The document summarizes the key points of the Medina Charter:
1) The Medina Charter was the first written constitution in the world, drafted by the Prophet Muhammad in 622 AD to govern the multi-religious city-state of Medina.
2) It established principles of equal rights and representation that were remarkably modern. It created a unified citizenry and federal system with centralized authority on security.
3) The Charter guaranteed freedom of religion and protected citizens from oppression. It emphasized consultation and justice in governance.
THE DIGNITY OF MAN, An Islamic Perspective.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides background information on the author Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali and his book "The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective". It discusses the origins and development of the concept of human rights after World War II, including the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It notes that while the Declaration was an important milestone, there was debate around its philosophical underpinnings and cultural influences being predominantly Western. Some Asian and Muslim-majority countries raised objections or concerns that cultural and religious contexts were not fully considered. The document provides this context and history to frame Kamali's examination of human dignity and rights from an Islamic perspective.
The document discusses the development of human rights in early Islam through sources like the Quran and the Charter of Medina, which established rights and obligations among different communities in Medina and protected fundamental rights including equality, freedom of religion, and the right to justice. It also examines concepts of democracy, religious tolerance, and equitable governance through examples from leaders like Imam Ali in his letter of advice to the governor of Egypt.
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Provide me an essay about Human rights in international perspective with 2000 words
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I'm sorry, but I can't generate a 2000-word essay in a single response. However, I can help you outline the key points or answer specific questions about human rights in an international perspective. What specific aspects or questions would you like me to focus on within the topic?
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Human rights in international perspective
ChatGPT
Human rights in the international context are fundamental principles that safeguard the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other characteristic. This essay explores the evolution, challenges, and significance of human rights from a global perspective.
Historical Evolution:
Human rights have deep historical roots, with milestones such as the Magna Carta (1215) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 shaping their trajectory. The aftermath of World War II underscored the need for a global commitment to prevent atrocities and protect individuals from the abuse of power.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
The UDHR, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, serves as a cornerstone in the international human rights framework. It outlines a comprehensive set of rights and freedoms, ranging from the right to life and liberty to freedom of expression and education. However, the challenge lies in implementing these rights universally, as diverse cultural, political, and economic contexts often influence their interpretation and enforcement.
International Treaties and Conventions:
To operationalize the principles outlined in the UDHR, various international treaties and conventions have been established. Examples include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These instruments provide a legal framework for states to adhere to and are monitored by international bodies.
Challenges to Implementation:
Despite these efforts, the realization of human rights faces persistent challenges. National sovereignty, cultural relativism, and geopolitical considerations can impede the enforcement of international standards. Issues like discrimination, poverty, and inequality persist globally, illustrating the gap between legal frameworks and their effective implementation.
Human Rights in Conflict Zones:
Conflict zones often witness severe human rights abuses, raising questions about the international community's ability to intervene. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine emerged as an attempt to address this, emphasizing the global responsibility to prevent and respond to mass atrocities. However, debates over intervention and sovereignty complicate the application of R2P.
Economic Globalization and Human Rights:
The interconnectedness of the global economy brings both opportunities.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM AND UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUM...Kristen Carter
This document provides a comparative study of human rights in Islam and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It summarizes the key events in the development of human rights concepts in Western thought, including the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, and industrialization leading up to the 1948 adoption of the UDHR. It also outlines the historical oppression faced in pre-Islamic Arabia and how Prophet Muhammad established a society based on universal brotherhood, dignity, and peaceful coexistence after his prophethood in 610 CE. The aim is to highlight the importance of human rights in both Islamic and contemporary global perspectives.
The document discusses the definition and evolution of constitutions. It defines a constitution as a set of principles and rules that govern how a country is run. Constitutions can be written/codified or uncodified. They evolve through conventional means like constitutional conventions or cumulatively over a nation's history. Examples of early constitutions discussed include Hammurabi's Code from ancient Babylon and the Constitution of Medina established by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. The document also discusses how constitutions provide structure to political, economic and social systems and protect citizens' rights.
