The document examines the relationship between default behaviors of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the credit characteristics of their owners. It reviews literature on how owner characteristics like education, age, and management skills can impact enterprise performance and financing. The study analyzes data on 204 Chinese SMEs, dividing owner characteristics into basic, credit capacity, and credit will variables. Logistic regression is used to test the relationship between these variables and enterprise default rates. The results show credit capacity variables have a more significant relationship with default behavior, and credit history variables like overdue amounts have the closest relationship to default probability.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the effect of client appraisal on the efficiency of microfinance banks in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that client appraisal, which involves evaluating customers based on factors like character, capacity, collateral, capital, and condition, has a positive effect on the efficiency and productivity of microfinance banks. Specifically, effective client appraisal allows microfinance banks to better understand customer creditworthiness, minimize loan defaults and losses, and improve overall financial performance. The study concluded that client appraisal is an important part of effective credit management that can help microfinance banks operate efficiently and profitably.
The document is a summer internship report that analyzes differences in credit ratings assigned by two major Indian credit rating agencies, CRISIL and ICRA, to the same set of companies. Through statistical analysis, the report finds significant differences in ratings between the two agencies across various industry sectors and for non-listed companies. It attributes these differences to the subjective nature of ratings and differences in rating methodologies, like ICRA considering loss given default while CRISIL focuses only on probability of default. The report concludes there are meaningful differences between ratings by CRISIL and ICRA even when evaluating the same companies.
Corporate covernance as a tool for curbing bank distress inAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about examining the role of corporate governance in curbing bank distress in Nigerian deposit money banks through empirical evidence. The article reviews literature on corporate governance and bank distress. It discusses how poor corporate governance contributed to failures in the Nigerian banking sector prior to reforms. The study aims to determine if there is a relationship between good corporate governance and preventing bank distress as well as improving bank performance. It uses statistical analysis of survey data to test these hypotheses. The findings show that while corporate governance did not significantly improve prevention of bank distress, it significantly improved Nigerian bank sector performance.
Corporate Governance Practices of Indian Public Sector and Private Sector Ban...scmsnoida5
This study examines the differences in corporate governance practices between public sector banks and private sector banks in India. An assessment tool called the Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) was used to analyze annual reports from 2002-2014 of top public and private sector banks. Statistical analysis found some significant differences between the two sectors. Private banks had stronger practices related to board structure and remuneration committees. Both sectors differed significantly in adopting non-mandatory recommendations, with private banks exceeding in compliance. However, there were no major differences found regarding transparency/disclosure practices and shareholders' rights. The study aims to compare governance quality between Indian public and private banks.
Research Proposal - CSR - The Voice of the StakeholderAmany Hamza
In light of the recent financial crisis, the practices of CSR have come to the fore in media reports and academic debates. In this context, the goal of this research is, first, to examine the impact of the financial crisis on the implications of CSR activities in relation to stakeholders’ expectations in the financial services industry and, second, to help banking managers to understand what should be done for the benefit of their stakeholders and their own business sustainability.
This document is a student research project on credit rating agencies that was prepared by S. Avinash and supervised by Dr. Debi Prasad Satapaty. It discusses credit rating agencies, including their objectives and major findings. Some key points include: credit rating agencies evaluate creditworthiness and assess ability to repay debt; major agencies in India include CRISIL, ICRA, CARE, and Fitch; and credit ratings play a central role in debt markets by helping investors and lending institutions assess risk.
This document provides information on credit ratings in India. It discusses the historical origins and development of credit ratings starting in the 1840s in the US in response to financial crises. It notes that credit ratings were introduced more recently in India, with the first agency, CRISIL, established in 1988. It outlines the importance of credit ratings for investors, issuers, intermediaries and regulators. It also examines factors that contribute to the success of credit rating agencies in India such as analytical credibility and independence from interested market forces.
Credit ratings are opinions on the likelihood that a borrower will repay their debt. They are issued by independent rating agencies and help investors assess risk. The document discusses the history and role of credit ratings in India, provided by agencies such as CRISIL, the largest domestic rating agency. It outlines CRISIL's ratings scales and process for long-term and short-term instruments, corporate issuers, real estate projects, and developers.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the effect of client appraisal on the efficiency of microfinance banks in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study found that client appraisal, which involves evaluating customers based on factors like character, capacity, collateral, capital, and condition, has a positive effect on the efficiency and productivity of microfinance banks. Specifically, effective client appraisal allows microfinance banks to better understand customer creditworthiness, minimize loan defaults and losses, and improve overall financial performance. The study concluded that client appraisal is an important part of effective credit management that can help microfinance banks operate efficiently and profitably.
The document is a summer internship report that analyzes differences in credit ratings assigned by two major Indian credit rating agencies, CRISIL and ICRA, to the same set of companies. Through statistical analysis, the report finds significant differences in ratings between the two agencies across various industry sectors and for non-listed companies. It attributes these differences to the subjective nature of ratings and differences in rating methodologies, like ICRA considering loss given default while CRISIL focuses only on probability of default. The report concludes there are meaningful differences between ratings by CRISIL and ICRA even when evaluating the same companies.
Corporate covernance as a tool for curbing bank distress inAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research journal article about examining the role of corporate governance in curbing bank distress in Nigerian deposit money banks through empirical evidence. The article reviews literature on corporate governance and bank distress. It discusses how poor corporate governance contributed to failures in the Nigerian banking sector prior to reforms. The study aims to determine if there is a relationship between good corporate governance and preventing bank distress as well as improving bank performance. It uses statistical analysis of survey data to test these hypotheses. The findings show that while corporate governance did not significantly improve prevention of bank distress, it significantly improved Nigerian bank sector performance.
