Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged with ethics violations. Briefly discuss the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the verdict and penalties impacts your trust of the members of Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons why a third party candidate has never been successful in winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military affairs.
Use technology and information resources to resear ...
Assignment 2 It May Not Work in PoliticsDue Week 10 and worth 225.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged with ethics violations.
Briefly
discuss the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the verdict and penalties
impacts
your trust of the members of Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons why a third party candidate has never been successful in winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military affairs.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in the field of U.S. government and politics.
Write cl.
POL110 U.S. Government Week 10 Assignment 2 It May Not Work in.docxjolleybendicty
POL110 U.S. Government Week 10:
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Mar 3, 2017
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged with ethics violations. Briefly discuss the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the verdict and penalties impacts your trust of the members of Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons why a third party candidate has never been successful in winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military affairs.
Use technology and information resources to research issues .
Describe the importance of an informed/tutorialoutletWoodardz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
• Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing
skills, using the following rubric.
POL110 U.S. Government Week 6 Assignment 1Politics - Yeste.docxjolleybendicty
POL110 U.S. Government Week 6:
Assignment 1:
Politics - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Due Feb 3, 2017
Due Week 6 and worth 200 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student answers the following three (3) items using headers to separate each item:
Discuss either two (2) civil liberties or two (2) civil rights events (past or current) that have influenced a sense of social responsibility in the American government today. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: In your response, consider how the events influenced the way state, local or national political leaders or agencies responded in a socially responsible or ethical manner toward the community.
Discuss two (2) media events (past or present) that have positively and or negatively influenced the public’s opinion of a government agency. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how a news story or media coverage of an event positively or negatively changed the public’s opinion (or perception) regarding how responsible a government agency should be towards meeting the needs of its customers; i.e. the American people.
Discuss two (2) differences between the Republican and Democratic parties that may have an ethical impact (positively or negatively) on the American people. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider the different ideals, values, morals, and/or goals held by the Republican and Democratic parties, and their different views on the ethically or morally right way to govern and make the best policies for the people they serve. Determine if your example presents any type of ethical concerns for or against the public interest of the American people.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that does not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Distinguish between civil rights and civil liberties in the context of Supreme Court protection of freedom of expression.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Explain how the fede.
Assignment 2 it may not work in politicsAtherstonez
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Strayer pol 110 week 10 assignment it may not work in politicsFaarooqkhaann
pol 110 week 10 assignment it may not work in politics new,pol 110 week 10 discussion social security and medicare new,strayer pol 110,pol 110,strayer pol 110 week 10 tutorial,pol 110 week 10 assignment,strayer pol 110 week 10 help
Assignment 2 It May Not Work in PoliticsDue Week 10 and worth 225.docxkarenahmanny4c
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged with ethics violations.
Briefly
discuss the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the verdict and penalties
impacts
your trust of the members of Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons why a third party candidate has never been successful in winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military affairs.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in the field of U.S. government and politics.
Write cl.
POL110 U.S. Government Week 10 Assignment 2 It May Not Work in.docxjolleybendicty
POL110 U.S. Government Week 10:
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Mar 3, 2017
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged with ethics violations. Briefly discuss the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the verdict and penalties impacts your trust of the members of Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons why a third party candidate has never been successful in winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military affairs.
Use technology and information resources to research issues .
Describe the importance of an informed/tutorialoutletWoodardz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
• Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing
skills, using the following rubric.
POL110 U.S. Government Week 6 Assignment 1Politics - Yeste.docxjolleybendicty
POL110 U.S. Government Week 6:
Assignment 1:
Politics - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Due Feb 3, 2017
Due Week 6 and worth 200 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student answers the following three (3) items using headers to separate each item:
Discuss either two (2) civil liberties or two (2) civil rights events (past or current) that have influenced a sense of social responsibility in the American government today. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: In your response, consider how the events influenced the way state, local or national political leaders or agencies responded in a socially responsible or ethical manner toward the community.
Discuss two (2) media events (past or present) that have positively and or negatively influenced the public’s opinion of a government agency. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how a news story or media coverage of an event positively or negatively changed the public’s opinion (or perception) regarding how responsible a government agency should be towards meeting the needs of its customers; i.e. the American people.
Discuss two (2) differences between the Republican and Democratic parties that may have an ethical impact (positively or negatively) on the American people. Provide examples to support your answer. Note: Consider the different ideals, values, morals, and/or goals held by the Republican and Democratic parties, and their different views on the ethically or morally right way to govern and make the best policies for the people they serve. Determine if your example presents any type of ethical concerns for or against the public interest of the American people.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries, Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that does not qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving the U.S. government, national political processes, policy making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and American government.
Distinguish between civil rights and civil liberties in the context of Supreme Court protection of freedom of expression.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues and questions involving the U.S. government and national political processes using information in the course.
Explain how the fede.
Assignment 2 it may not work in politicsAtherstonez
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student addresses the following three (3) items using headers to separate each response:
Strayer pol 110 week 10 assignment it may not work in politicsFaarooqkhaann
pol 110 week 10 assignment it may not work in politics new,pol 110 week 10 discussion social security and medicare new,strayer pol 110,pol 110,strayer pol 110 week 10 tutorial,pol 110 week 10 assignment,strayer pol 110 week 10 help
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from the state crime lab request that AB Investigative Services (ABIS) prepare a standard operations procedure document concerning the general processing of computer evidence. Recent forensic investigator actions during the processing of computer evidence have failed to show understanding of how computer data are created, modified, and stored. In addition, the investigators have not understood the underlying technical issues tied to evidence processing and associated security issues. Provide four general evidence processing guidelines to ensure investigators understand the steps of processing evidence and the results when standard operating procedures are not followed.
Please submit your assignment.
.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of a balance sheet and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Analyze Ford Motor Company’s balance sheet from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style and it must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly
.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India
1947 Partition
Deepa Mehta’s earth (1998)
Characters
Aamir Khan - Dil Navaz, the Ice Candy Man
Nandita Das - Shanta, the Ayah
Rahul Khanna - Hassan, the Masseur
Maia Sethna - Lenny Sethna
Shabana Azmi - older Lenny, narrator
Kitu Gidwani - Bunty Sethna
Arif Zakaria - Rustom Sethna
Kulbhushan Kharbanda - Imam Din
Kumar Rajendra - Refugee Police
Pavan Malhotra - Butcher
IN Deepa Mehta’s words
I wanted desperately to make CRACKING INDIA into a film, a particular film, EARTH, which would be the second in my trilogy of the elements of Fire, Earth and Water.
Tracing Bapsi was no easy task but persevere we did and soon I was talking to Bapsi on the phone, hoping that the film rights to her book were still available. Two months later, thanks to David Hamilton's unwavering belief in the project, we owned the rights, had development funds, and I was sitting at my kitchen table, writing the screenplay of EARTH.
David and Anne Masson and I had worked together on FIRE and we re-assembled the team to begin the detailed planning of the production.
During this phase Bapsi became a friend and was exceedingly generous with information and old photographs. She would talk with me for hours about what it was like growing up in Lahore during those times. Lenny, after all, was based on Bapsi. In fact, Lenny was Bapsi.
The irony of our situation hasn't escaped Bapsi or myself. Bapsi is from Pakistan and now a US citizen. I'm from India and now living in Canada. If neither of us had moved from our respective homelands, the film just wouldn't have been possible. Pakistan and India, since the Partition of 1947, are sworn enemies. Not only have they fought three major wars against each other, but also, as I write this, both countries talk blithely about their nuclear capabilities and continue their militant aggression against each other across the still- disputed Kashmir border.
Fallen Women in the novel and film
Abducted women like Ayah and Hamdia, Lenny’s new nanny are viewed with suspicion from Lenny.
Page 226
“It isn’t a jail, Lenny baby…it’s a camp for fallen women.”
“What are fallen women?”
“Hai! The questions you ask! Your mother won’t like such talk…Now keep quiet”
“Are you a fallen woman?”
Fallen women – Abducted and raped women
In the aftermath of the 1947 declaration of Indian independence, the roughly drawn new state boundaries triggered what may have been the biggest migration in human history.
Historical consensus supports a figure of 12 million people displaced, although the BBC suggests figures as high as 14.5 million people. An undeclared civil war erupted as communities of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fought one another to establish their own identities in their redefined homelands. And, in the process, the Indian government estimates, 83,000 women were abused and abducted. Others put the number even higher.
“Rather than being raped and abandoned,” Yasmin Khan writes in The Great Partition: The ...
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pag.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (excluding the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of an income statement and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Include important points that an analyst would use in assessing the financial condition of the company. Also, analyze Ford Motor Company’s income statement from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style, and must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly sources.
.
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following qu.docxrock73
In a substantial paragraph respond to either one of the following questions:
1.) Choose one source of energy, explain its origins, how does it impact our Earth, and what effect does it have on our planet?
OR
2.) Explain, with details, how geology influences the distribution of natural resources.
NO MINIMUM WORD LENGTH REQUIRED.
.
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic,.docxrock73
In a study by Dr. Sandra Levitsky, she considers why the economic, physical, and emotional challenges of providing chronic care for a family member have not produced more salient political demands for aggressive policy intervention (Hudson, 2014).
Discuss her findings as well as your own theory on why there has not been a stronger demand from the public for policy intervention to assist caregivers.
Support your statements with evidence from the Required Studies and your research. Cite and reference your sources in APA style.
References
Hudson, R. (Ed). (2014).
The new politics of old age policy
(3rd ed.). Baltimore, John Hopkins.
.
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation o.docxrock73
In a response of at least two paragraphs, provide an explanation of the steps you took to rewrite the Romantic poem you selected. Your explanation should point out at least three typically modernist qualities in your work with regard to elements such as
language, style, literary elements, and themes. Here, as an example, is a brief explanation of the modernist rewrite of the first stanza of Wordsworth
’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”:
.
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is Americas past .docxrock73
in a minimum of 1000 words, describe why baseball is America's past time. As part of your paper you can share some of your memories of baseball. How did baseball mirror society(good and bad?) as a reflection of American society. Be sure to cite all of your sources and you must show direct evidence of integrating your textbook once per chapter as part of your final exam. Your paper should at include at least one resource from the library.
.
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public .docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response, describe some ways how the public has responded to the October 2001 USA Patriot Act. Has the public’s response been positive or negative? What are some pros and cons of the USA Patriot Act with the American public? Explain your answer.