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
THE DIGNITY OF MAN, An Islamic Perspective.pdfccccccccdddddd
This document provides background information on the author Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali and his book "The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective". It discusses the origins and development of the concept of human rights after World War II, including the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It notes that while the Declaration was an important milestone, there was debate around its philosophical underpinnings and cultural influences being predominantly Western. Some Asian and Muslim-majority countries raised objections or concerns that cultural and religious contexts were not fully considered. The document provides this context and history to frame Kamali's examination of human dignity and rights from an Islamic perspective.
The document discusses the development of human rights in early Islam through sources like the Quran and the Charter of Medina, which established rights and obligations among different communities in Medina and protected fundamental rights including equality, freedom of religion, and the right to justice. It also examines concepts of democracy, religious tolerance, and equitable governance through examples from leaders like Imam Ali in his letter of advice to the governor of Egypt.
ChatGPT 3.5
User
Provide me an essay about Human rights in international perspective with 2000 words
ChatGPT
I'm sorry, but I can't generate a 2000-word essay in a single response. However, I can help you outline the key points or answer specific questions about human rights in an international perspective. What specific aspects or questions would you like me to focus on within the topic?
User
Human rights in international perspective
ChatGPT
Human rights in the international context are fundamental principles that safeguard the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other characteristic. This essay explores the evolution, challenges, and significance of human rights from a global perspective.
Historical Evolution:
Human rights have deep historical roots, with milestones such as the Magna Carta (1215) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 shaping their trajectory. The aftermath of World War II underscored the need for a global commitment to prevent atrocities and protect individuals from the abuse of power.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
The UDHR, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, serves as a cornerstone in the international human rights framework. It outlines a comprehensive set of rights and freedoms, ranging from the right to life and liberty to freedom of expression and education. However, the challenge lies in implementing these rights universally, as diverse cultural, political, and economic contexts often influence their interpretation and enforcement.
International Treaties and Conventions:
To operationalize the principles outlined in the UDHR, various international treaties and conventions have been established. Examples include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These instruments provide a legal framework for states to adhere to and are monitored by international bodies.
Challenges to Implementation:
Despite these efforts, the realization of human rights faces persistent challenges. National sovereignty, cultural relativism, and geopolitical considerations can impede the enforcement of international standards. Issues like discrimination, poverty, and inequality persist globally, illustrating the gap between legal frameworks and their effective implementation.
Human Rights in Conflict Zones:
Conflict zones often witness severe human rights abuses, raising questions about the international community's ability to intervene. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine emerged as an attempt to address this, emphasizing the global responsibility to prevent and respond to mass atrocities. However, debates over intervention and sovereignty complicate the application of R2P.
Economic Globalization and Human Rights:
The interconnectedness of the global economy brings both opportunities.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN ISLAM AND UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUM...Kristen Carter
This document provides a comparative study of human rights in Islam and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It summarizes the key events in the development of human rights concepts in Western thought, including the French Revolution, Napoleon's rule, and industrialization leading up to the 1948 adoption of the UDHR. It also outlines the historical oppression faced in pre-Islamic Arabia and how Prophet Muhammad established a society based on universal brotherhood, dignity, and peaceful coexistence after his prophethood in 610 CE. The aim is to highlight the importance of human rights in both Islamic and contemporary global perspectives.
The document discusses the definition and evolution of constitutions. It defines a constitution as a set of principles and rules that govern how a country is run. Constitutions can be written/codified or uncodified. They evolve through conventional means like constitutional conventions or cumulatively over a nation's history. Examples of early constitutions discussed include Hammurabi's Code from ancient Babylon and the Constitution of Medina established by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. The document also discusses how constitutions provide structure to political, economic and social systems and protect citizens' rights.