Corporate Governance Practices of Indian Public Sector and Private Sector Ban...scmsnoida5
This study examines the differences in corporate governance practices between public sector banks and private sector banks in India. An assessment tool called the Corporate Governance Disclosure Index (CGDI) was used to analyze annual reports from 2002-2014 of top public and private sector banks. Statistical analysis found some significant differences between the two sectors. Private banks had stronger practices related to board structure and remuneration committees. Both sectors differed significantly in adopting non-mandatory recommendations, with private banks exceeding in compliance. However, there were no major differences found regarding transparency/disclosure practices and shareholders' rights. The study aims to compare governance quality between Indian public and private banks.
Research Proposal - CSR - The Voice of the StakeholderAmany Hamza
In light of the recent financial crisis, the practices of CSR have come to the fore in media reports and academic debates. In this context, the goal of this research is, first, to examine the impact of the financial crisis on the implications of CSR activities in relation to stakeholders’ expectations in the financial services industry and, second, to help banking managers to understand what should be done for the benefit of their stakeholders and their own business sustainability.
This document is a student research project on credit rating agencies that was prepared by S. Avinash and supervised by Dr. Debi Prasad Satapaty. It discusses credit rating agencies, including their objectives and major findings. Some key points include: credit rating agencies evaluate creditworthiness and assess ability to repay debt; major agencies in India include CRISIL, ICRA, CARE, and Fitch; and credit ratings play a central role in debt markets by helping investors and lending institutions assess risk.
This document provides information on credit ratings in India. It discusses the historical origins and development of credit ratings starting in the 1840s in the US in response to financial crises. It notes that credit ratings were introduced more recently in India, with the first agency, CRISIL, established in 1988. It outlines the importance of credit ratings for investors, issuers, intermediaries and regulators. It also examines factors that contribute to the success of credit rating agencies in India such as analytical credibility and independence from interested market forces.
Credit ratings are opinions on the likelihood that a borrower will repay their debt. They are issued by independent rating agencies and help investors assess risk. The document discusses the history and role of credit ratings in India, provided by agencies such as CRISIL, the largest domestic rating agency. It outlines CRISIL's ratings scales and process for long-term and short-term instruments, corporate issuers, real estate projects, and developers.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between board diversity and earnings quality of firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2019. The study measures board diversity based on gender, experience, age, and religion of board members. It finds that gender, experience, and age of board members significantly affect earnings quality, but religion does not. This suggests that more diverse boards in terms of these characteristics can enhance earnings quality. The study provides implications for Jordanian policymakers to promote more diverse boards to improve corporate governance of listed firms.
FSIBL is an Islamic financial
institutions in Bangladesh that contributes
towards the development of the society
through CSR activities. In this report,
Carroll’s four parts model, ICSR model and
other relevant models are used in
analyzing and discussing the CSR practices
of FSIBL.
Credit exposure and lending decision quality of private commercial banks in b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the level of credit exposure and lending decision quality of local private commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. The study used five financial ratios to measure credit performance: non-performing loan to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to non-performing loan ratio, capital adequacy ratio, and tier 1 capital ratio. An analysis of variance found that the non-performing loan to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to total loan ratio, and loan loss reserve to non-performing loan ratio differed significantly between conventional and Islamic banks, while the capital adequacy ratio and tier 1 capital ratio did not differ significantly. The study also found an
ICRA is India's second largest credit rating agency. It was established in 1991 as the Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India. ICRA issues credit ratings for various types of debt instruments and entities. It also provides grades for IPOs, microfinance institutions, and sectors like cement, tea, and mobile services. The document outlines ICRA's methodology for assigning ratings and grades based on factors like business strategy, financial performance, management quality, and macroeconomic risks.
The Implication of Corporate Governance on Financial Institution’s Performanc...Waqas Tariq
Application of business ethics is sine qua non to the concept of corporate governance. Corporate governance on it own has a very significant relationship with corporate performance. This is the thrust of this paper. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) bulletin of (2006) had asserted that disagreement between the board and management of financial institutions usually gives rise to board squabbles and ineffective board oversight functions. This is why the objective of this article is to determine the extent to which corporate governance practices impacts on financial institutions performance. To validate this assertion, a sample of thirty three financial institution listed on the Nigerian stock Exchange from 2004 to 2008 was used for this study. Multiple regressions Analysis and ordinary least square (OLS) method of estimation were applied. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between corporate governance practices and firms” performance. The other two performance proxies that is, Return on Equity and two corporate governance practices namely; the firms’ board size and audit committee also showed positive relationship. However, there was a negative relationship between the net profit margin, the firms’ board size and audit committee. The study could not establish a relationship between the two performance variables, namely; Return on Equity and Net profit Margin, and the executive officers’ status. In conclusion, the findings in this study are consistent with the findings of studies conducted in other countries that business ethics and good governance practices are the bed rock of optimum. It is recommended that corporate governance mechanisms be objectively structured to enhance optimal performance of corporate institutions in Nigeria.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: ...IOSR Journals
This paper explores how private commercial banks practices Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Bangladesh in conserved the case of Southeast Bank Ltd.. In keeping with global movement, CSR is being seen as the source of new competition edge for the banking sectors of Bangladesh. Banks’ of Bangladesh practices CSR to not only improve community relations but also as source of significant commercial benefit. Southeast Bank Ltd. practices CSR under the rules and regulation of Bangladesh Bank. The study based on annual report of 2012 of Southeast Bank Ltd. This study shows that Southeast Bank expenses BDT36.85 million in the year 2012 in the area of education, health, community development, environmental issue, art and culture, sports etc.. Nevertheless, bank expenses highest amount in education sector through scholarship program in Bangladesh whereby school, college and university education tuition and expenses have fully paid for unconditionally. The study can help banking manger’s understand what should be done for the benefits of customers and the community for sustainability.