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 213-214).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from .docxrock73
In a weekly coordination meeting, several senior investigators from the state crime lab request that AB Investigative Services (ABIS) prepare a standard operations procedure document concerning the general processing of computer evidence. Recent forensic investigator actions during the processing of computer evidence have failed to show understanding of how computer data are created, modified, and stored. In addition, the investigators have not understood the underlying technical issues tied to evidence processing and associated security issues. Provide four general evidence processing guidelines to ensure investigators understand the steps of processing evidence and the results when standard operating procedures are not followed.
Please submit your assignment.
.
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the e.docxrock73
In a memo, describe 1) the form and style of art as well as 2) the engineering phenomenon – a substantial paragraph for each. You will need to research both the art and engineering, so each section of the memo should include citations from credible sources.
i need to wrote two paragraph also incloude two citation for each one
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforce.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain the problems that law enforcement officials have faced regarding the issues of federal, state, and local jurisdictions attempting to intervene in tribal policing. How has this issue contributed to confusion and discontent with law enforcement? Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg. 22-25). Police. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in.docxrock73
In a minimum 200 word response explain some of the reasons why, in the context of span of control, it is more beneficial to
limit the number of officers reporting to one supervisor.
What factors can affect how many employees are supervised at one time?
Dempsey, J. S., & Forst, L. S. (2011, Pg.
Pg. 35-40
).
Police
. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
.
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to1. Summarize the ar.docxrock73
In a maximum of 750 words, you are required to:
1. Summarize the article (include all necessary background information);
2. Identify, discuss and analyze the main issue covered in the article, making links to all secondary
issues, theories and concepts;
3. Critique the actions taken by management and the union, (i.e., what did each do particularly
well or poorly); and
4. Discuss how the event in the article affects the lives of people other than those in management
or the union
.
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and referenc.docxrock73
in a two- to- three page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) would cause an increase in the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries’ Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Your paper must be formatted according to APA Style and include at least two scholarly sources to support your assertions.
.
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference.docxrock73
In a two- to three-page paper (not including the title and reference pages), explain the purpose of a balance sheet and how it reflects the firm’s financial status. Analyze Ford Motor Company’s balance sheet from its
2012 Annual Report
.
Your paper must be formatted according to APA style and it must include citations and references for the text and at least two scholarly
.
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this f.docxrock73
In a group, take a look at the two student essays included in this folder. For each of these essays: (1) outline the organization of the components, (2) label the components, (3) name the audience and purpose, (4) decide if you found the organization of the components to be effective, and if the components themselves were well written or poorly written. You'll type your notes into a Microsoft Word document, include the names of all group members, and then upload the document individually to your own iLearn dropbox.
.
BASEBALLRuns Scored (X)Wins (Y)7086987590654797048078795730716678661963867976457455667707918559674381731946418965471735797357361556
Develop a position paper on best practices for teaching English Learners. This paper should contain the student’s personal beliefs about and the best models to practice. Statements must be supported with research data. There must be at least THREE references. The textbook may serve as ONE reference (Education English Learners for a Transformed World) The paper must be typed using APA style, double spaced, and with a title page and a reference page. The paper should be no less than three pages in length.
The positon paper: why two way is the best method in Bilingual Education
1) Please explain the components of the Prism Model and why these components are important in creating a welcoming school that promotes success for English Learners.
2) There have been many programs and ideas in the US Public schools for how best to serve English Learners and close the gap between those who enter school speaking English and those who have to learn English along the way.
Following is a list of Bilingual Education Models that have been tried. According to the text book and the research of Virginia Collier and Wayne Thomas, please rate the following programs from 1-6 with 1 being the most effective program for student success and 6 being the least effective program for learning English:
__________Maintenance Bilingual Ed., Self-Contained
__________Transitional Bilingual Ed.
__________One-way Dual Language
__________Pull-out Bilingual Ed.
__________Two-way Dual Language
__________Enrichment Bilingual Education (30 min. per day)
The following programs are designed for ELs who do not live in an area where bilingual ed. is available or do not qualify for bilingual education due to the language they speak. Please rate the following ESL programs on a scale of 1-4 with 1 being the most successful way to teach English and 4 being the least effective program:
__________ESL Pull-out
__________Sheltered Instruction in the regular classroom
__________Total emersion with no language support
__________English enrichment, 30 minutes per day, by classroom teacher
3) Please explain the difference between a 50/50 model and a 90/10 model of Dual Language Education.
4) Why does 2-way Dual Language Education usually have better results than 1-way Dual Language Education?
5) In order to have an effective Dual Language program, there are two important things teachers should not do. What are they?
6) What does it mean to see other cultures not as a deficit but as a difference? Why is this idea important to your classroom?
7) We are required to have many formal assessments in our educational curriculum. However, informal assessment can be much more informative to the teacher of language learners. Please explain why Informal Assessments might be a better way for the teacher to know the true level of the student.
...
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics DialogueEthics .docxrock73
Based on Santa Clara University Ethics Dialogue
Ethics case studies
This is an extra credit assignment that I am offering for the first time this term. In this booklet, you will find 38 separate case studies. You are free to respond to any or all of these cases.
You may earn up to 5 extra credit points per question, based on the complexity of the case and the logic of your response. You may not earn more than 100 points (10 percent of your final grade).
You may find it helpful to read the paper “Four Tough Ethical Dilemmas” prior to responding.
While these are your opinions, citations are not expected; however, if you make use of the work of others, include APA style citations for complete credit.
Either cut and paste the cases you select to a separate file or use this file for your submission. If you use this file to submit a response, please delete those cases to which you are not responding.
Dr. Frick
Case 1: Family Loyalty vs. Meritocracy
A man was appointed president of the newly-acquired Philippine subsidiary of a large American company. He was reviewing the organization with the company's head of human resources. One thing the president noted was that the same names reoccurred frequently in several departments. "It is our tradition," commented the HR head. "Families take care of their own. If one family member gets a good job in a Philippine company, other members of the family apply to join that company and the first member there can help the whole family become successful by helping them get hired and by coaching them to be successful. The company benefits. Our costs of recruiting are lower, we know more about the people we hire, and the commitment to family success results in fewer performance and discipline problems because family members want to please their older relatives."
The president wondered how these practices would be regarded in a large American firm, and whether or not he should take action to change them.
1. Nepotism is not illegal, but is it ethical?
2. If the business is family-owned, does that make a difference?
3. How does national culture affect this discussion?
Case 2: Is the Two-Tier System Ethically Problematic
Employees at a cereal makers plant were “locked-out” from their jobs producing cereal for over 3 months. Company management and the union representing the employees reached a stalemate in negotiations resulting in the lockout. The union claims that the primary issue is the company’s demand of dramatically increasing the number of temporary workers, who would earn $6 less per hour and receive fewer benefits. Critics claim this effectively creates a two-tier system at the plant. Under the current agreement, the company may use temporary workers for up to 30% of the workforce, but the union claims the company is now pushing for 100%. The workers, who have had their health insurance suspended, fear that their jobs will either be replaced entirely by temporary workers, or they will be f ...
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires In her.docxrock73
Barbara Corcoran Learns Her Heart’s True Desires
In her hilarious and lighthearted book, Shark Tales: How I Turned $1,000 Into a
Billion Dollar Business, Barbara Corcoran demonstrates the importance of knowing what
you really want out of life (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011). As her title suggests, Barbara
founded her real estate company, The Corcoran Group, with only $1,000 and some big
dreams. Shortly after founding the company, Barbara took out a piece of paper and wrote
down some big goals for herself and the company. In 1978, she had only 14 sales agents
working for her, who earned a total of $250,000 in commissions. She set a goal of
doubling the number of agents and the commissions every year. So she put down 28 sales
people for 1979, 56 for 1980, and so on, all the way up to 1,792 salespeople in 1985 with
total commissions of $32,000,000. Barbara was amazed when she saw the fantastic sums
projected for 1985, and of course many people, when they see such amazing sums, would
dismiss the calculations as fantasy But as Barbara put it, she went to work the next day
hustling hard for her $32 million.
Real estate agents are paid largely by commission, which is about as close as you
can get to a pure form of contingent reward for performance. However, Barbara didn’t
rely solely on the commissions to motivate her workers. She threw theme parties and held
numerous social events to build a committed workforce. Good sales agents could always
move to another firm, but not every firm had Barbara’s positive attitude and fun-filled
atmosphere. In the early years of the firm, when money was tight, Barbara and her
relatives did the cooking for the outings and parties, and she found clever ways to
entertain people with skating parties and other lively activities. As the firm became larger
and more profitable, she even hired professional entertainers for the company’s midweek
picnics, which included elephant shows, daring rides on hot air balloons, horses, or
Harley Davidsons, etc. Barbara stated “I built my company on pure fun, and believe that
fun is the most underutilized motivational tool in business today. All of my best ideas
came when I was playing outside the office with the people I worked with” (Corcoran &
Littlefield, 2011, p. 283). What did she get in return for the fun atmosphere? She had the
“most profitable real estate company per person in the United States” (p. 284). By the
time she sold her agency in 2001, she had 1,000 agents working for her, and she had the
largest real estate agency in New York – clearly her motivational strategies attracted a
large number of productive employees.
Barbara Corcoran had sold her firm for $66 million. She thought that would make
her happy, but instead, it made her sad. Although she pretended to be happy with her new
wealth and freedom, she was “secretly miserable” (Corcoran & Littlefield, 2011, p. 232).
She had lost her purpose ...
Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India
1947 Partition
Deepa Mehta’s earth (1998)
Characters
Aamir Khan - Dil Navaz, the Ice Candy Man
Nandita Das - Shanta, the Ayah
Rahul Khanna - Hassan, the Masseur
Maia Sethna - Lenny Sethna
Shabana Azmi - older Lenny, narrator
Kitu Gidwani - Bunty Sethna
Arif Zakaria - Rustom Sethna
Kulbhushan Kharbanda - Imam Din
Kumar Rajendra - Refugee Police
Pavan Malhotra - Butcher
IN Deepa Mehta’s words
I wanted desperately to make CRACKING INDIA into a film, a particular film, EARTH, which would be the second in my trilogy of the elements of Fire, Earth and Water.
Tracing Bapsi was no easy task but persevere we did and soon I was talking to Bapsi on the phone, hoping that the film rights to her book were still available. Two months later, thanks to David Hamilton's unwavering belief in the project, we owned the rights, had development funds, and I was sitting at my kitchen table, writing the screenplay of EARTH.