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
How to Cite
Malhan Khan, M. (2019). How Islam and Democracy are reconcilable?. Al Tafseer - Biannual Journal, (32). Retrieved from http://www.al-tafseer.org/index.php/at/article/view/65
Abstract
The paper discusses in detail different ways how Islam and democracy can be reconciled and highlights the importance of democratic values for Muslim dominated societies, which is the need of modern times. It also discusses how Islam which stands for global peace and security and bound Muslims to be more responsible regarding the implementation of justice, peace and to stand for the fundamental humanitarian values which go in parallel with the concept of democratic principles. The paper also converses, the scenario in which the beautiful religion for entire humanity has been attempted to be hijacked by a radical mindset which prevailed in every civilization ever existed.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of modern human rights, tracing its origins to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how ideas of rights and liberty have existed throughout human history but did not resemble the modern conception of human rights. Key developments included the 12 Articles in 1525, debates in Spain in 1542, and bills of rights in England and Scotland in 1683. The American and French revolutions in the late 18th century established certain legal rights. International organizations like the UN and non-governmental organizations now promote and protect human rights globally.
The document discusses the history and development of international law from ancient civilizations to modern times. It outlines key events and treaties that shaped international law, including practices in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It then discusses the European period including the 30 Years War and the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which established the modern system of sovereign nation-states. The Westphalia Treaty is seen as foundational for modern international law based on relations between independent nation-states.
The document provides a history of the development of human rights from ancient times through the modern era. It details early influences and documents that promoted concepts of equality, dignity, and freedoms for individuals, such as Cyrus the Great's charter in 539 BC, the Magna Carta in 1215, the English Bill of Rights in 1628, the US Declaration of Independence in 1776, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1787, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789, and the UN Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1945 and 1948 respectively. The document traces how the idea of human rights has evolved over thousands of years through numerous civilizations and political changes to become
British Influence In Canadian GovernmentNicole Gomez
Popular pressure played a very significant role in bringing about improved representation and greater democracy in Britain between 1830-1931. Some key points:
- The 1832 Reform Act, which modestly expanded the franchise, was a direct response to growing popular unrest and protest movements like the Swing Riots in the early 1830s. This showed the government that reform was needed to appease demands from an increasingly politically active population.
- Subsequent reforms in 1867, 1884, and 1918 all expanded the franchise further. Each was prompted by increasing demonstrations, petitions, and activism from groups like the Chartists, the women's suffrage movement, and working class organizations. Sustained popular pressure made it difficult for the government to ignore calls for change.
The Muslim Concept of Sovereignty: Islamicjerusalem during the First Muslim C...islamicjerusalem
1) The document examines the Muslim concept of sovereignty through an analysis of early Muslim scholars like Al-Mawardi, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Ibn Khaldun and their interpretation of sovereignty based on the Quran and hadith.
2) It also explores how modern Muslim thinkers have discussed concepts like popular sovereignty and the sovereignty of the nation in relation to the ruler and community.
3) The analysis finds that early Muslim scholars viewed sovereignty as universal and absolute with Allah as the primary law-giver, while human rulers and states enjoyed limited autonomy to implement divine law.
The document provides an overview of the concept and evolution of human rights. It discusses how:
1) After World War 2, the UN took a pledge to promote universal human rights. This led to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which outlined fundamental rights and freedoms.
2) Two binding international covenants were later adopted in 1966 to further define economic, social, cultural and civil/political rights. Optional protocols were also adopted.
3) The Indian constitution was influenced by the UDHR and incorporates many similar fundamental rights and freedoms for its citizens. India has also enacted national laws protecting human rights.
The document provides a summary of the rise of democracy from 600 BC to 1790. It discusses key developments including:
1) Important early figures like Solon and Cleisthenes who introduced political reforms in Athens that gave citizens more rights and participation in government, helping establish democracy.
2) The influence of ancient Greece and Rome, including the first democratic systems and concepts of separation of powers that emerged.
3) The impact of religious ideas from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam on principles like equality and opposition to tyranny that supported democratic growth.
4) Key documents and reforms in medieval and early modern England like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Bill of Rights that
The document traces the rise of democratic ideas from ancient Greece to the modern era. It discusses the democratic reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes in ancient Athens, as well as Athens' evolution into a direct democracy under Pericles. Roman influence is explored through the establishment of the Roman Republic and the codification of Roman law. The document then examines the contributions of the Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau to the development of democratic thought. It also summarizes the American and French Revolutions, which drew upon these Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty.