Mercer Capital's Tennessee Family Law | Volume 3, No. 3 2020 Year | Valuation...Mercer Capital
Mercer Capital is the largest valuation and financial advisory firm in Tennessee with offices in Nashville and Memphis. Complex financial issues are a critical part of many of your client engagements. The focus of this newsletter is to provide useful content about these financial issues from the perspective of financial experts. We seek to help you assist your clients in financial and accounting matters.
The objective of the study is to examined Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in quoted money deposit
Banks in Nigeria. The research design used for this study is historical research design. The design was used so as to
capture relevant information from annual financial statement of quoted companies. The population of the study
consists of Twenty one (21) deposit money banks in Nigeria and a sample of eight commercial banks was randomly
selected using convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. The
findings of this research indicate an existence of negative relationship between firm complexity and environmental
disclosed in the Nigerian banking sector. It also indicates the existence of positive relationship between earnings and
CSR disclosure in the Nigerian banking sector and that bank size was negatively related to the extent of corporate
social responsibility disclosure by Nigerian banks. The implication of these findings is that as bank increase its
activities they should also be concern with the well-being of the environment which they operate. Finally, the study
recommends that banks should focus on activities that will synchronize its corporate goals with the sustainability of
the environment
This document discusses a study on the credit ratings of insurance companies in Bangladesh. It provides background on credit ratings, outlines the objectives and methodology of the study, reviews relevant literature, and explains the credit rating process and scales for insurance companies. The findings reveal that life insurance companies generally receive higher credit ratings than general insurance companies. The document identifies some limitations of the study and suggests measures to address problems with the credit rating system.
This document discusses credit ratings and their importance. It begins with an introduction to credit ratings, defining them as assessments of an issuer's ability and willingness to repay debt. It then discusses factors that affect credit ratings, the different types of credit ratings, and the advantages and disadvantages of credit ratings. The rest of the document focuses on the specific credit rating system used by State Bank of Hyderabad, covering their risk assessment model, types of risks considered, qualitative parameters, risk scores and rating transitions.
There are various factors that contribute to the firmnurnadrah2
There are several factors that influence a firm's capital structure strategy, including enterprise size, asset tangibility, growth opportunities, profitability, business risk, liquidity, interest expense, and age. The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between each of these factors and capital structure, noting that some relationships may be positive or negative depending on the context. Empirical research has used various metrics to measure each factor.
Do Islamic rural banks consider Islamic morality in assessing credit applicat...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to investigate how moral issues are considered in Islamic rural banks credit application analysis. To examine what factors are to be considered, this study applies a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative), using focus group discussions, analysis of documents, interviews, and survey methods. The findings of this study have shown some essential aspects that are considered in the financing analysis of Islamic Rural Banks (BPRS). The results also reveal that the managers of the BPRS have very similar perceptions of the importance of the 5Cs. As revealed in the findings, all BPRS concede that they are applying this model with a different level of significance. Most BPRS only focus on some key aspects that are considered more important than others.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the role of customer satisfaction in retaining customer loyalty at Sabadou Transfer Agency in Kankan, Guinea. The study uses the SERVQUAL model to evaluate the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Data was collected through questionnaires from 120 Sabadou customers. The findings show that service quality and customer satisfaction are significantly correlated with customer loyalty. Maintaining high quality services provides customer satisfaction and loyalty, while low quality leads to dissatisfaction and potential disloyalty. The conclusion is that a customer's likelihood to switch companies depends on service quality levels and satisfaction.
This document provides an overview of credit rating agencies in India and their rating methodology. It discusses:
1) The history and need for credit rating agencies, which emerged in the US in the 19th century to address financial crises and provide transparency to investors.
2) The regulatory framework and prominent credit rating agencies in India, including CRISIL, ICAI, CARE and FITCH, which are regulated by SEBI.
3) The methodology adopted by these agencies for bond ratings and IPO gradings. Bond ratings consider various financial factors, while IPO gradings in India provide an indication of the potential of companies.
4) A case study of IPO grading for Ratn
Corporate social responsibility (csr) and issue to corporate financial perfor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) of banking companies in Bangladesh. It provides background on CSR and reviews previous literature on the relationship between CSR and CFP. The study uses questionnaires to assess perceptions of CSR among banking executives and social groups. It analyzes CSR practices reported in annual reports of selected Bangladeshi banks. Statistical tests are used to analyze the relationship between CSR and CFP. The study aims to provide insight into CSR practices in Bangladesh and their potential impact on financial performance.
Empowering MSMEs - Benefits of Credit Rating in MSME - Part - 8Resurgent India
Approaching a credit rating agency is a good option for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) given the problems they face in seeking finance. Rating agencies assess a firm's financial viability and capability to honour business obligations, provide an insight into its sales, operational and financial composition, thereby assessing the risk element and highlights the overall health of the enterprise.