David and Anne Masson and I had worked together on FIRE and we re-assembled the team to begin the detailed planning of the production.
During this phase Bapsi became a friend and was exceedingly generous with information and old photographs. She would talk with me for hours about what it was like growing up in Lahore during those times. Lenny, after all, was based on Bapsi. In fact, Lenny was Bapsi.
The irony of our situation hasn't escaped Bapsi or myself. Bapsi is from Pakistan and now a US citizen. I'm from India and now living in Canada. If neither of us had moved from our respective homelands, the film just wouldn't have been possible. Pakistan and India, since the Partition of 1947, are sworn enemies. Not only have they fought three major wars against each other, but also, as I write this, both countries talk blithely about their nuclear capabilities and continue their militant aggression against each other across the still- disputed Kashmir border.
Fallen Women in the novel and film
Abducted women like Ayah and Hamdia, Lenny’s new nanny are viewed with suspicion from Lenny.
Page 226
“It isn’t a jail, Lenny baby…it’s a camp for fallen women.”
“What are fallen women?”
“Hai! The questions you ask! Your mother won’t like such talk…Now keep quiet”
“Are you a fallen woman?”
Fallen women – Abducted and raped women
In the aftermath of the 1947 declaration of Indian independence, the roughly drawn new state boundaries triggered what may have been the biggest migration in human history.
Historical consensus supports a figure of 12 million people displaced, although the BBC suggests figures as high as 14.5 million people. An undeclared civil war erupted as communities of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fought one another to establish their own identities in their redefined homelands. And, in the process, the Indian government estimates, 83,000 women were abused and abducted. Others put the number even higher.
“Rather than being raped and abandoned,” Yasmin Khan writes in The Great Partition: The ...
Barriers of therapeutic relationshipThe therapeutic relations.docxrock73
Barriers of therapeutic relationship:
The therapeutic relationship between patient and nurse is often filled with barriers that can generate obstacles for the relationship and, in the end, the health system as a whole (Sfoggia et al.,2014). There are many factors that hinder building a therapeutic relationship: language, professional jargon, communication impairment, and cultural diversity (ibid).
Language:
Language can be an obstacle to nurse-patient communication because a patient may not be able to speak the same language and therefore communication is not possible (Levin,2006). The best way to overcome this barrier is providing a translator who can explain a professional facilitator's message easily to the patient(ibid). For instance, if the nurse only speaks English but the patient is only able to speak Arabic, a translation to the patient of what the professional facilitator is saying leads to less chance of misunderstanding (ibid). Translation also allows a patient to feel comfortable through being able to speak in their own language (ibid).
Medical jargon:
Jargon is a technical language that is comprehended by people in a specific industry or area of work (Leblanc et al.,2014). Health professionals often use jargon to communicate with each other(ibid). For example, T.B. disease stands for tubercle bacillus and HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Mccrary & Christensen,1993). Jargon often makes sense to health professionals but a patient who does not understand these acronyms will not understand such communication, leading to a barrier in therapeutic relationship between patient and health professional (Leblanc et al.,2014).
Communication impairment:
Patients with communication impairment such as blindness, deafness and speech impairment often feel isolated, frustrated and self-conscious (O’Halloran et al.,2009). Some patients are born with such disabilities or have developed them as a result of disease (ibid). Therefore, nurses should provide enough time in order to describe any issue to such patients so that they do not feel uncomfortable or censured by health professionals, who must remain impartial (ibid).
Cultural diversity:
Patients often have various differences (Leblanc et al.,2014).Some of these differences are due to a patient's illness, social status, economic class, education and personality(ibid). However, according to Kirkham (1998), the deepest differences might be cultural diversity. Beheri (2009) points out that many nurses believe if they just treat patients with respect, they will avoid most cultural issues. Nevertheless, avoiding misunderstanding can be achieved through some knowledge of cultural customs, which might help and enable nurses to provide better health care to patients (ibid).
Facilitators of therapeutic relationship:
UNCRPD (2006) states that the most fundamental human right in hospital is communication. Patients are required to be provided with an effective communication method by nurs ...
Barada 2Mohamad BaradaProfessor Andrew DurdinReligions of .docxrock73
Barada 2
Mohamad Barada
Professor Andrew Durdin
Religions of the World Hum 201-02
March 23rd, 2018
References:
1. Rachel. Rachel’s Musings: Buddhism is a Religion. Retrieved from https://www.rabe.org/thoughts-on-buddhism/buddhism-is-a-religion/
2. Winfield, Pamela. The Conversation: Why so many Americans think Buddhism is just a philosophy. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/why-so-many-americans-think-buddhism-is-just-a-philosophy-89488
Critical Analysis of the religious nature of Buddhism
The religious community often debates on whether Buddhism is categorized as a religion or as philosophical teaching. The answer to the question varies depending on an individual’s point of view. There are three main types of Buddhism practices across the world with each of them having smaller branches with slights variances in their teachings and beliefs. The different styles of Buddhist mainly encompass Theravada Buddhism, Vajrayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism. The various forms often have deities that are worshipped while others do not. Some often have scriptures while others do not usually believe in any physical form of the Buddhist teachings. The first article is authored by Rachel, a blogger, presenting the argument that Buddhism is a religion (Rachel, 1). On the other hand, the second article authored by Pamela Winfield recognizes Buddhism as a philosophy. Analyzing and comparing the two pieces having divergent views on the religious nature of Buddhism is crucial for understanding whether it is a religion or philosophy.
Summary of the articles
Rachel in her article considers Buddhism as a religion. The author acknowledges the fact that Mahayana Buddhism which is often found in greater part of Asia that includes Japan, Korea, and China often teaches on attaining enlightenment (Rachel, 1). The Mahayana often accept that every individual wishes to ensure the effective attainment of enlightenment and thus end the cycle of rebirth which others recognize as “Karma.” The article proceeds to state that Buddha is the greatest of the deities but is not worshipped. Instead, Buddha often inspires all those who practice doing as he once did. The author states that Buddhism often requires that the individuals that choose the wrong path attempt to re-accomplish these tasks in their next life alongside other punishments imposed on them by karma. The characteristics of this type of Buddhism thus often play a significant role in showing the religious nature of Buddhism. The author concludes by stating that Buddhism often contains all the different elements of a religion. Moreover, the article associates Buddhism with fallacies that characterize other religions and just as dangerous as other religions as well. A quote proves the claim on the dangerous nature of Buddhism that the author uses to summarize the teachings of Buddhism.
On the other hand, Winfield tends to focus on enlightening the readers on some of the aspects of Buddhism that ensures its a ...
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Assignment 2 It May Not Work in PoliticsDue Week 10 and worth.docx
1. Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Due Week 10 and worth 225 points
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which the student
addresses the following three (3) items using headers to
separate each response:
Congressional Ethics. Identify one (1) member of Congress
who has been charged with ethics violations. Briefly discuss the
reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you
agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties. Provide
examples to support your answer. Note: Consider how the
verdict and penalties impacts your trust of the members of
Congress.
Third Party Candidates. Discuss two (2) political reasons
why a third party candidate has never been successful in
winning a presidential election. Provide examples to support the
answer. Note: Consider the political impact of the Republican
and Democratic Party if a third party was successful.
Federal and State Authority. Identify one (1) current issue
facing the United States today. Analyze the respective roles of
Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine
whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state
responses to the issue. Explain.
In your research, you cannot use Wikipedia, online dictionaries,
Sparknotes, Cliffnotes, or any other Website do that do not
qualify as an academic resource.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size
12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow
2. APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for
any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment,
the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and
the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included
in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this
assignment are to:
Identify informed opinions on issues and questions involving
the U.S. government, national political processes, policy
making, and the notion of democracy.
Employ terminology used to study political science and
American government.
Develop reasoned written and spoken presentations on issues
and questions involving the U.S. government and national
political processes using information in the course.
Describe the basic values of American political culture.
Explain how the federal system of government works.
Explore different perspectives on issues and questions about
the U.S. government and national political processes.
Describe the importance of an informed, effective citizenship
for the national government and political processes.
Use concepts from our study of U.S. national government and
politics (such as models of democracy) to discuss government
and politics in state, local, and international contexts.
Examine the evolution of presidential power in military
affairs.
Use technology and information resources to research issues
in the field of U.S. government and politics.
Write clearly and concisely about U.S. government and
politics using proper writing
Points: 225
Assignment 2: It May Not Work in Politics
Criteria
3. Unacceptable
Below 60% F
Meets Minimum Expectations
60-69% D
Fair
70-79% C
Proficient
80-89% B
Exemplary
90-100% A
1. Identify one (1) member of Congress who has been charged
with ethics violations.. Briefly discuss the reason for the
charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree
with the verdict and any penalties
Weight: 25%
Did not submit or incompletely identified Identify one (1)
member of Congress who has been charged with ethics
violations.. Briefly discuss the reason for the charges and
provide two (2) reasons why you agree or disagree with the
verdict and any penalties
Insufficiently Identify one (1) member of Congress who has
been charged with ethics violations.. Briefly discuss the reason
for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you agree or
disagree with the verdict and any penalties
Partially identified Identify one (1) member of Congress who
has been charged with ethics violations.. Briefly discuss the
reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you
agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties
Satisfactorily identified Identify one (1) member of Congress
who has been charged with ethics violations.. Briefly discuss
the reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you
agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties
4. Thoroughly identified Identify one (1) member of Congress who
has been charged with ethics violations.. Briefly discuss the
reason for the charges and provide two (2) reasons why you
agree or disagree with the verdict and any penalties
2. Discuss two (2) reasons why a Third Party candidate has
never been successful in the presidential election.
Weight: 25%
Did not submit or incompletely discussed two (2) reasons why a
Third Party candidate has never been successful in the
presidential election.
Insufficiently discussed two (2) reasons why a Third Party
candidate has never been successful in the presidential election.
Partially discussed two (2) reasons why a Third Party candidate
has never been successful in the presidential election.
Satisfactorily discussed two (2) reasons why a Third Party
candidate has never been successful in the presidential election.
Thoroughly discussed two (2) reasons why a Third Party
candidate has never been successful in the presidential election.
3. Identify one (1) current issue facing the United States today.
Analyze the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in
addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution
constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue. Weight:
25%
Did not submit or incompletely identified one (1) current issue
facing the United States today. Did not submit or incompletely
analyzed the respective roles of Federal and state authorities in
addressing the issue. Determine whether the U. S. Constitution
constrains the Federal and state responses to the issue.