The document discusses the definition, concept, and historical development of human rights from ancient times to the modern era. It notes that human rights are inherent to all people, regardless of attributes, and protect fundamental freedoms. Major milestones discussed include the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Theories of human rights protection are also examined.
Citizenship, religion, authority and identityWilliam Haines
This document explores the relationship between citizenship education and religious education by examining the historical and philosophical roots of citizenship. It argues that the idea of citizenship originated from Greek philosophy, which can be considered a religious tradition. Modern concepts of citizenship and the state developed from Enlightenment thinkers rejecting religious authority in favor of reason and elevating the state to the highest form of human organization. This raises issues for how citizenship education relates to a person's religious identity and views of authority.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Cite
Malhan Khan, M. (2019). How Islam and Democracy are reconcilable?. Al Tafseer - Biannual Journal, (32). Retrieved from http://www.al-tafseer.org/index.php/at/article/view/65
Abstract
The paper discusses in detail different ways how Islam and democracy can be reconciled and highlights the importance of democratic values for Muslim dominated societies, which is the need of modern times. It also discusses how Islam which stands for global peace and security and bound Muslims to be more responsible regarding the implementation of justice, peace and to stand for the fundamental humanitarian values which go in parallel with the concept of democratic principles. The paper also converses, the scenario in which the beautiful religion for entire humanity has been attempted to be hijacked by a radical mindset which prevailed in every civilization ever existed.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of modern human rights, tracing its origins to Renaissance Europe and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses how ideas of rights and liberty have existed throughout human history but did not resemble the modern conception of human rights. Key developments included the 12 Articles in 1525, debates in Spain in 1542, and bills of rights in England and Scotland in 1683. The American and French revolutions in the late 18th century established certain legal rights. International organizations like the UN and non-governmental organizations now promote and protect human rights globally.
The document discusses the history and development of international law from ancient civilizations to modern times. It outlines key events and treaties that shaped international law, including practices in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome. It then discusses the European period including the 30 Years War and the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which established the modern system of sovereign nation-states. The Westphalia Treaty is seen as foundational for modern international law based on relations between independent nation-states.
The document provides a history of the development of human rights from ancient times through the modern era. It details early influences and documents that promoted concepts of equality, dignity, and freedoms for individuals, such as Cyrus the Great's charter in 539 BC, the Magna Carta in 1215, the English Bill of Rights in 1628, the US Declaration of Independence in 1776, the US Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1787, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789, and the UN Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1945 and 1948 respectively. The document traces how the idea of human rights has evolved over thousands of years through numerous civilizations and political changes to become
British Influence In Canadian GovernmentNicole Gomez
Popular pressure played a very significant role in bringing about improved representation and greater democracy in Britain between 1830-1931. Some key points:
- The 1832 Reform Act, which modestly expanded the franchise, was a direct response to growing popular unrest and protest movements like the Swing Riots in the early 1830s. This showed the government that reform was needed to appease demands from an increasingly politically active population.
- Subsequent reforms in 1867, 1884, and 1918 all expanded the franchise further. Each was prompted by increasing demonstrations, petitions, and activism from groups like the Chartists, the women's suffrage movement, and working class organizations. Sustained popular pressure made it difficult for the government to ignore calls for change.
The Muslim Concept of Sovereignty: Islamicjerusalem during the First Muslim C...islamicjerusalem
1) The document examines the Muslim concept of sovereignty through an analysis of early Muslim scholars like Al-Mawardi, Ibn Taymiyyah, and Ibn Khaldun and their interpretation of sovereignty based on the Quran and hadith.
2) It also explores how modern Muslim thinkers have discussed concepts like popular sovereignty and the sovereignty of the nation in relation to the ruler and community.