The document discusses the impact of additional regulations on corporate collapses. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of introducing new regulations in response to corporate scandals. While additional regulations may increase accountability and prevent misconduct initially, they also motivate people to find ways around the laws, potentially resulting in more corporate failures. The best solution is a balanced approach combining necessary rules and guiding principles, focusing on ethics over just regulations. Introducing regulations without considering context or consequences is not an effective response.
Self-service technology, service quality, and relationship quality can influence customer loyalty to digital banking services. The study examined these factors' impact on e-loyalty of corporate customers using Bank Mandiri's cash management services. A survey of 115 corporate customers was conducted, and data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings showed that service quality positively influences both relationship quality and e-loyalty. Relationship quality was also found to positively impact e-loyalty. The study aims to provide a comprehensive model of how these factors relate and influence online customer loyalty in the banking sector.
The document examines the determinants of access to bank financing for small and medium enterprises in Sri Lanka. Through a literature review and analysis of survey data, it finds that the education level of entrepreneurs and membership in business associations are associated with greater access to bank financing, while other factors like firm size, age, and financial characteristics are not associated. The findings provide insights for banks, training institutions, and policymakers to improve small businesses' access to financing in Sri Lanka.
11.the impact of interest rate on profit among the united arab emirates uae s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the impact of interest rates on the profits of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A questionnaire was administered to 20 employees of UAE SMEs to understand how interest rates affect company profits. The results showed that interest rates highly impact profits of SMEs in the UAE, with the highest mean scores relating to clear customer information about accounts and accurate advertising. The lowest mean scores related to avoiding increasing debt levels beyond repayment capacity and explicit credit approval policies. In conclusion, the study provides initial evidence that interest rates influence profits of SMEs in the UAE.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between board diversity and earnings quality of firms listed on the Amman Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2019. The study measures board diversity based on gender, experience, age, and religion of board members. It finds that gender, experience, and age of board members significantly affect earnings quality, but religion does not. This suggests that more diverse boards in terms of these characteristics can enhance earnings quality. The study provides implications for Jordanian policymakers to promote more diverse boards to improve corporate governance of listed firms.
FSIBL is an Islamic financial
institutions in Bangladesh that contributes
towards the development of the society
through CSR activities. In this report,
Carroll’s four parts model, ICSR model and
other relevant models are used in
analyzing and discussing the CSR practices
of FSIBL.
Credit exposure and lending decision quality of private commercial banks in b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined the level of credit exposure and lending decision quality of local private commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2007-2011. The study used five financial ratios to measure credit performance: non-performing loan to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to non-performing loan ratio, capital adequacy ratio, and tier 1 capital ratio. An analysis of variance found that the non-performing loan to total loan ratio, loan loss reserve to total loan ratio, and loan loss reserve to non-performing loan ratio differed significantly between conventional and Islamic banks, while the capital adequacy ratio and tier 1 capital ratio did not differ significantly. The study also found an
ICRA is India's second largest credit rating agency. It was established in 1991 as the Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India. ICRA issues credit ratings for various types of debt instruments and entities. It also provides grades for IPOs, microfinance institutions, and sectors like cement, tea, and mobile services. The document outlines ICRA's methodology for assigning ratings and grades based on factors like business strategy, financial performance, management quality, and macroeconomic risks.
The Implication of Corporate Governance on Financial Institution’s Performanc...Waqas Tariq
Application of business ethics is sine qua non to the concept of corporate governance. Corporate governance on it own has a very significant relationship with corporate performance. This is the thrust of this paper. The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) bulletin of (2006) had asserted that disagreement between the board and management of financial institutions usually gives rise to board squabbles and ineffective board oversight functions. This is why the objective of this article is to determine the extent to which corporate governance practices impacts on financial institutions performance. To validate this assertion, a sample of thirty three financial institution listed on the Nigerian stock Exchange from 2004 to 2008 was used for this study. Multiple regressions Analysis and ordinary least square (OLS) method of estimation were applied. The results showed that there is a positive correlation between corporate governance practices and firms” performance. The other two performance proxies that is, Return on Equity and two corporate governance practices namely; the firms’ board size and audit committee also showed positive relationship. However, there was a negative relationship between the net profit margin, the firms’ board size and audit committee. The study could not establish a relationship between the two performance variables, namely; Return on Equity and Net profit Margin, and the executive officers’ status. In conclusion, the findings in this study are consistent with the findings of studies conducted in other countries that business ethics and good governance practices are the bed rock of optimum. It is recommended that corporate governance mechanisms be objectively structured to enhance optimal performance of corporate institutions in Nigeria.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices of Commercial Banks in Bangladesh: ...IOSR Journals
This paper explores how private commercial banks practices Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Bangladesh in conserved the case of Southeast Bank Ltd.. In keeping with global movement, CSR is being seen as the source of new competition edge for the banking sectors of Bangladesh. Banks’ of Bangladesh practices CSR to not only improve community relations but also as source of significant commercial benefit. Southeast Bank Ltd. practices CSR under the rules and regulation of Bangladesh Bank. The study based on annual report of 2012 of Southeast Bank Ltd. This study shows that Southeast Bank expenses BDT36.85 million in the year 2012 in the area of education, health, community development, environmental issue, art and culture, sports etc.. Nevertheless, bank expenses highest amount in education sector through scholarship program in Bangladesh whereby school, college and university education tuition and expenses have fully paid for unconditionally. The study can help banking manger’s understand what should be done for the benefits of customers and the community for sustainability.