Insufficiently identified one (1) current issue facing the United
States today. Insufficiently analyzed the respective roles of
Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine
whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state
responses to the issue.
Partially identified one (1) current issue facing the United
States today. Partially analyzed the respective roles of Federal
and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine whether
5. the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state responses
to the issue.
Satisfactorily identified one (1) current issue facing the United
States today. Satisfactorily analyzed the respective roles of
Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine
whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state
responses to the issue.
Thoroughly identified one (1) current issue facing the United
States today. Thoroughly analyzed the respective roles of
Federal and state authorities in addressing the issue. Determine
whether the U. S. Constitution constrains the Federal and state
responses to the issue.
4. Writing / Support for ideas (8%)
Never uses reasons and evidence that logically support ideas
Rarely uses reasons and evidence that logically support ideas
Partially uses reasons and evidence that logically support ideas
Mostly uses reasons and evidence that logically support ideas
Consistently uses reasons and evidence that logically support
ideas.
5. Writing / Grammar and mechanics
(5%)
Serious and persistent errors in grammar, spelling, and
punctuation
Numerous errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation
Partially free of errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation
Mostly free of errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation
Free of errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation
6. Writing and Information Literacy / Integration and Crediting
of Sources
(7%)
Serious errors in the integration of sources, such as intentional
or accidental plagiarism, or failure to use in-text citations.
Sources are rarely integrated using effective techniques of
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, using in-text citations
Sources are partially integrated using effective techniques of
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, using in-text citations
6. Sources are mostly integrated using effective techniques of
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, using in-text citations
Sources are consistently integrated using effective techniques of
quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing, using in-text citations
7. Information Literacy / Research (5%)
Quantity and/or quality of sources are unacceptable
Too few references and/or references are of poor quality
Number of sources is less than expected and/or the quality of
sources is questionable.
Number of sources is sufficient and the quality of sources is
mostly good.
Number of sources is sufficient and the quality of sources is
good.
Homework 7 Due: 3/21/2016 (Monday)
Question: Each student should write a page of review summary
from one of the following
research articles. You can combine the knowledge that you learn
from the biofuels classes.
Please choose your interested article and upload your homework
on the Blackboard.
The summary should contain following scientific component: 1)
Background, 2) experimental
design; 3) interpretation of the data; 4) statistical analysis; 5)
impact; and 6) conclusion.
Research articles: (The full version of the articles are attached
below)
1. Sivakumar et al. 2014. Bioprocessing of Stichococcus
7. bacillaris strain siva2011.
Biotechnology for Biofuels, 7:62.
2. Sivakumar et al. 2014. Biomass and RRR-a-tocopherol
production in Stichococcus
bacillaris strain siva2011 in a balloon bioreactor. Microbial
Cell Factories, 13: 79
RESEARCH Open Access
Bioprocessing of Stichococcus bacillaris strain
siva2011
Ganapathy Sivakumar1*, Kwangkook Jeong2 and Jackson O Lay
Jr3
Abstract
Background: Globally, the development of a cost-effective long-
term renewable energy infrastructure is one of the
most challenging problems faced by society today. Microalgae
are rich in potential biofuel substrates such as lipids,
including triacylglycerols (TAGs). Some of these algae also
biosynthesize small molecule hydrocarbons. These
hydrocarbons can often be used as liquid fuels, often with more
versatility and by a more direct approach than
some TAGs. However, the appropriate TAGs, accumulated from
microalgae biomass, can be used as substrates for
different kinds of renewable liquid fuels such as biodiesel and
jet fuel.
Results: This article describes the isolation and identification of
8. a lipid-rich, hydrocarbon-producing alga, Stichococcus
bacillaris strain siva2011, together with its bioprocessing,
hydrocarbon and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. The
S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was scaled-up in an 8 L bioreactor
with 0.2% CO2. The C16:0, C16:3, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3
were 112.2, 9.4, 51.3, 74.1 and 69.2 mg/g dry weight (DW),
respectively. This new strain produced a significant amount
of biomass of 3.79 g/L DW on day 6 in the 8 L bioreactor and
also produced three hydrocarbons.
Conclusions: A new oil-rich microalga S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 was discovered and its biomass has been scaled-up
in a newly designed balloon-type bioreactor. The TAGs and
hydrocarbons produced by this organism could be used as
substrates for jet fuel or biodiesel.
Keywords: Algae, Bioreactor, Hydrocarbon, Jet fuel,
Triacylglycerol
Background
Worldwide consumption of crude oil is predicted to grow
continuously. It is clear that in spite of improvements in
the recovery of traditional fossil fuels, alternative renew-
able energy resources will at some point be needed.
Moreover, such renewable fuels offer the prospect of
minimizing increases in atmospheric CO2 by recycling
carbon from the atmosphere back into a viable liquid
fuel (or perhaps eventually sequestering it entirely).
Over a large number of cycles, the net effect could be a
significant reduction in the addition of CO2 into the at-
mosphere compared to continued reliance only on fossil
fuels. A wide variety of existing biofuel technologies have
been tested, but none have proven to provide a suitable
source of replacement liquid fuels. Although current alter-
natives such as ethanol and biodiesel can provide carbon
neutrality, fuels derived largely from normally edible plant
10. unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly credited.
Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/7/1/62
mailto:[email protected]
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
Recently, Stichococcus bacillaris Naegeli was proposed
as a potential and dedicated candidate for use in fuel pro-
duction [8]. S. bacillaris is a green soil microalga which in-
cludes over 14 species [9]. Cells are approximately 2 to
3 μm in diameter. The state of filamentous or unicellular
structures depends on salinity [10]. This species can grow
both in freshwater and seawater with different growth kin-
etics [11], while tolerating high salinities [12]. In addition,
this alga has adapted to low temperatures and is found in
ice-free areas of Antarctica [13]. Moreover, it also contains
high NADPH-GDH activity [14], low CO2 resistance [15]
and has unique microtubule organization in prophase
[16]. The NADPH-GDH plays an important role in photo-
synthetic microalgae, which is associated with photore-
gulation and the incorporation of ammonia into amino
acids. The changes in NADPH-GDH were shown in
different culture conditions such as photoautotrophic,
heterotrophic and mixotrophic [17]. Compared to am-
monium, nitrate-grown S. bacillaris had higher activity
of NADPH-GDH [18]. S. bacillaris is fairly abundant glo-
bally, can remove heavy metals from hazardous environ-
ments [19] and is also capable of biotransforming phenols
[20]. These characteristics suggest that S. bacillaris could
minimize water contamination or improve water quality.
In addition, this organism has a short life cycle and is
11. tolerant to different ranges of pH. Most importantly,
over 30% of its dry mass can be produced as oil that can
be readily converted to biodiesel [21]. Moreover, this
alga produced a high percentage of C16 to C18 carbon
fatty acids. Therefore, the goal was to isolate Stichococ-
cus species for the study of aviation fuel. Other proposed
algal strains either produced triterpene hydrocarbons
that are difficult to convert cost-effectively to usable
fuels or grew too slowly to be useful [22,23]. Some other
TAGs are produced from algae but they typically yield a
low biomass [24]. Thus, the aim of this research has
been: 1) to isolate new Stichococcus algal species produ-
cing significant quantities of lipids and hydrocarbons, es-
pecially those suitable for production of aviation fuel;
and 2) to evaluate the scale-up potential of this alga in a
new design balloon-type bioreactor.
Results and discussions
Stichococcus bacillaris strain siva2011 identification
A new axenic microalga S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was
isolated from an in vitro plant. Microscopic examination
demonstrated green rod-shaped cells 5 to 10 μm in
length and 2 to 3 μm in diameter. The cells are often
presented in chains. The 18S sequence data confirmed
that this new alga is a strain of genus Stichococcus with
the greatest similarity to S. bacillaris. However, there is a
large difference between this and existing strains at nu-
cleotides 610 to 980 of the 18S rDNA (see Additional
file 1). The 23S sequence did not match with existing S.
bacillaris sequences, providing further confirmation that
this is a new species. Due to taxonomic problems of the
Stichococcus species and intraspecific biodiversity [25],
this new alga was named ‘Stichococcus bacillaris strain
siva2011’. The two partial sequences were deposited into
12. the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
[GenBank:JN168788 and JN168789]. A neighbor-joining
tree was created using a Clustal X2.0.12 set to exclude posi-
tions with gaps and correct for multiple substitutions.
Based on the 18S rDNA sequences, 1,000 bootstrap trials
were used to show the relationship of the S. bacillaris and
the strain siva2011 (Figure 1). Previously, a similar phylo-
genetic tree was reported for S. bacillaris strains NJ-10 and
NJ-17 [13].
Bioreactor culture of S. bacillaris strain siva2011
To further explore the potential for enhanced fuel applica-
tion, production of the S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was cul-
tured using a low-cost indoor balloon-type bioreactor
(Figure 2). This alga required both light and sugar sub-
strates for optimum growth. The higher biomass accu-
mulation was noticed in 1% fructose supplemented
medium when compared to other sugars. It is also im-
portant to know that in a 6-day culture, a comparison of
Trebouxiophyte sp. UR55/3
Trebouxiophyte sp. UR47/41
Stichococcus deasonii UTEX 1706
Stichococcus bacillaris
K4-4
Stichococcus mirabilis
CCAP 379/3
Stichococcus sp.
MBIC10465
Stichococcus bacillaris
13. D10-1
Stichococcus bacillaris strain siva2011
Stichococcus jenerensis
D4
716
582
591
695
409
311
0.001
Figure 1 Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of S.
bacillaris strain siva2011 based on 18S rDNA sequences. A
distance of 0.001 is indicated by the scale.
Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 2
of 9
http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/7/1/62
the sugar concentrations and the total inorganic carbon in
the media showed no significant difference (data not
shown). Light limitation is one of the critical factors in
algal biomass scale-up in the photobioreactor. This strain
grows well under a low light intensity (15 to 30 μE m-2 s-1
14. for 10 hours) and requires room temperature. The newly
designed reactor has a larger headspace, which efficiently
captures light and also has good media circulation to en-
hance photosynthesis. In other words, this unique bioreac-
tor configuration could minimize the factors limiting the
overall rate of photosynthesis in a high density culture.