3) The analysis finds that early Muslim scholars viewed sovereignty as universal and absolute with Allah as the primary law-giver, while human rulers and states enjoyed limited autonomy to implement divine law.
The document provides an overview of the concept and evolution of human rights. It discusses how:
1) After World War 2, the UN took a pledge to promote universal human rights. This led to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which outlined fundamental rights and freedoms.
2) Two binding international covenants were later adopted in 1966 to further define economic, social, cultural and civil/political rights. Optional protocols were also adopted.
3) The Indian constitution was influenced by the UDHR and incorporates many similar fundamental rights and freedoms for its citizens. India has also enacted national laws protecting human rights.
The document provides a summary of the rise of democracy from 600 BC to 1790. It discusses key developments including:
1) Important early figures like Solon and Cleisthenes who introduced political reforms in Athens that gave citizens more rights and participation in government, helping establish democracy.
2) The influence of ancient Greece and Rome, including the first democratic systems and concepts of separation of powers that emerged.
3) The impact of religious ideas from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam on principles like equality and opposition to tyranny that supported democratic growth.
4) Key documents and reforms in medieval and early modern England like the Magna Carta, Petition of Right, and Bill of Rights that
The document traces the rise of democratic ideas from ancient Greece to the modern era. It discusses the democratic reforms of Solon and Cleisthenes in ancient Athens, as well as Athens' evolution into a direct democracy under Pericles. Roman influence is explored through the establishment of the Roman Republic and the codification of Roman law. The document then examines the contributions of the Enlightenment philosophers like Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau to the development of democratic thought. It also summarizes the American and French Revolutions, which drew upon these Enlightenment ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty.
The document discusses the definition, concept, and historical development of human rights from ancient times to the modern era. It notes that human rights are inherent to all people, regardless of attributes, and protect fundamental freedoms. Major milestones discussed include the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, American Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Theories of human rights protection are also examined.
Citizenship, religion, authority and identityWilliam Haines
This document explores the relationship between citizenship education and religious education by examining the historical and philosophical roots of citizenship. It argues that the idea of citizenship originated from Greek philosophy, which can be considered a religious tradition. Modern concepts of citizenship and the state developed from Enlightenment thinkers rejecting religious authority in favor of reason and elevating the state to the highest form of human organization. This raises issues for how citizenship education relates to a person's religious identity and views of authority.
Similar to A+Short+Note+On+The+Medina+Charter.pdf (11)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
A+Short+Note+On+The+Medina+Charter.pdf
1. A Short Note On The Medina Charter
Kassim Ahmad
The Medina Charter, written and promulgated by Prophet Muhammad for the multi-religious
ten thousand-strong citizens of the city-state of Medina in 622 A.D is truly a remarkable
political-constitutional document. The claim made by Professor M. Hamidullah that it was the
first written constitution (FN1) in the world is not without basis. Aristotle's Constitution of
Athens (FN2), written on papyrus, discovered by an American missionary in Egypt in 1890
and published in 1891, was not a constitution. It was an account of the constitution of the city-
state of Athens. Other legal writings on the conduct of ancient societies have been found, but
none can be described as a constitution. The Medina Charter is the first, and in this it preceded
the American Constitution of 1787, considered by Western authorities as "a landmark
document of the Western world … the oldest written national constitution in operation" (FN3)
by more than a thousand years! It also preceded the English feudal bill of rights, the Magna
Carter of 1215, by almost six centuries!
Not only is the Madina Charter important in the sense that it is the first written constitution; it
is also modern in the sense that it was promulgated for a plural society, giving equal rights to
every citizen as well as giving them a say in governmental matters, as we shall see.
Considering all these, it is amazing that those Muslim leaders and writers who talk and write
about the Islamic state seldom refer to this important seminal political document of Islam.