Mercer Capital's Tennessee Family Law | Volume 3, No. 3 2020 Year | Valuation...Mercer Capital
Mercer Capital is the largest valuation and financial advisory firm in Tennessee with offices in Nashville and Memphis. Complex financial issues are a critical part of many of your client engagements. The focus of this newsletter is to provide useful content about these financial issues from the perspective of financial experts. We seek to help you assist your clients in financial and accounting matters.
The objective of the study is to examined Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in quoted money deposit
Banks in Nigeria. The research design used for this study is historical research design. The design was used so as to
capture relevant information from annual financial statement of quoted companies. The population of the study
consists of Twenty one (21) deposit money banks in Nigeria and a sample of eight commercial banks was randomly
selected using convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regression. The
findings of this research indicate an existence of negative relationship between firm complexity and environmental
disclosed in the Nigerian banking sector. It also indicates the existence of positive relationship between earnings and
CSR disclosure in the Nigerian banking sector and that bank size was negatively related to the extent of corporate
social responsibility disclosure by Nigerian banks. The implication of these findings is that as bank increase its
activities they should also be concern with the well-being of the environment which they operate. Finally, the study
recommends that banks should focus on activities that will synchronize its corporate goals with the sustainability of
the environment
This document discusses a study on the credit ratings of insurance companies in Bangladesh. It provides background on credit ratings, outlines the objectives and methodology of the study, reviews relevant literature, and explains the credit rating process and scales for insurance companies. The findings reveal that life insurance companies generally receive higher credit ratings than general insurance companies. The document identifies some limitations of the study and suggests measures to address problems with the credit rating system.
This document discusses credit ratings and their importance. It begins with an introduction to credit ratings, defining them as assessments of an issuer's ability and willingness to repay debt. It then discusses factors that affect credit ratings, the different types of credit ratings, and the advantages and disadvantages of credit ratings. The rest of the document focuses on the specific credit rating system used by State Bank of Hyderabad, covering their risk assessment model, types of risks considered, qualitative parameters, risk scores and rating transitions.
There are various factors that contribute to the firmnurnadrah2
There are several factors that influence a firm's capital structure strategy, including enterprise size, asset tangibility, growth opportunities, profitability, business risk, liquidity, interest expense, and age. The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between each of these factors and capital structure, noting that some relationships may be positive or negative depending on the context. Empirical research has used various metrics to measure each factor.
Do Islamic rural banks consider Islamic morality in assessing credit applicat...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to investigate how moral issues are considered in Islamic rural banks credit application analysis. To examine what factors are to be considered, this study applies a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative), using focus group discussions, analysis of documents, interviews, and survey methods. The findings of this study have shown some essential aspects that are considered in the financing analysis of Islamic Rural Banks (BPRS). The results also reveal that the managers of the BPRS have very similar perceptions of the importance of the 5Cs. As revealed in the findings, all BPRS concede that they are applying this model with a different level of significance. Most BPRS only focus on some key aspects that are considered more important than others.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the role of customer satisfaction in retaining customer loyalty at Sabadou Transfer Agency in Kankan, Guinea. The study uses the SERVQUAL model to evaluate the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Data was collected through questionnaires from 120 Sabadou customers. The findings show that service quality and customer satisfaction are significantly correlated with customer loyalty. Maintaining high quality services provides customer satisfaction and loyalty, while low quality leads to dissatisfaction and potential disloyalty. The conclusion is that a customer's likelihood to switch companies depends on service quality levels and satisfaction.
This document provides an overview of credit rating agencies in India and their rating methodology. It discusses:
1) The history and need for credit rating agencies, which emerged in the US in the 19th century to address financial crises and provide transparency to investors.
2) The regulatory framework and prominent credit rating agencies in India, including CRISIL, ICAI, CARE and FITCH, which are regulated by SEBI.
3) The methodology adopted by these agencies for bond ratings and IPO gradings. Bond ratings consider various financial factors, while IPO gradings in India provide an indication of the potential of companies.
4) A case study of IPO grading for Ratn
Corporate social responsibility (csr) and issue to corporate financial perfor...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) of banking companies in Bangladesh. It provides background on CSR and reviews previous literature on the relationship between CSR and CFP. The study uses questionnaires to assess perceptions of CSR among banking executives and social groups. It analyzes CSR practices reported in annual reports of selected Bangladeshi banks. Statistical tests are used to analyze the relationship between CSR and CFP. The study aims to provide insight into CSR practices in Bangladesh and their potential impact on financial performance.
Empowering MSMEs - Benefits of Credit Rating in MSME - Part - 8Resurgent India
Approaching a credit rating agency is a good option for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) given the problems they face in seeking finance. Rating agencies assess a firm's financial viability and capability to honour business obligations, provide an insight into its sales, operational and financial composition, thereby assessing the risk element and highlights the overall health of the enterprise.
The document discusses the impact of additional regulations on corporate collapses. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of introducing new regulations in response to corporate scandals. While additional regulations may increase accountability and prevent misconduct initially, they also motivate people to find ways around the laws, potentially resulting in more corporate failures. The best solution is a balanced approach combining necessary rules and guiding principles, focusing on ethics over just regulations. Introducing regulations without considering context or consequences is not an effective response.