After autoclaving the media, the pH dropped from 6.0
to 4.2 because of fructose degradation. The sugar deg-
radation could be minimized by sterilizing filtration;
however, this procedure increases the percentage of cul-
ture contamination. Figure 3A,B illustrates the kinetics
of S. bacillaris strain siva2011 grown for 6 days in 4 L
and 8 L airlift balloon bioreactors with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or
0.5% CO2, respectively. Of the four concentrations of
CO2 tested, 0.2% yielded the highest biomass. The expo-
nential growth phase was noticed on day 4 and station-
ary phase on day 6. Although the culture medium
nutrients did not deplete in 6 days, the pH dropped to
highly acidic levels (Figure 4A,B). The dropping pH
could be caused by the degradation of fructose or CO2
effects or HNO3 accumulation in the culture medium.
For instance, in the aqueous phase, nitrogen oxide from
the media could react with oxygen to form nitrogen di-
oxide, which could then react with the hydroxyl radical
to form nitric acid. In order to bring the pH back to an
optimum level of 4.5 to 5.0 in fructose supplemented
medium, every 6 days the culture was subcultured and
old media was removed by centrifugation. Alternatively,
adding sodium hydroxide to the culture could perhaps
have maintained the pH; further studies are needed for
verification. This alga did not grow well in algal Bold’s
Basal Medium (BBM) (data not shown).
On day 6 with 0.2% CO2, a maximum biomass of
15. 3.79 g/L dry weight (DW) was achieved in 8 L and 3.45 g/
L DW in 4 L, respectively. Since the new strain requires a
very low 0.2% of CO2, the input cost on large-scale could
be minimized. When compared to 0.5% CO2, algal cells
grown in a 4 L bioreactor were higher in biomass, with
0.55, 0.986 and 1.45 g/L DW in the 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%
CO2, respectively. Similarly, in the 8 L bioreactor, biomass
accumulation was 0.793, 1.107 and 1.79 g/L DW after
Figure 2 Balloon-type bioreactor 20 L culture of S. bacillaris
strain siva2011 (working volume 8 L).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D
ry
17. 4.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D
ry
W
ei
gh
t
(g
/L
)
Days
0.05% CO2
0.10% CO2
0.20% CO2
0.50% CO2
B
Figure 3 Growth kinetics of S. bacillaris strain siva2011. (A)
Growth for 6 days in a 4 L airlift balloon bioreactor with 0.05,
0.1, 0.2 or 0.5% CO2.
(B) Growth for 6 days in an 8 L airlift balloon bioreactor with
0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5% CO2.
Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 3
of 9
18. http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/7/1/62
6 days of culture. Both growth and pH kinetic trends were
similar in 4 L and 8 L bioreactors. The data supports the
notion that this strain does not require light intensity over
15 to 30 μE m-2 s-1; therefore, achieving high density bio-
mass may not be a problem. However, the optimization of
air flow is needed for better media circulation and growth.
The media circulation is critical for efficient photosyn-
thesis. The oil-rich alga Ettlia oleoabundans accumulates
2.28 g/L dry biomass in BBM in approximately 22 to
27 days [24], while S. bacillaris strain siva2011 accumu-
lates approximately 1.5 g/L higher biomass within 6 days
in modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.
For scale-up studies, modeling is necessary because it
provides detailed estimates regarding prediction and
validation. For instance, DW of S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 has been regarded as an indicator for produc-
tivity in the bioprocess. Prediction of DW is needed
and helpful for scale-up of S. bacillaris strain siva2011
biomass in large-scale reactors. Quinn et al. [26] mod-
eled microalgae growth and lipid accumulation in an
outdoor photobioreactor by using MATLAB for biofuel
applications. This model qualitatively captures the growth
trends with variations in time. Figure 5 shows the pre-
diction of normalized DW for 0.2% CO2 in 4 L and 8 L
bioreactors compared with experimental/measured data
obtained from each test. An overall trend of predicted
DW for 8 L was similar to the 4 L data. The R2 value has
been estimated in the 8 L as 85.8%, while the 4 L exhibits
0
21. Figure 4 pH kinetics of S. bacillaris strain siva2011. (A) Grown
medium pH for 6 days in a 4 L airlift balloon bioreactor with
0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or
0.5% CO2. (B) Grown medium pH for 6 days in an 8 L airlift
balloon bioreactor with 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5% CO2.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
N
or
m
al
iz
ed
22. D
ry
W
ei
gh
t,
D
W
*
Normalized Time, t*
4L Measured with 0.20%
8L Measured with 0.20%
4L Predicted with 0.20%
8L Predicted with 0.20%
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Figure 5 Prediction of normalized S. bacillaris strain siva2011
dry weight (DW) for 0.2% CO2 in 4 L and 8 L balloon-type
bioreactors.
23. Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 4
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87.4%. Both tests give an error under 15%. This suggests
that the selected variables are not adequate for accurate
validation and mapping within an acceptable error. Appli-
cation of polynomial equations with more variables in the
modeling or another mathematical approach might be
warranted for future optimization if better accuracy is
needed.
Hydrocarbons and FAMEs
Figure 6 shows the gas chromatography–mass spectrom-
etry (GC-MS) total ion chromatogram of the hydro-
carbon fraction harvested from S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 biomass. This chromatogram shows that this
strain biosynthesizes three free hydrocarbons, namely
n-nonadecane (C19H40), nonacosane (C29H60) and hep-
tadecane (C17H36). These alkanes are also found in trad-
itional and non-traditional liquid fuels. The S. bacillaris
strain siva2011 contained 1.36% of total hydrocarbons: the
C19H40, C29H60 and C17H36 were 6.3, 4.1 and 3.2 mg/g
DW, respectively, with 0.2% CO2. In addition, it was un-
changed in both the 4 L and 8 L bioreactor studies. Some
of these hydrocarbons were previously reported in other
algal species [27,28]. In cyanobacteria, a two-step alkane
biosynthetic pathway was reported: 1) acyl-acyl carrier
protein (ACP) reductase converted ACP into aldehyde
by reduction; and 2) an aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase
converted aldehyde into alkane or alkene by oxidation
[29,30]. The overexpressed ACP reductase and aldehyde-
deformylating oxygenase cyanobacteria LX56 strain bio-
mass accumulated 1.1% DW of alkane in a column
24. photobioreactor [30]. In general, alkane accumulation
was toxic to algal cells, therefore, production was lowered.
However, the longer chain (over C12) of alkane accumula-
tion was insignificant with respect to toxicity in Saccharo-
myces cerevisiae cells, while C8 to C11 alkanes were
cytotoxic [31]. Although the S. bacillaris strain siva2011
biosynthesize longer chain hydrocarbons, the alkane level
is lower than in the TAGs. Since the S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 is a new species, a reference genome is necessary
for transcriptome analysis, and subsequent metabolic en-
gineering is unavailable.
The S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass contains two
free fatty acids (FFAs) (palmitic acid (C16:0), linolenic
acid (C18:3)) and phytol (Figure 6). Figure 7 illustrates
the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile and total lipid
(35.82%) content of S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass
from the 8 L bioreactor culture with 0.2% CO2. This
data shows that this strain contains 31.62% of total
FAMEs, 2.3% of FFAs and 1.9% of unidentified fatty
acids, which is higher compared to the 4 L bioreactor. In
addition, 1.2% of phytol was also found. The S. bacillaris
strain 158/11 biomass contained 32% of total lipid and
1% of phytol [21]. The results show that this strain con-
tains a high degree of unsaturated fatty acids. The main
unsaturated FAMEs detected are methyl hexadecatrieno-
ate (C16:3), methyl oleate (C18:1), methyl linoleate
(C18:2) and methyl linolenate (C18:3). The predominant
saturated FAME is methyl palmitate (C16:0). This profile
is consistent with the other S. bacillaris strains, NJ-10
and NJ-17 [13]. When S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was
scaled-up in the 8 L bioreactor with 0.2% CO2, the
C16:0, C16:3, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were 112.2, 9.4,
51.3, 74.1 and 69.2 mg/g DW, respectively; in the 4 L bio-
reactor the FAMEs were 102, 8.1, 49.4, 71.7 and 65.3 mg/g,
25. respectively, which is higher compared to the 0.5% CO2. It
suggests not only that S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass
was scaled-up, but also that the TAG production metabol-
ism appeared to be scaled-up as well. However, the FAME
profiles were unchanged. Previously this reactor was used
for plant root culture and was successful at commercial-
scale (10,000 L) cultivation of small molecules [32,33]. It
was also demonstrated that the resveratrol metabolic
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0
Minutes
k
C
ou
n
ts
n
-N
27. ta
d
ec
an
e
Figure 6 GC-MS profile of the hydrocarbons and free fatty acids
from S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass. GC-MS, gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 5
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pathway gene, chalcone synthase, was highly expressed in
this type of reactor. Moreover, this reactor design has not
only non-agitation hydrodynamics but also enhanced
geometry, flow dynamics and kinematics [33,34]. Thus, this
configuration could enhance light capturing by mixing the
algal cells evenly, which facilitates photosynthesis and bio-
mass accumulation as well as possibly up-regulating fatty
acid pathway genes. Olivieri et al. [21] showed that the S.
bacillaris 158/11 contains C16:0 6.5%, C18:3 5.2%, C18:2
4.6% and C18:1 13.8%. This suggests that the Stichococcus
species has unique fatty acid profiles which could be used
for high-quality liquid fuel production. However, the actual
large-scale feasibility test for algal biomass scale-up is
needed for aviation fuel production.
Conclusions
Long-term energy demands will eventually greatly out-
28. weigh the world supply of fossil fuels, and their use in-
creases greenhouse gases. Therefore, alternative sources
and methods of producing fuels must be found. Although
algae can capture greenhouse gas emissions while produ-
cing oxygen, the need for high biomass and oil accumula-
tion are challenging for algal-based bioenergy production.
S. bacillaris strain siva2011 is rich in lipids, presumably
TAGs, with a suitable carbon range for aviation or other
liquid fuels. Indeed, scaling studies showed that at 0.2%
CO2 supplementation S. bacillaris strain siva2011 had bet-
ter growth and increased FAMEs in the 8 L bioreactor
than 4 L. It is likely that the 20 L bioreactor could have
substantially lower hydrodynamic stress. However, fur-
ther studies on mass transfer at larger scales seem to be
warranted. The culture conditions vary from alga spe-
cies to species. S. bacillaris strain siva2011 can grow in
conditions mentioned in this study. Irrespective of the
need to further characterize the biochemical pathways
for this organism, it is nevertheless important to point
out that there is already sufficient empirical evidence
that it will likely be a possible candidate for renewable
production of light liquid fuels based on the copious
production of lipids and hydrocarbons, and especially
the relatively high degree of unsaturation found therein.
