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AS Media Studies Exam Revision
The document provides information about the AS Media Studies exam, which has two sections. Section A focuses on analyzing representations in a TV drama extract, while Section B examines issues related to the film industry, including institutions, audiences, ownership, marketing, and technology. Key concepts discussed include concentration of media ownership, cross-media convergence, synergy, viral marketing, changing models of distribution, and the impacts of new technologies. Disney is used as a case study to illustrate synergy and how a major media conglomerate leverages its various subsidiaries and platforms.
Media terminology
I don't claim ownership of this presentation and can't remember where I got it from, but it's useful for revision purposes.
Media Studies Revison
The document provides an overview of key concepts in media studies, including genre, representation, audience, narrative, ideology, institution, technology, audio codes, technical codes, editing, camera shots, camera angles, and camera movement. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. The concepts are interlinked, with some concepts like representation and narrative linking to other concepts in the explanations.
Indie Iconography
The document discusses similarities between indie rock band websites, including dark color schemes, images of bands performing live, and visible instruments like drums and guitars. It also provides recommendations for logo design for a band called "The Pigeon Detectives", suggesting that a simple, readable font style in lowercase letters would best suit their casual image and attract a younger audience. Darker colors should still be used but complemented by brighter tones like blue and orange to avoid looking dull.
Voyeurism
The document discusses the concept of voyeurism and analyzes how it is portrayed in the films Peeping Tom and Psycho. It defines voyeurism as receiving sexual pleasure from seeing intimate behaviors of others. Both films feature male characters who act as voyeurs, watching and sexualizing female characters without their consent. In Peeping Tom, the main character films murders from different perspectives and watches them for pleasure. Psycho also depicts the villain Norman Bates watching the female protagonist without her knowledge throughout her stay at his motel, building tension until her infamous death in the shower.
The six big film companies
The six major film studios are Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, Universal Studios, and 20th Century Fox. Warner Bros. is a subsidiary of Time Warner and owns several other entertainment companies. Paramount Pictures dates back to 1912 and is owned by Viacom. Walt Disney Pictures produces animated and live action films for The Walt Disney Company. Columbia Pictures is owned by Sony and was one of the original major studios. Universal Studios was founded in 1912 and is now owned by NBCUniversal. 20th Century Fox merged in 1935 and is a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation.
Independent vs conglomerate
Domino Records is an independent British record label founded by Lawrence Bell that focuses on artistic expression over commercial success. It has represented artists like Franz Ferdinand and Arctic Monkeys. Domino utilizes viral marketing through social media and the internet to promote its artists. It also relies on radio play of independent music. While larger conglomerates like Universal Music face challenges in appearing overly commercial, Domino is able to cater to niche audiences through its passion-driven approach to the music industry.
Media consumption 2
This document discusses research on media consumption from three perspectives: audience research, cultural studies, and commercial research. It provides details on the different approaches to audience research, including the process school, semiotic school, and effects on audiences. It also summarizes the key areas of professional research and commercial ratings research, including methods, strengths, and weaknesses. Syndicated media research studies in India like IRS, TAM, and comScore are overviewed. Specific findings from an online media survey in India are highlighted.
Recommended
AS Media Studies Exam Revision
The document provides information about the AS Media Studies exam, which has two sections. Section A focuses on analyzing representations in a TV drama extract, while Section B examines issues related to the film industry, including institutions, audiences, ownership, marketing, and technology. Key concepts discussed include concentration of media ownership, cross-media convergence, synergy, viral marketing, changing models of distribution, and the impacts of new technologies. Disney is used as a case study to illustrate synergy and how a major media conglomerate leverages its various subsidiaries and platforms.
Media terminology
I don't claim ownership of this presentation and can't remember where I got it from, but it's useful for revision purposes.
Media Studies Revison
The document provides an overview of key concepts in media studies, including genre, representation, audience, narrative, ideology, institution, technology, audio codes, technical codes, editing, camera shots, camera angles, and camera movement. It defines these concepts and provides examples to illustrate them. The concepts are interlinked, with some concepts like representation and narrative linking to other concepts in the explanations.
Indie Iconography
The document discusses similarities between indie rock band websites, including dark color schemes, images of bands performing live, and visible instruments like drums and guitars. It also provides recommendations for logo design for a band called "The Pigeon Detectives", suggesting that a simple, readable font style in lowercase letters would best suit their casual image and attract a younger audience. Darker colors should still be used but complemented by brighter tones like blue and orange to avoid looking dull.
Voyeurism
The document discusses the concept of voyeurism and analyzes how it is portrayed in the films Peeping Tom and Psycho. It defines voyeurism as receiving sexual pleasure from seeing intimate behaviors of others. Both films feature male characters who act as voyeurs, watching and sexualizing female characters without their consent. In Peeping Tom, the main character films murders from different perspectives and watches them for pleasure. Psycho also depicts the villain Norman Bates watching the female protagonist without her knowledge throughout her stay at his motel, building tension until her infamous death in the shower.