Self-service technology, service quality, and relationship quality can influence customer loyalty to digital banking services. The study examined these factors' impact on e-loyalty of corporate customers using Bank Mandiri's cash management services. A survey of 115 corporate customers was conducted, and data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The findings showed that service quality positively influences both relationship quality and e-loyalty. Relationship quality was also found to positively impact e-loyalty. The study aims to provide a comprehensive model of how these factors relate and influence online customer loyalty in the banking sector.
The document examines the determinants of access to bank financing for small and medium enterprises in Sri Lanka. Through a literature review and analysis of survey data, it finds that the education level of entrepreneurs and membership in business associations are associated with greater access to bank financing, while other factors like firm size, age, and financial characteristics are not associated. The findings provide insights for banks, training institutions, and policymakers to improve small businesses' access to financing in Sri Lanka.
11.the impact of interest rate on profit among the united arab emirates uae s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the impact of interest rates on the profits of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A questionnaire was administered to 20 employees of UAE SMEs to understand how interest rates affect company profits. The results showed that interest rates highly impact profits of SMEs in the UAE, with the highest mean scores relating to clear customer information about accounts and accurate advertising. The lowest mean scores related to avoiding increasing debt levels beyond repayment capacity and explicit credit approval policies. In conclusion, the study provides initial evidence that interest rates influence profits of SMEs in the UAE.
Structural and relational influences on credit availability to small and mic...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Pressure on loan officers in microfinance institutions an ethical perspectiveAlexander Decker
1. Loan officers at microfinance institutions face tremendous pressure from management to meet quotas and deadlines. This pressure can include disbursing more loans, reducing late payments, and working long hours.
2. This unrealistic pressure has several negative consequences, including reduced productivity, high turnover, and compromising the quality of loans. It can also damage the employer-employee relationship and the institution's reputation.
3. To reduce pressure on loan officers, managers should implement ethical human resources policies, set realistic targets, provide support and training, strengthen communication, and ensure a balanced workload and work environment. Addressing pressure on frontline staff benefits both individuals and the overall sustainability and performance of microfinance organizations.
This document discusses governance and performance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India. It analyzes how governance mechanisms influence various performance and risk measures using data from 60 MFIs. Governance is important for MFIs to achieve their dual goals of reaching poor clients and achieving financial sustainability. The document differentiates between financial performance metrics like return on assets and operational costs, and outreach metrics like number of active borrowers. It explores how board characteristics, ownership type, regulation, and lending innovations may impact these outcomes.
The objective of this research is to study the managers' overconfidence effect on the relationship
between the firm risk and managers' rewards of the listed firms in the Tehran Stock Exchange. In addition, the
research sample had 136 members which were selected in 2012-2019 using the systematic removal sampling
method by considering the research variables conditions
Corporate Governance and Risk Management: Evidence From Banking Sector of Pak...Umer Gulzar
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Association between default behaviors of sm es and the credit facets of smes owners
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.1, 2012
Association between Default Behaviors of SMEs and the Credit
Facets of SMEs Owners
Amalendu Bhunia
Reader, Department of Commerce
Fakir Chand College, Diamond Harbour
South 24-Parganas – 743331
West Bengal, India
*E-mail of corresponding author: bhunia.amalendu@gmail.com
Abstract
This study attempts examines relationship between default behaviors of SMEs and the credit facets of their
owners. Identifying and measuring credit risk of SMEs should be different from that of large firms, for
SMEs appear to be influenced by their owners more directly and significantly, so that a more appropriate
and effective way of credit management of SMEs could be applied in practice. This study implement an
empirical study of logistic regression analysis with repeat sampling data after segregating the owners’
characteristics data into variables of basic aspects, credit capacity aspects and credit will aspects. The result
reveals that variables reflected credit capacity aspects share more significant relationship with the SMEs’
credit default behavior. It indicates that credit will variables and personal credit history have closest
relationship with enterprises’ default probability and the proportion of overdue loans are the extreme
significant variables which are valuable indicators in default risk estimate model.
Keywords: SMEs, owners’ credit aspects, credit risk
1. Introduction
Different from larger companies, identification and measurement of SMEs credit risk not
only depend on financial information, which is owing to financial information’s
incredibility and SMEs’ special risk characteristics. Compared with larger firms, SMEs
show personification obviously, it means their development progress largely depends on
the enterpriser, because, generally speaking, the owner of the enterprise is its founder as
well. It is widely believed that the founder’s education level, experience, sprit, ability of
management, personal quality, and social network are significant and important factors
for enterprise’s long term-development. As a result, unlike larger ones, the owners’ credit
features may be beneficial supplement for identifying and measuring SMEs credit risk.