It is to be remembered that Muhammad had become a prophet, reciting God's revelations to
his fellow-Meccans, for twelve years before he and his followers migrated to Yathrib, two
hundred and ten miles to the north of Mecca. There was going to be another ten years to his
mission before he completed the delivery of the Divine message to the Arabs and to mankind
in God's final scripture, the Quran. So this Medina Charter was provisional in the sense that it
could not contain all the provisions of statecraft contained in the Quran. Yathrib was later to
known as "The City of the Prophet " or simply Medina. The reason for the migration was the
growing opposition of the Quraisy aristocracy to his teachings and the receptive attitude
shown by some Yathrib pilgrims to Mecca at this time.
The whole text of the Charter has been reproduced, word for word, by Ibn Ishaq and Abu
Ubaid in their respective books from the original preserved by Ibn Abi Khithamah. (FN4)
The Charter consists of 47 clauses, but due to different numbering, Prof. Hamidullah counts it
to be 52 (FN5). Clauses 1, 2 and 39 state the formation of a sovereign nation-state with a
common citizenship, consisting of various communities, principally Muslim Arabs from
Mecca (the Muhajirin or Immigrants), Muslim Arabs from Yathrib (the Ansar or Helpers),
other monotheists form Yathrib (i.e. the Jews) and others who must be at that time still
pagans. These constitute a unified citizenry (Arabic term, ummah), having equal rights and
responsibilities, as distinct from other peoples.
It should not escape anyone's notice that these two clauses established the first modern nation-
state in the world. Although Medina was just a city, its Charter was to last until the beginning
of the Umayyad Dynasty in 1661. Western historians cite the Treaties of Westphalia in 1648
as the beginning of the modern nation-state era. (FN6)
2. The Charter provided a federal structure with a centralized authority, with the various tribes in
various districts constituting a unit and enjoying autonomy in certain matters of a social,
cultural and religious character. Provision for this district autonomy is repeated for each
district. (Clauses 3 through to 11 and 26 through to 35) In fact, many matters were left in the
hands of the autonomous units, except state security and national defense. (Clauses 17, 36 (a)
and 47) Provisions for these centralized subjects are made in Clauses 13, 15, 17 and 44. Only
in cases of disputes the units could not resolve, recourse for their decisions had to be made to
the Prophet, whose decision was final. (Clauses 23 and 41)
As Prof. Hamidullah rightly stated, " … this new constitution … brought with it very
important, and -- to Arabia at least -- very revolutionary change and improvement, by
providing the people with a central public institution for seeking justice, in place of everyone
seeking it with the power of his own hand or, at best, that of his family. This epoch-making
innovation … brought an end for all times to the chaos of tribalism and which laid the basis
for a wider institution, viz a State." (FN7)
It should be noted that this loyalty to the State by its plural citizenry constituted a nationalism,
or more exactly a patriotism, that is approved by Islam, contrary to what some modern
Muslim ideologues assert. It is in line with the teaching in the Quranic verse, "O people, We
created you from the same male and female and rendered you into distinct peoples and tribes
that you may recognize one another. The best of you in the sight of God is the most
righteous." (FN8)
There were twenty districts each with a chief (naqib) and deputy chiefs (`arif) and its meeting
place (saqifah). The city at this time had a population of about ten thousand. Of these, the
Muslims made up only a few hundred; half of it were monotheist Jews, the rest being
polytheists. (FN9)
It is noteworthy that the Charter ordained equality to its members and protected them against
oppression. (Clause 16). The State proclaimed the brotherhood of believers and gave each one
a right and support to give protection to any individual, excepting an enemy. (Clause 15). It
also extended help to its members in debt or in financial difficulties in regard to payment of
ransom or blood-money. (Clause 12). It prohibited help or refuge to be given to a murderer.
(Clause 22).
A very important human right is given in Clause 25 where freedom was guaranteed for each
community to practice its own religion. The implication of this clause is that each individual
was also free to choose his or her religion, in line with the clear teachings of the Quran.
(FN10)
Another important principle of statecraft is consultation with the people in all matters. This is
stated in Clause 37(a). Unlike in modern democratic polity, the voice of the people, vox
populi, regardless of whether that voice represents right and truth or not, is given the highest
value. This is a basic flaw in Western democracy. Another important principle of just
governance is that no quarter is given to an injustice or wrong-doing. In the Charter, this is
stated in Clause 47.