Materials and methods
Isolation and identification of Stichococcus bacillaris strain
siva2011
Axenic S. bacillaris strain siva2011 cells were isolated
from in vitro Lagerstroemia seedlings. The morphology of
algal cells was identified by light microscopy. The genus
and species were identified by the 18S rDNA region of the
nuclear chromosome and the 23S region of the chloro-
plast rDNA. PCR was performed using primers to amplify
the 23S and the 18S region of the rDNA. The products
29. were then sequenced. The genus Stichococcus was iden-
tified based on the 18S rDNA sequence in the NCBI
database. The identification was confirmed and authen-
ticated by The Culture Collection of Algae at the Uni-
versity of Texas at Austin (UTEX), Austin, TX, USA.
The phylogenetic tree was created based on the 18S
rDNA sequence using a Clustal X2.0.12 set to exclude
positions with gaps, correct for multiple substitutions
and run 1,000 bootstrap trials.
Bioreactor culture
The new alga S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was cultured in
5 L and 20 L liquid-phase airlift balloon-type bioreactors
[32-34] with modified MS [35] liquid medium for 6 days.
This alga was also tested in BBM for comparison [36]. To
evaluate the scale-up potential of the balloon-type bioreac-
tor for larger-scale use, the 5 L bioreactor was used for the
4 L working volume and a 20 L bioreactor was used for the
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
%
o
30. f
L
ip
id
FAMEs
Figure 7 Total lipid content from S. bacillaris strain siva2011,
biomass from 20 L bioreactor and working volume 8 L with
0.2% CO2 on
day 6. FA, fatty acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl ester; FFA, free
fatty acid.
Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 6
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8 L working volume in order to gain a linear biomass pat-
tern for prediction or modeling. Working volumes of bio-
reactors for scale-up studies were previously published [37]
for root culture and were not repeated here. Balloon biore-
actors have a larger headspace. The 5 L bioreactor has an 8
inch diameter and the 20 L has a 12 inch diameter, which
may facilitate efficient light absorption and medium circu-
lation for algal culture. The modified MS medium contains
reduced NH4NO3 0.6 g, KNO3 1.5 g [32,33] with 1% fruc-
tose and pH 6.0. The cool white fluorescent room lights at
15 to 30 μE m-2 s-1 for 10 hours followed by 14 hours of
dark and 23 to 25°C culture conditions were used. After
autoclaving the medium and the bioreactor, the axenic
algal cells were cultured into the bioreactor. The inoculum
was active cells that were 3 days old and 0.05 g fresh
weight (FW)/L. The bioreactor cultures were supple-
31. mented with different concentrations of sterile filtered CO2
such as 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5%. The input air mixture CO2
gas flow was set at 0.1 vvm (volume (of air) per volume (of
liquid) per minute). To screen growth kinetics of S. bacil-
laris strain siva2011, algal biomass was harvested, and
medium pH was measured after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 days.
Algal cells were harvested by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm
for 5 minutes. After harvesting, algal biomass were frozen
in liquid nitrogen and freeze-dried. DW was recorded after
the samples were freeze-dried to a constant weight.
Linear regression
A linear regression model has been developed based on
0.2% CO2 experimental data to predict DW of S. bacillaris
strain siva2011 production ranging from 4 L to 8 L. Re-
lated variables including DW, yCO2, pH, time (t) and vol-
ume (V) are listed from constituents in S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 production tests, as follows:
DW ¼ f yCO2; pH; t; Vð Þ ð1Þ
To test its feasibility, it has been simplified into a lin-
ear equation with two variables, t and V, among the
whole variables as shown in Equation (2):
DW ¼ f t; Vð Þ
¼ at þ bð Þ⋅ V c ð2Þ
Experimental data and variables have been normalized
using maximum DW and t to establish a mathematical
model as shown in Equations (3) and (4).
DW% ¼ DW=DW f ð3Þ
t% ¼ t=tf ð4Þ
32. Where DWf is maximum DW (g/L) produced from 8 L
test under 0.2% CO2 fraction and tf is maximum t to reach
the maximum DW. The DWf and tf were 3.79 g/L on day
6. V has been standardized by a baseline 8 L in this model.
Constants a, b and c in Equation (2) have been determined
using test data and a linear least squares method. The 4 L
and 8 L data were used to determine the constants: a, b
and c. The final non-dimensional equation is suggested by
Equation (5):
DW% ¼ 1:0676⋅ t% þ 0:042ð Þ⋅
V 2
V 1
! "0:19177
ð5Þ
V1 was base volume at 4 L and V2 was extended at 8 L
volume.
Analysis of hydrocarbons and FAMEs
One gram of 6-day-old freeze-dried algal cells were used
for analysis of hydrocarbons and FAMEs. The total lipids
were evaluated according to Jones et al. [38]. FAMEs
were processed according to the AOAC method 996.06
and AOCS method Ce 1 h-05 [39,40]. Each FAME GC-
MS spectra were acquired using a Clarus 500 gas chroma-
tography (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) coupled to a
Clarus A mass spectrometer (PerkinElmer). A FAME-
WAX column (Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA) was used for
separation of FAMEs (30 m length, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 μm
film thickness). The column conditions were determined
prior to analysis using a FAME and hydrocarbon reference
mixture. Initially, the gas chromatography temperature
was 30°C and ramped 10°C/min to a final temp of 220°C
33. and held for 15 minutes at 220°C. Helium was used as the
carrier gas. The flow rate was set at 1 mL/min and the
spilt ratio was 1:20. The sample injection volume was
1 μL. The mass spectrometer was set to record ranges of
spectra from 50 to 500 m/z. The inlet line temperature
was set at 300°C and the source temperature was 180°C.
Hydrocarbons were processed and analyzed in GC-MS
according to Wang et al. [30]. Quantitative analysis of
hydrocarbons and FAMEs in the algal biomass was calcu-
lated from the calibration curve of the respective standard.
Data acquisition and processing were performed with Tur-
boMass software (PerkinElmer).
Statistical analysis
All experiments were repeated at least three times, each
with three replications except sequencing. The experimen-
tal variations were expressed as a mean standard error.
Additional file
Additional file 1: NCBI basic local alignment search tool
comparison of the S. bacillaris strain siva2011 18S rDNA
sequences
with different Stichococcus species. A large difference was
found in
the Clustal X2.0.12 multiple sequence alignment between the S.
bacillaris
strain siva2011 and the existing strains at nucleotides 610 to
980. SIVA, S.
bacillaris strain siva2011.
Abbreviations
ACP: Acyl-acyl carrier protein; BBM: Bold’s Basal Medium;
CO2: Carbon
dioxide; DW: Dry weight; FA: Fatty acid; FAME: Fatty acid
methyl ester;
34. Sivakumar et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014, 7:62 Page 7
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1754-
6834-7-62-S1.pdf
FFA: Free fatty acid; FW: Fresh weight; GC-MS: Gas
chromatography–mass
spectrometry; GDH: Glutamate dehydrogenase; HNO3: Nitric
acid;
KNO3: Potassium nitrate; MS: Murashige and Skoog; NADPH:
Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NCBI: National Center for
Biotechnology
Information; NH4NO3: Ammonium nitrate; PCR: Polymerase
chain reaction;
TAG: Triacylglycerol; UTEX: The Culture Collection of Algae
at the University
of Texas at Austin.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
GS, JL and KJ made substantial contributions to experimental
design or
analysis or interpretation of data. Specifically, GS led and
designed the
experiments and performed the organism isolation,
bioprocessing and
GC-MS quantitative studies. JL performed the gas
chromatography separation
and mass spectrometry experiments for compound
35. identification. KJ performed
the mathematical model to validate the variables. GS wrote the
manuscript,
which was reviewed and approved by all authors. All authors
read and
approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Arkansas Biosciences Institute
(grants
262178 and 200109). Part of the mass spectrometry work was
supported by
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (P30 GM103450)
through the National
Institute of General Medicine, and organism identification was
supported by
the Department of Energy (DOE) (DE-FG36-08BO88036)
through the
Midsouth/Southeast Bioenergy Consortium. The authors thank
Dr David
Nobles at UTEX for identification and authentication of S.
bacillaris strain
siva2011. The technical assistance of Dr Jianfeng Xu,
Christopher Easley,
Kelsea Brewer, Veronica Hawes and Saritha Kontham (Arkansas
State
University, Jonesboro, AR, USA), and Dr Jennifer Gidden
(University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA) was appreciated.
Author details
1Arkansas Biosciences Institute and College of Agriculture and
Technology,
Arkansas State University, PO Box 639, Jonesboro, AR 72401,
USA. 2College of
Engineering, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401,
36. USA. 3Arkansas
Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR
72701, USA.
Received: 26 July 2013 Accepted: 17 March 2014
Published: 15 April 2014
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Cite this article as: Sivakumar et al.: Bioprocessing of
Stichococcus
bacillaris strain siva2011. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2014
7:62.
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44. RESEARCH Open Access
Biomass and RRR-α-tocopherol production in
Stichococcus bacillaris strain siva2011 in a balloon
bioreactor
Ganapathy Sivakumar1*, Kwangkook Jeong2 and Jackson O Lay
Jr3
Abstract
Background: Green microalgae represent a renewable natural
source of vitamin E. Its most bioactive form is the
naturally occurring RRR-α-tocopherol which is biosynthesized
in photosynthetic organisms as a single stereoisomer.
It is noteworthy that the natural and synthetic α-tocopherols are
different biomolecular entities. This article focuses
on RRR-α-tocopherol production in Stichococcus bacillaris
strain siva2011 biomass in a bioreactor culture with methyl
jasmonate (MeJa) elicitor. Additionally, a nonlinear
mathematical model was used to quantitatively scale-up and
predict the biomass production in a 20 L balloon bioreactor with
dual variables such as time and volume.
Results: Approximately 0.6 mg/g dry weight (DW) of RRR-α-
tocopherol was enhanced in S. bacillaris strain siva2011
biomass with the MeJa 50 μL/L for 24 hrs elicitations when
compared to the control. The R2 value from the
nonlinear model was enhanced up to 95% when compared to the
linear model which significantly improved the
accuracy for estimating S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass
production in a balloon bioreactor.