2. Review of Literatures
In the research field on SMEs Credit Risk, besides the SME’s own financial information and non-financial
information, their owner’s personal information attracts scholars’ and practitioners’ close attention. For the
ability of settling debts largely depends on the cash flow of borrower, some scholars began with the study
on the relationship between enterprises’ performance and their owners’ features. Haliassos and Bertaut
(1995) showed that the people with higher education degree increasingly enlarge the proportion of risky
investment, such as stock and bond, to the personal fortune. It means that better educated people are also
better at finding opportunity of business and analyzing the market. The competence is just the
indispensable quality as an entrepreneur, so the owners’ education level exerts a significant influence on
their enterprises’ performance. Moreover, for most SMEs are at the start-up stage, the research on relativity
of entrepreneur’s feature and enterprise’s performance in embarking may offer a useful reference. Lussier
(2001) confirmed the factors of management skill and the owner’s age should be taken into consideration in
the predicting models for enterprise’s success. The result shows SMEs’ innovation ability is the key factor
for SME’s growing, and the SME’s innovation rest with their owner’s creation (Alberto Marcati et al.,
2008). However, some scholars found there was no relationship between entrepreneur’s characteristics and
enterprise’s performance (Liu Zhenhua, 2007). Meanwhile, some scholars made study on how owners’
personal information influences firms’ financing behavior and ability. Avery R.B. et al. (1998) provided
new empirical evidence on the relationship between personal commitments and the allocation of small
55
2. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 4, No.1, 2012
business credit, and suggested that personal commitments are important for seeking certain types of loans.
Personal commitments appear to be substitutes for business collateral, at least for lines of credit. Yan Jun
(2008) asserted that the personal and family management affected the will of external equity financing, and
make most private SMEs mainly rely on internal financing. The network and diversity-orderly structure and
trust of business owners are key factors which affect the availably of financing.
As a result, some enterprisers’ features considered as important impact on firms’ credit risk also emerged in
the theory and practice of identification and measurement for SMEs’ credit risk. In terms of the theory,
Grunet et al. (2004) emphasizes the effect of the owners’ age and characteristics in evaluation on SMEs’
credit risk. Zhou Qiaoyun (2004) chosen the enterprises’ quality and value as indicators to evaluate SMEs
credit risk. Ma Jiujie et al. (2004) conducted spot investigation and made empirical analysis on variables
leading to default loans of SMEs, which located at county wide, with Logit model. The results showed that,
owners’ features, especially their age, education degree and the percentage of stocks held by the owners,
could influence firms’ credit risk considerably. Furthermore, Zhao Ziyi (2006) put forward that the
variables for credit scoring model should include firms and their owners’ feature, and latter may contain
whether the owners were investors and had extensive social relationship(but it not been proved). As to
practice, American Robert Morris Association (ARMA) and Fair Isaac & Company cooperate to develop
SMEs credit risk scoring product and absorb owners’ personal qualities into the business’ credit
assessment, and testified that the owners’ personal indicators did have closer relationship with the firms’
credit level than its operational variables.
Accompanying the research on owners’ special features, parts of scholars sensed owners’ credit features
made effect on firms’ credit risk, but it had less study on this aspects. Wang Wenying (2004) thought that
SMEs rating should not only concern enterprises, but also take the enterpriser into account as well. Their
personal track record of tax duty, laws, social, commercial insurance, personal deposit and debt, and so on,
may contribute to predict the SMEs credit risk. Zhang Xin (2005) took advantage of the organizational
develop theory and behavior decision theory ‘s frame to analyze the characters of SMEs’ organization and
behavior, proving that the enterprisers significantly impacted on the business, and SMEs’ credit risk were
influenced by both personal aspiration and firms operation. It also puts forward hypothesis of relativity for
owners’ credit feature, enterprises’ operation and their state of default. Yang Huakun and Sun Liqiong
(2006) thought Small companies’ loan were similar to their owners’ personal loan, the aspiration to repay
depended on its credit level. Based on introducing reasonably owners’ credit estimation, they set up bi-
variate credit risk model combining enterprisers’ credit and financial indictor for small enterprises with less
than 2 million loan facility.
Limited by the Chinese less developed personal credit system, plenty of researches focused on SMEs
enterprisers’ specific personal information. However, there is seldom study on owners’ credit features. In
order to deeply find out SMEs credit risk’s regular pattern, we paid more attention to the mechanism that
how the SMEs credit risk are influenced by their owners’ credit characteristics, and conducted quantitative
analysis on the relativity of small and medium enterprisers’ personal credit features and controlled
enterprise s’ credit risk.
3. Methodology
3.1 Data Source
The data analyzed in this paper was derived from the credit database of SMEs offered by Mintai Institute of
Finance and Banking, Central University of Finance and Economics. We chosen 204 SMEs’ default
statuses and their owners’ credit information, 38 of which are default firms and the other 166 are non-
default firms. When constructing models below, we sampled elaborately according to the ratio of default
observations to good ones hitting on 1:2.
3.2 Hypotheses and Variables
According to the framework of mechanism mentioned above, we segregate the owners’ characteristics data
into variables of basic features, credit capacity features and credit will features, and we draw out the
hypotheses that these four aspects of the owner’s characteristics would play significant role in SMEs’ daily
management respectively. Meanwhile, in order to find out the closest personal information with firms’
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credit risk, this paper separate Credit will into four parts, credit history, overdue degree, recent credit
performance (Last 24 months) and self-inquiry frequency (Last 12 months).Credit capacity is also divided
into four aspects, ability of acquiring credit, structure of personal credit, tension of liability and inquiry
frequency from others (Table I).