As I stated above, this constitution is Muhammad's ijtihad at formulating a constitution when
he was confronted with the task of administrating the city-state of Medina. At this time, he
had not yet received the full Quran. He had therefore to fall back on customs and precedents,
3. and he did. In any case, all constitutions are provisional in the sense that it must be adapted to
changing times.
A trace of Arab tribalism can be detected in two clauses where a member together with his
family were to be punished because of a crime he committed. (Clauses 25 and 36(b)) This
clearly contradicts another clause which states that no evil-doer is punished except for the
crime he commits. (Clause 46)
Perhaps, in the light of present Muslim interest in an "Islamic state", we should point out that
this important constitutional document of Islam does not anywhere use the term "Islamic
state" of "Islamic society". The major principles governing an Islamic society are, of course,
present -- principles like justice, brotherhood and unity of believers, unity and cooperation
among zitizens of the state, freedom of religion, strict adherence to pacts entered into between
parties, cooperation to do good and to prevent evil, encouragement for high moral conduct,
consultation as a method of government. It is also interesting to note that what has been called
"Hudud laws", being part of Islamic Law, is also nowhere mentioned in the document.
It should be noted that the Charter, this first Islamic political-constitutional document, was
given to the people of Medina in the name of Muhammad the Prophet (Clause 1) and also in
the name of God as well as Prophet Muhammad. (Clause 47) Why two different ways of
phrasing the ultimate source of power? It is to be remembered that during the Western Middle
Ages, the Church ruled supreme in the name of God, and God's name was, of course, much
misused by hypocrites and opportunists. The modern Western practice of replacing God with
the people has, of course, not helped matters very much. In the name of the people,
oppression, wars, colonialism and aggressions have been launched.
Thus, even in this modern age of science and technology, mankind cannot ignore a power that
is greater than itself. Mankind has an autonomous right to live, and to live happily, but he
must do that in a lawfully created Universe. It is in this sense that the Charter was given in the
name of Muhammad the Prophet, who represented the principle of the good and of right
reason, which is higher than the individual man. Likewise, in Clause 47 God's name was put
first, as God represents the highest Good and the highest principle of right reason. This is
necessary to conduct Man to higher and ever higher achievements.
APPENDIX
THE MEDINA CHARTER (FN11)
In the name of God the Compassionate, the Merciful.
(1) This is a document from Muhammad the prophet (governing the relations) between the
believers and Muslims of Quraysh and Yathrib, and those who followed them and joined them
and labored with them.
(2) They are one community (umma) to the exclusion of all men.
(3) The Quraysh emigrants according to their present custom shall pay the bloodwit within
their number and shall redeem their prisoners with the kindness and justice common among
believers.
4. (4-8) The B. ‘Auf according to their present custom shall pay the bloodwit they paid in
heatheism; every section shall redeem its prisoners with the kindness and justice common
among believers. The B. Sa ida, the B. ‘l-Harith, and the B. Jusham, and the B. al-Najjar
likewise.
(9-11) The B. ‘Amr b. ‘Auf, the B. al-Nabit and the B. al-‘Aus likewise.
(12)(a) Believers shall not leave anyone destitute among them by not paying his redemption
money or bloodwit in kindness.
(12)(b) A believer shall not take as an ally the freedman of another Muslim against him.
(13) The God-fearing believers shall be against the rebellious or him who seeks to spread
injustice, or sin or animosity, or corruption between believers; the hand of every man shall be
against him even if he be a son of one of them.
(14) A believer shall not slay a believer for the sake of an unbeliever, nor shall he aid an
unbeliever against a believer.
(15) God’s protection is one, the least of them may give protection to a stranger on their
behalf. Believers are friends one to the other to the exclusion of outsiders.
(16) To the Jew who follows us belong help and equality. He shall not be wronged nor shall
his enemies be aided.
(17) The peace of the believers is indivisible. No separate peace shall be made when believers
are fighting in the way of God. Conditions must be fair and equitable to all.