Conclusions: S. bacillaris strain siva2011 is a new green
microalga which biosynthesizes significant amounts of
RRR-α-tocopherol. Systematically validated dual variable
empirical data should provide key insights to multivariable
45. or fourth order modeling for algal biomass scale-up. This
bioprocess engineering should provide valuable
information for industrial production of RRR-α-tocopherol from
green cells.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Biomass, Bioreactor, Microalgae,
Vitamin E
Background
RRR-α-tocopherol is a lipid soluble small molecule and
the biologically active form of natural vitamin E. RRR-α-
tocopherol is exclusively biosynthesized by photosyn-
thetic organisms or green cells including algae, plants,
and cyanobacteria [1-3]. Plant-based products are a pri-
mary source of RRR-α-tocopherol in the human diet.
For example, hazelnut is one of the richest sources of
vitamin E [4]. It is known that vitamin E plays an im-
portant role in human nutrition as a natural antioxidant.
It was recently proposed that vitamin E is active against
oxidative stress-related diseases [5]. Reportedly, it sup-
presses telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells [6].
Vitamin E enhances IL-2 production, gene expression,
and is an effective therapeutic adjuvant [7]. Vitamin E
deficiency affects both T and B immune cell functions
[8], the α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) gene, and
neurologic dysfunctions. In animal models, vitamin E
mixtures inhibit colon, lung, mammary, and prostate
carcinogenesis [9], as well as prevent diabetes [10]. Cos-
metic industries also extensively use vitamin E in skin
care products. In addition, RRR-α-tocopherol prolongs the
shelf life of meat [11]. Thus, the use of RRR-α-tocopherol
continues to increase in nutraceuticals [12].
Bioreactor technology is the key component for the
industrial scale production of bioactive small molecules
47. α-tocopherol in balloon bioreactors is limited. Previously,
Stichococcus bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass was scaled-
up in a lab-scale balloon bioreactor (4 L - 8 L), and a lin-
ear fitting model for predicting scale-up was proposed
[16]. The S. bacillaris strain siva2011 has unique lipid
(Figure 1) [16] and vitamin E metabolisms to lead to bio-
active RRR-α-tocopherol production. A nonlinear model
enables more accurate estimates and should provide
insight for quantitatively predicating algal biomass accu-
mulation in a large volume bioreactor. The objectives of
this study were to: 1) evaluate RRR-α-tocopherol content
from S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass with MeJa elicit-
ation; 2) quantitatively predict S. bacillaris strain siva2011
DW in a 20 L bioreactor with simplified stepwise dual var-
iables (time and volume) from 4 L and 8 L data using non-
linear regression. This systematic study could provide
insight regarding stepwise nonlinear scale-up of S. bacil-
laris strain siva2011 biomass for RRR-α-tocopherol pro-
duction in a balloon bioreactor.
Results and discussions
Natural vitamin E occurs in two general forms, namely
the tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are collectively
called tocochromanols. Each has four distinct isoforms
having α, β, γ, or δ substitution on the chromanol. The
natural α-tocopherol contains three methyl groups on
the chromanol moiety at positions 5, 7, and 8. The phy-
tyl or saturated side chain is attached to the C-2 position
of the chromanol ring which has three chiral centers
with a single RRR stereoisomer (Figure 2). The chroma-
nol groups have two fused rings, a phenol and a tetrahy-
dropyran, sharing a 2 carbon bridge [17]. These rings
are moderately polar, giving them an affinity for the cel-
lular membrane surface while the phytyl tail is hydro-
48. phobic and normally associated with membrane lipids
[18]. These structural features of RRR-α-tocopherol are
efficiently acted on by the human hepatic α-TTP which
is responsible for maintaining plasma α-tocopherol con-
centrations [19].
C
16
:0
C
16
:3
C
18
:1
C
18
:2
C
18
:3
Figure 1 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry profile of fatty
acid methyl esters from S. bacillaris strain siva2011, biomass
from
20 L bioreactor, working volume 8 L with 0.2% CO2 on day 6.
Methyl palmitate (C16:0), methyl hexadecatrienoate (C16:3),
49. methyl oleate
(C18:1), methyl linoleate (C18:2), and methyl linolenate
(C18:3).
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The synthetic α-tocopherol called all-racemic-α-tocopherol
is not identical to RRR-α-tocopherol. It is an equimolar
mixture of eight stereoisomers which possess three
chiral centers at positions 2’, 4’, and 8’, giving rise to four
diastereoisomeric pairs of enantiomers such as RRR,
RSR, RRS, RSS, SRR, SSR, SRS, and SSS [20]. Moreover,
α-TTP has a high affinity to RRR-α-tocopherol and has
a 3-fold greater binding half-life when compared to syn-
thetic α-tocopherol [21]. Thus, the bioactivity and the
relative safety are different. Human proteins such as en-
zymes and receptors usually exhibit high stereospecificity
[20]. Therefore, the natural RRR-α-tocopherol is more bio-
active than the synthetic form.
RRR-α-tocopherol plays a major role as an antioxidant
which prevents lipid peroxidation. In the photosynthetic
cells, it may protect photosystem II during photoinhibi-
tion and repair chloroplast mechanisms [18]. This is due
to the hydroxyl group on the C-6 position which is the
active site that donates a hydrogen atom. The phenolic
hydrogen atom is capable of scavenging lipid peroxy radi-
cals and quenching singlet oxygen [22]. RRR-α-tocopherol
is recycled in the photosynthetic cell by cytosolic ascor-
bate which oxidizes one-electron from the tocopheroxyl
radical thus regenerating vitamin E [23]. This mechanism
might protect the cell membranes.
50. RRR-α-tocopherol is biosynthesized in photosynthetic
cells via two different pathways [24]. The phytyl domain
precursor comes from an isoprenoid pathway, and the
chromanol domain precursor comes from an alternative
shikimate pathway homogentisic acid via complex en-
zymatic reactions [25]. RRR-α-tocopherol is found in the
chloroplast envelope, thylakoids, and plastoglobuli of the
plastid. The vitamin E biosynthetic pathway has been
elucidated in Arabidopsis [26]. The genes associated
with vitamin E biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms
have been well described in literature [3,27]. A signifi-
cant metabolic engineering effort has been made to im-
prove vitamin E content both in plants [28] and in
cyanobacteria [29,30]. Moreover, tocopherol production
in plant green callus [31], cell [32], and root cultures
[15] have also been reported.
RRR-α-tocopherol production in S. bacillaris strain
siva2011
Photosynthetic algae are a potential alternative for pro-
duction because they biosynthesize an abundance of
RRR-α-tocopherol. For instance, freshwater Euglena gra-
cilis [33], marine Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tetraselmis
suecica [34], model system Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
[35], and commercial algae Spirulina platensis [36] have
been used to biosynthesize RRR-α-tocopherol. The new
green alga, S. bacillaris strain siva2011 [16], produces
significant amounts of RRR-α-tocopherol. This microalga
has efficient photosynthetic mechanisms which facilitate
the quick biosynthesis of vitamin E.
Tocopherol production can be enhanced by molecular
elicitation which is non-transgenic. MeJa is a plant stress
volatile signaling molecule which up-regulates several
51. defense-related genes [37]. In plants, jasmonates are bio-
synthesized via the octadecanoid pathway; exogenous
MeJa treatment is up-regulating secondary metabolic
pathway genes especially those encoding for stress pro-
tection [38]. Therefore, it is used as one of the potential
molecular elicitors in plant root culture to enhance sev-
eral pharmaceutical molecule productions [15]. For in-
stance, MeJa elicitation increases the activity of tyrosine
aminotransferase in plant green cell culture which is one
of the initial step enzymes involved in tocopherol bio-
synthesis [31,39]. To increase RRR-α-tocopherol content
in S. bacillaris strain siva2011, MeJa elicitation was also
used. The S. bacillaris strain siva2011 characteristics, cul-
ture conditions, and bioreactor experimental designs were
previously reported for lipid production [16].
Figure 3 illustrates the RRR-α-tocopherol content of S.
bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass under elicitation with
various concentrations of MeJa. The unelicited culture
O
OH
C H
3
C H
3
CH
3
C H
3
52. C H
3CH
3
CH
3
C H
3
(R) (R) (R)
8’4’
2
1
3
45
6
7
8
Chromanol
nucleus
Phytyl chain
Figure 2 Chemical structure of RRR-α-tocopherol.
Sivakumar et al. Microbial Cell Factories 2014, 13:79 Page 3 of
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53. accumulated 0.7 mg/g DW of RRR-α-tocopherol which
was detected starting during the early exponential growth
phase. The lower concentration of MeJa, 50 μL/L, after
24 hrs elicitation, enhanced the production of RRR-α-
tocopherol to the highest concentration, 1.3 mg/g DW.
The higher MeJa concentrations or longer elicitation pe-
riods were inhibiting both to the biomass growth and the
resultant RRR-α-tocopherol production. MeJa can diffuse
to cells either by intercellular migration or while in the
vapor phase [40]. In plants, MeJa can transport from
leaves to roots [41]. The vapor signaling can be trans-
ported to distal plants via air, and the intercellular sig-
naling can be transported via vascular process [42]. For
instance, in an in vitro root culture the MeJa elicitation
could trigger the defensive molecules accumulation via
intercellular transport [13-15], whereas in in vivo plants
during herbivore attack it can act as a volatile signal
[42]. In the algal culture, MeJa elicitation could trigger
the RRR-α-tocopherol production by either intercellular
signaling or both. The optimum concentration can up-
regulate the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway enzymes in
S. bacillaris strain siva2011 which could increase the anti-
oxidant. MeJa elicitation rapidly activates the defensive
genes which also down regulates the photosynthetic sys-
tem genes [38]. In addition, MeJa induces reactive oxygen
species (ROS) which alter the mitochondrial and chloro-
plast dynamics [43]. Thus, the higher MeJa concentrations
or longer elicitation periods can produce uncontrolled
ROS which can precede chloroplast or photosynthetic
dysfunctions which could be inhibiting the tocopherol
biosynthesis and biomass accumulation in S. bacillaris
strain siva2011. In green cells, chloroplasts are an essential
organelle for energy capture and transduction; a decline in
photosynthetic activity is closely related to the decrease in
54. the biomass. The typical MeJa elicited cells’ symptoms
were loss of chlorophyll, which causes the decline in
the net photosynthetic rate, and degradation of
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, etc. [44]. For in-
stance, 100 μL MeJa at 9 hrs elicitation altered chloroplast
morphology and function which is associated with cell
death [43]. Even though RRR-α-tocopherol indirectly reg-
ulates the amounts of jasmonic acid [18], the decline in
chloroplast efficiency could down regulate the RRR-α-toc-
opherol metabolism. This suggests that higher MeJa con-
centrations or longer elicitation could be cytotoxic beyond
what was studied.