Table-1: Variables of Owners’ Credit Features
Category Subcategory Variable
Age/Marriage/Gender/Habitation/Income/Job
Basic features -
title/Education
Amount/proportion of normal loans
Amount/proportion of overdue loans
Amount/proportion of settled loans
Credit history
Number/proportion of normal credit cards
Number/proportion of bad credit cards
Number/proportion of terminated credit cards
Average overdue duration of credit cards
Maximum overdue duration of credit cards
Overdue degree
Average overdue duration of loans
Credit will Maximum overdue duration of loans
Normal repayment frequency of loans
Settlement frequency of loans
Recent credit
performance Normal repayment frequency of credit cards
(Last 24 months) Settlement frequency of credit cards
Maximum number of repayments without reaching
requirement
Self-inquiry
Self-inquiry frequency
frequency
Proportion of self-inquiry
(Last 12 months)
Number of loan accounts/Number of credit
institution/Credit line of loans/Credit
balance/Guarantee for others/Number of
Ability of acquiring
loans/Amount of loans/ Number of credit
credit
card accounts/Number of credit card
issuers/Credit line of credit cards/Number of
Credit capacity
credit cards
Number/proportion of housing loans
Number/proportion of automobile loans
Structure of personal
Number/proportion of business loans
credit
Amount/proportion of housing loans
Amount/proportion of automobile loans
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Vol 4, No.1, 2012
Amount/proportion of business loans
Loan balance/Amount of overdraft/Credit
balance to credit line ratio/Overdraft amount
to credit line ratio/ Guarantee for others to
Tension of liability credit line ratio/Number of loans settled in
same year/Credit balance to income ratio/
Personal liability to income ratio/ Overdraft
amount to income ratio
Inquiry frequency/Inquiry frequency for dissension/
Inquiry frequency for credit card approval/ Inquiry
Inquiry frequency
frequency for credit loan approval/ Inquiry frequency
from others
for guarantee qualification/ Inquiry frequency for post-
loan risk management
4. Empirical Result
In order to certify the relativity of personal credit information and firms’ default probability, the paper
implied binary logistic regression with forward stepwise method and likelihood ratio standard. For the
credibility of empirical results, we have constructed randomly-sampling models for twenty times,
according to the ratio of 1:2 for default and non-default enterprises. Out of the twenty models’ results, we
chosen the result whose entering variable and variable’s coefficient were stable as the final empirical result
(Table-2).
Table-2: Empirical Results of Owners’ Credit Features
Samples All samples and variables
B SE Wald Sig.
Age -0.09 0.03 6.06 0.014
Variables entering the model Inquiry frequency for post-
0.33 0.12 7.89 0.005
loan risk management
Inquiry frequency for credit
0.06 0.03 4.07 0.044
loan approval
Accuracy/True positive rate 75.44%/47.37%
Samples All samples (only basic and credit capacity variables)
B SE Wald Sig.
Age -0.06 0.03 4.82 0.028
Variables entering the model
Inquiry frequency for post-
0.32 0.11 8.75 0.003
loan risk management
Accuracy/True positive rate 73.81%/35.71%
Samples All samples (only basic and credit will variables)
B SE Wald Sig.
Variables entering the model Age -0.08 0.03 7.71 0.006
Proportion of overdue loans 3.52 1.93 3.33 0.07
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Accuracy/True positive rate 70.75%/20.41%
As the empirical results showed, the correlation between owners’ age and enterprises’ default probability is
negative, and inquiry frequency for post-loan risk management and credit loan approval are positive to
firms’ default probability. It means that the higher owners’ age is, the lower their enterprises’ default
probability will be, and it is also greater when the inquiry frequency for post-loan risk management and
credit loan approval are larger. Accordingly, as to the enterprises’ credit information, there is some
difference between credit capacity and credit will in the correlation degree with SMEs’ default behavior.
For instance, compared with credit will features, the credit capacity indicators have closer relationship with
SMEs’ credit risk.
Additionally, despite in the same category, different variables have some difference in the significance of
relativity with SMEs’ credit risk. In terms of owners’ credit will variables, personal credit history and
overdue degree are more important, while self-inquiry frequency (last 12 months) is not significant to
firms’ default behavior. As to owners’ credit capability variables, the indicators of inquiry frequency from
others are more significant than the variables of structure of personal credit, ability of acquiring credit and
tension of liability. It means that appraisement from other intermediaries is important reference for SMEs’
credit risk prediction. Moreover, although less than the variables of inquiry frequency from others in
relativity, the variables of structure of personal credit, ability of acquiring credit and tension of liability are
also related to firm credit risk, such as number of credit institution, number of loan accounts and number of
housing loans. The above findings supply suggestions for taking advantage of personal credit information
in modeling SMEs’ credit risk.
5. Conclusion
In order to certify owners’ influence on SMEs’ credit risk and supply a new perspective for indentifying
SMEs’ credit risk, this paper resorted to data from Chinese SMEs, and studied on the relativity between
owners’ basic information and credit features with firms’ default behaviors.
As empirical results showed, as to personal credit information, there is some difference between credit
capacity and credit will in the correlation degree with SMEs’ default behavior. Compared with the
indicators of credit will features, the credit capacity indicators share closer relationship with SMEs’ credit
risk. Specifically, out of credit will variables, personal credit history have closest relationship with
enterprises’ default probability. For credit capacity indicators, inquiry frequency for post-loan risk
management and credit loan approval are most significant risk indicators which should be paid specially
attention to. It means that appraisement from other intermediaries is important reference for SMEs’ credit
risk estimate.
Furthermore, the meaning of this paper perhaps is that, despite the SMEs’ financial information usually is
not available, small and medium enterpriser’s basic information and personal credit data could also be
regarded as the useful predictors for the default probability. Thus, this finding may offer a new reliable
perspective and valuable references for financial intermediaries’ credit risk management for loans of SMEs.
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