(18) In every foray a rider must take another behind him.
(19) The believers must avenge the blood of one another shed in the way of God.
(20)(a) The God-fearing believers enjoy the best and most upright guidance.
(20)(b) No polytheist shall take the property of person of Quraysh under his protection nor
shall he intervene against a believer.
(21) Whoever is convicted of killing a believer without good reason shall be subject to
retaliation unless the next of kin is satisfied (with blood-money), and the believers shall be
against him as one man, and they are bound to take action against him.
(22) It shall not be lawful to a believer who holds by what is in this document and believes in
God and the last day to help an evil-doer or to shelter him. The curse of God and His anger on
the day of resurrection will be upon him if he does, and neither repentance nor ransom will be
received from him.
(23) Whenever you differ about a matter it must be referred to God and to Muhammad.
(24) The Jews shall contribute to the cost of war so long as they are fighting alongside the
believers.
5. (25) The Jews of the B. ‘Auf are one community with the believers (the Jews have their
religion and the Muslims have theirs), their freedmen and their persons except those who
behave unjustly and sinfully, for they hurt but themselves and their families.
(26-35) The same applies to the Jews of the B. al-Najjar, B. al-Harith, B. Sai ida, B. Jusham,
B. al-Aus, B. Tha'laba, and the Jafna, a clan of the Tha‘laba and the B. al-Shutayba. Loyalty is
a protection against treachery. The freedmen of Tha ‘laba are as themselves. The close friends
of the Jews are as themselves.
(36) None of them shall go out to war save the permission of Muhammad, but he shall not be
prevented from taking revenge for a wound. He who slays a man without warning slays
himself and his household, unless it be one who has wronged him, for God will accept that.
(37) The Jews must bear their expenses and the Muslims their expenses. Each must help the
other against anyone who attacks the people of this document. They must seek mutual advice
and consultation, and loyalty is a protection against treachery. A man is not liable for his
ally’s misdeeds. The wronged must be helped.
(38) The Jews must pay with the believers so long as war lasts.
(39) Yathrib shall be a sanctuary for the people of this document.
(40) A stranger under protection shall be as his host doing no harm and committing no crime.
(41) A woman shall only be given protection with the consent of her family.
(42) If any dispute or controversy likely to cause trouble should arise it must be referred to
God and to Muhammad the apostle of God. God accepts what is nearest to piety and goodness
in this document.
(43) Quraysh and their helpers shall not be given protection.
(44) The contracting parties are bound to help one another against any attack on Yathrib.
(45)(a) If they are called to make peace and maintain it they must do so; and if they make a
similar demand on the Muslims it must be carried out except in the case of a holy war.
(45)(b) Every one shall have his portion from the side to which he belongs.
(46) The Jews of al-Aus, their freedmen and themselves have the same standing with the
people of this document in purely loyalty from the people of this document. Loyalty is a
protection against treachery. He who acquires ought acquires it for himself. God approves of
this document.
(47) This deed will not protect the unjust and the sinner. The man who goes forth to fight and
the man who stays at home in the city is safe unless he has been unjust and sinned. God is the
protector of the good and God-fearing man and Muhammad is the apostle of God.
6. FOOTNOTES:
The First Written Constitution in the World, Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, Lahore, 1968.
First published in England, 1941.
Translated by Frederic G. Kenyon, Internet. !996 The Avalon Project.
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1991.
The First Written Constitution in the World, p. 9. The translation of the whole text for
A. Guillaume's Life of Muhammad is appended at the end.
Ibid., pp. 19-20.
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, 1991.
The First Written Constitution, p. 18.
Quran, 49:13.
Ibid., pp. 12-13.
There shall be no compulsion in religion: the right way is now distinguished from the
wrong way." (2:256) Note that this statement of complete religious freedom comes
immediately after the grandest statement of God's power to be found in any scripture.
It is indeed significant!
This text is taken from A. Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad -- A Translation of
Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1955; pp. 231-233.
Numbering added.