The Effects Model suggests that audiences are passive and powerless against the influence of media messages. It is also known as the Hypodermic Model, where messages are injected into passive audiences like a drug. However, the Uses and Gratifications Model argues that audiences are active and use media to fulfill needs like escapism, diversion, and social comparison. Reception Theory developed by Stuart Hall recognizes that audiences can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of media texts based on their own experiences.