can also be explained as the difference between the effectiveness of audit engagement what users believe and what auditor believes. – It can also refer to difference in understanding regarding nature of audit engagement i.e. what users believe audit is and what audit actually is. – An auditor is required to reduce audit risk to an acceptably low level to attain reasonable assurance – but what is reasonable? This can be different in the eyes of auditor and in the eyes of users of financial statements and this creates expectation gap.
20.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 20 A Definition of Auditing Relating to “Risk Reduction” • Business risk: – Business risks result from significant conditions, events, circumstances or actions that might adversely affect the entity’s ability to achieve its objectives and execute its strategies.” (CAS 700)
21.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 21 A Definition of Auditing Relating to “Risk Reduction” • Information risk: – Financial statements will fail to appropriately reflect economic substance of business activities, including business risks and uncertainties. • i.e., the risk that the financial statements will be materially false and misleading. • Materiality, as used in auditing, means the same thing as it does in your accounting courses. Basically, a material misstatement is one that would affect user decision making.
22.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 22 A Definition of Auditing Relating to “Risk Reduction” • Auditing: – A process of reducing information risk to users of financial statements. – From the auditor’s perspective there are two major categories of information risk. • Audit risk • Accounting risk
23.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 23 Audit Risk and Accounting Risk • Audit Risk – The risk of insufficient evidence being gathered on the facts concerning the entity’s economic circumstances. • Accounting Risk – The risk that errors associated with forecasts used in GAAP accounting estimates are not properly disclosed.
24.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill
Education Limited 1 - 24 International Auditing • The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) was created in 1977. – This body mirrors the activities of domestic institutions at an international level. – Recommends international standards on auditing (ISAs). – International convergence of standards (international harmonization) is a key focus of Canadian and U.S. standard setters.
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