Nonlinear regression
Compared to green adventitious roots, photosynthetic algae
have a higher ability to biosynthesize RRR-α-tocopherol in
bioreactor cultures. The balloon bioreactor is a liquid-phase
reactor with enhanced geometry and efficient fluid flow
dynamics which could help provide higher mass transfer
efficiency [14]. When compared to other photobioreac-
tors, the balloon bioreactor had a larger headspace which
efficiently captured light and enhanced photosynthesis
[16]. Thus, S. bacillaris strain siva2011 was scaled-up in a
balloon bioreactor (Figure 4) to investigate enhanced bio-
mass accumulation. Of the four concentrations of CO2
tested, 0.2% yielded the highest biomass of 3.45 g/L in 4 L
and 3.79 g/L (DW) in 8 L on day 6 [16]. The RRR-α-toc-
opherol production was unchanged by the 0.2% CO2 (data
not shown).
To quantitatively predict larger-scale algal biomass
production based on lab-scale test data, the following
stepwise structured approach was proposed [45,46]: 1)
to set up the simplest model to linearize with dual vari-
ables; 2) to model a nonlinear regression with dual vari-
55. ables; and 3) to demonstrate multiple variables based
on a nonlinear regression. Although scale-up predication
Figure 3 RRR-α-tocopherol content in S. bacillaris strain
siva2011, unelicited and methyl jasmonate elicited culture on
day 4, 5, and 6.
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requires multiple variables, the 6 days algal culture does
not significantly utilize all the media components. There-
fore, selection of important dual variables can give insight
on the efficiency of parameter selection for lab-scale valid-
ation and initial scale-up prediction. In addition, the mul-
tiple linear regression models might not incorporate the
underlying nonlinear relationships [47]. So, in this study
the second systematic approach was conducted to evalu-
ate nonlinear modeling for scale-up prediction in a 20 L
balloon reactor using dual variables. Nonlinear regres-
sion models are more important tools than linear
models because they provide better parsimony, inter-
pretability, and prediction [48]. Figure 5 illustrates non-
linear modeling of predicted S. bacillaris strain siva2011
biomass accumulation in a 20 L balloon bioreactor with
0.2% CO2. This model was generated using 4 L to 8 L
data of S. bacillaris strain siva2011 and shows only small
discrepancies between measured and predicted data. The
Figure 4 Biomass production of S. bacillaris strain siva2011 in
5 L balloon type bioreactors (working volume 4 L).
56. Figure 5 Nonlinear modeling for nondimensionalized dry weight
from 4 L to 20 L.
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nondimensional DW* can be converted into dimensional
DW in g/L by multiplying by the maximum DW experi-
mentally obtained from the baseline test which in this case
is 4 L. The nonlinear modeling agrees with measured data
both qualitatively and quantitatively, where the modeling
has enhanced the R2 value up to 95% compared to the lin-
ear model value 87.4% [16]. This suggests that the nonlin-
ear regression approach enhances accuracy of modeling
which provides key scale-up informations of S. bacillaris
strain siva2011 biomass for RRR-α-tocopherol production.
In this study, the significance of this empirical approach
provides insights into the application of a nonlinear re-
gression model that increases the R2 value and enhances
the quantitative predication of S. bacillaris strain siva2011
scaled-up in a 20 L bioreactor. This allows for the sys-
tematic understanding and design of a multi-variable
nonlinear regression experiment for significant biomass
production.
Conclusions
Photosynthetic microalgae are rich in RRR-α-tocopherol
and a potential source for this natural antioxidant which
is an essential human micronutrient. A significant ad-
vantage of this natural source is the maintenance of the
specific bioactive form needed for nutrition and the
elimination of possible issues with potential unknown
or unexpected toxicities from the synthetic conforma-
57. tions. S. bacillaris strain siva2011 has a unique vitamin
E biosynthetic mechanism capable of sustaining high
levels of production, including inducible enhanced pro-
duction which could provide a possible production plat-
form of RRR-α-tocopherol for pharmaceutical industries.
A nonlinear mathematical model was developed to model
scale-up to production in 20 L reactors using an approach
with a higher accuracy based on the dual variables tested
in 4 L and 8 L reactors. The R2 value from this study dem-
onstrates that this nonlinear approach significantly im-
proves estimation of S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass
production in the bioreactor than does the linear model.
Additional studies with progressively larger reactors (and
models) will be needed to bridge the gap between labora-
tory and industrial scale. Nevertheless, this data provides
enhanced bioprocess engineering information in the pro-
gression towards large-scale pharmaceutical RRR-α-tocoph-
erol production from S. bacillaris strain siva2011 biomass.
Methods
Bioreactor culture, elicitation and analytics
S. bacillaris strain siva2011 cells were cultured in a balloon
type bioreactor (4 L and 8 L). The bioreactor experimen-
tal design and the biomass harvesting were performed
as described by Sivakumar et al. [16]. For elicitation,
three concentrations of filter sterilized MeJa 50, 100,
and 200 μL/L were added to the S. bacillaris strain
siva2011 culture on the 3rd day. MeJa dissolved in etha-
nol and MeJa not dissolved in ethanol were tested, and
both had a similar effect. Elicitations were carried out
for 24, 48, or 72 hrs. Algal cells were harvested and
freeze-dried according to the Sivakumar et al. [16]
method. One gram of MeJa elicited and unelicited
freeze-dried algal cells were used for analysis of RRR-α-
tocopherol. RRR-α-tocopherol was processed according
58. to the Sivakumar et al. [4] method. The reversed phase-
high performance liquid chromatography chromato-
gram was acquired using a Dionex 3000 (LPG3400A)
system (Thermo Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA) equipped
with a thermostatted UltiMate 3000 autosampler and a
Dionex RF 2000 fluorescence detector. The system was
monitored by the software’s chromeleon (6.80) for in-
strument control and data acquisition, data reproces-
sing, and solute quantification, respectively. An Agilent
Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, mean par-
ticle size 5 μm) column or C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm,
mean particle size 5 μm) was used to separate RRR-α-
tocopherol. The mobile phase consists of a linear gradi-
ent of 90% methanol in water. The flow rate was 1 ml/
min. The total acquisition time was 35 min. The wave-
length was set at 290 nm for excitation and 330 nm for
emission. The authenticated RRR-α-tocopherol fluores-
cence spectra and retention time was used for HPLC
confirmation of RRR-α-tocopherol in the samples. The
RRR-α-tocopherol liquid chromatography mass spec-
trometry spectrum confirmation was acquired using a
Shimadzu 8050 mass spectrometer.
Nonlinear regression
For a stepwise approach, the first phase of the nonlinear
regression method begins with the simplification from
five variables to two variables, time (t) and reactor vol-
ume (V), as shown in equation 1. The regression will be
extended to multivariables when the two variables
method is validated.
DW ¼ f yCO2; EC; OrP; pH; t; Vð Þ≈f t; Vð Þ ð1Þ
The associated variables DW, t, and V in equation 1
are nondimensionalized into DW*, t*, and V* as shown
in equation (2) to (4).
59. DW$ ¼
DW
DW max
ð2Þ
t$ ¼
t
tmax
ð3Þ
V $ ¼
V L½ &
4L
ð4Þ
Where DWmax is the maximum DW [g/L] produced
from 4 L test under 0.02% CO2 fraction, and tmax is the
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maximum time to reach the maximum DW. In this
study, DWmax and tmax were 3.45 g/L and 6 days, respect-
ively. The volume was standardized by the baseline: 4 L in
this modeling.
A nonlinear model was assumed by combining 4th
order polynomials and the power form of the equation as
shown in equation (5) in consideration of measured data
60. of 4 L and 8 L.
DW$ ¼ at$4 þ bt$3 þ ct$2 þ dt$2 þ et þ f
! "
V $g ð5Þ
All associated constants a, b, c, and d in equation (5)
were determined from a nonlinear regression method as
shown in equation (6).
DW$ ¼
#
2:686t$4−6:942t$3 þ 5:109t$2
þ 0:127t þ 0:0184
$
V $0:151 ð6Þ
Equation (6) allows the predicting of DW in reactor
volume 20 L at 0.02% CO2 fraction from the correlation
obtained from 4 L and 8 L measured data.
Statistical analysis
Bioreactor culture, elicitations, and analytical experiments
were repeated at least three times, each with three replica-
tions. Results were expressed as the mean with standard
errors. Stepwise dual nonlinear regressions were used to
investigate the relationship between 4 L and 8 L in order
to predict 20 L bioreactor scale-up.
Abbreviations
C: Carbon; CO2: Carbon dioxide; DW: Dry weight; G: Gram;
hrs: Hours;
α: Trimethyl; β, γ: Dimethyl; δ: Monomethyl; α-TTP: α-
Tocopherol transfer
61. protein; MeJa: Methyl jasmonate; Mg: Milligram; μL:
Microliter; L: Liter;
%: Percentage; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
GS, JL, and KJ made substantial contributions to the
experimental design,
analysis, and/or interpretation of data. Specifically, GS led and
designed the
experiments and performed the bioprocessing and HPLC
studies. JL
performed the mass spectrometry experiments for compound
confirmation.
KJ performed the mathematical modeling to validate the
variables. GS wrote
the manuscript which was reviewed and approved by all authors.
All authors
read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Arkansas Biosciences Institute
(grants
262178 and 200109). The technical assistance of Kelsea Brewer
and Dez
Jones (Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA), and
Dr. Jennifer
Gidden (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA) was
appreciated.
Author details
1Arkansas Biosciences Institute and College of Agriculture and
Technology,
Arkansas State University, PO Box 639, Jonesboro, AR 72401,
62. USA. 2College of
Engineering, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401,
USA. 3Arkansas
Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR
72701, USA.
Received: 11 April 2014 Accepted: 30 May 2014
Published: 3 June 2014
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doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-79
Cite this article as: Sivakumar et al.: Biomass and RRR-α-
tocopherol
70. production in Stichococcus bacillaris strain siva2011 in a
balloon
bioreactor. Microbial Cell Factories 2014 13:79.
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