The six big film companies
The six major film studios are Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, Universal Studios, and 20th Century Fox. Warner Bros. is a subsidiary of Time Warner and owns several other entertainment companies. Paramount Pictures dates back to 1912 and is owned by Viacom. Walt Disney Pictures produces animated and live action films for The Walt Disney Company. Columbia Pictures is owned by Sony and was one of the original major studios. Universal Studios was founded in 1912 and is now owned by NBCUniversal. 20th Century Fox merged in 1935 and is a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation.
Independent vs conglomerate
Domino Records is an independent British record label founded by Lawrence Bell that focuses on artistic expression over commercial success. It has represented artists like Franz Ferdinand and Arctic Monkeys. Domino utilizes viral marketing through social media and the internet to promote its artists. It also relies on radio play of independent music. While larger conglomerates like Universal Music face challenges in appearing overly commercial, Domino is able to cater to niche audiences through its passion-driven approach to the music industry.
Media consumption 2
This document discusses research on media consumption from three perspectives: audience research, cultural studies, and commercial research. It provides details on the different approaches to audience research, including the process school, semiotic school, and effects on audiences. It also summarizes the key areas of professional research and commercial ratings research, including methods, strengths, and weaknesses. Syndicated media research studies in India like IRS, TAM, and comScore are overviewed. Specific findings from an online media survey in India are highlighted.
Past questions g325 critical perspectives
This document provides an overview of a critical perspectives exam for a media studies course. It outlines that the exam will consist of answering one question from six topics, with two questions offered per topic. Students will need to demonstrate their understanding of contemporary media issues by writing academically and referencing examples, theories and arguments. For each topic, four prompt questions are provided to help students prepare, focusing on issues like media representations, regulation, online media, and civic participation. Sample past exam questions are also included for additional practice.
Production film companies
The document discusses the differences between mainstream and independent cinema, including key terms related to film production and distribution. It provides information on major film conglomerates that dominate the industry and their subsidiary production companies. Students are assigned a task to research films and complete charts on their production, distribution, owners, and budgets.
AS Media Key Terms
This document defines key terms used in media studies. It outlines terms such as primary and secondary audiences, demographics, institutions, representation, sub-genres, hybrid genres, brand reach, synergy, convergence, user generated content, distribution, readership, and circulation. It also defines additional relevant terms like disposable income, social groups, brand loyalty, connotation, denotation, and uses and gratifications.
Two-Step Flow Theory
The two-step flow theory of communication proposes that (1) opinion leaders first receive information from the mass media and (2) then pass on their interpretations of that information to less active individuals. The theory was developed by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet and further expanded on by Katz and Lazarsfeld. It uses a model where opinion leaders pay close attention to media messages and influence others similar to them, while the "influentials" look to the opinion leaders rather than directly receiving information from the media.
As Media Studies Exam
This document provides guidance for revising for the AS Media Studies exam. It outlines the format of the exam, which consists of two sections - Section A focuses on analyzing representations in a TV drama extract, and Section B involves questions on institutions and audiences. For Section A, students will analyze how representations of various social groups are constructed through camerawork, editing, sound, and mise-en-scene. Section B may involve topics like production, distribution, marketing, and questions relate to case studies on Disney and Film 4. The document advises spending 45 minutes on each question and provides revision resources on the exam topics.
Media Studies intro to Narrative [autosaved]
An introductions to Narrative theory for Media Studies students. From Barthes action and enigma codes to Syd Field's formulaic 3 act structure, a easy to understand and visual reference for all media students taken from www.alevelmedia.co.uk
G322: AS Media Studies Section A & B
1) The document provides guidance on how to structure responses for Section A and Section B of the G322 AS Media exam.
2) For Section A on TV drama, it advises to focus the response on analyzing how technical elements construct representations rather than just describing them.
3) For Section B on film institutions, it recommends discussing the processes of production, distribution, and exhibition in British film by referencing specific case studies and films. Key words related to these processes are defined.
Film distribution
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to film distribution, including:
1) It defines film distribution as everything that happens between production and exhibition, including acquiring legal rights, marketing, and releasing prints/files to cinemas and stores.
2) It discusses major distributors that control much of the industry through vertical and horizontal integration, as well as the top 5 distributors in the UK.
3) It explains important distribution concepts like local distribution, the advantages of major studios over independent producers, and the transition to digital distribution and projection.
Media Theories.
The document discusses several media theories:
- Effects theory argues that media has direct effects on audiences, potentially manipulating them
- Uses and gratifications theory examines what audiences do with media to fulfill needs
- Reception theory views audiences as active interpreters of media texts based on their social and cultural backgrounds, leading to varied readings of the same text.
Social Media
All request please fwd to wah17@yahoo.com.My linkedin is wah17@yahoo.com.A copy of the full research is here:
http://www.scribd.com/share/upload/4814477/2dx6gqho7w9gwvvrwbhq
Sophie
Andrew Goodwin proposed a theory with 6 main features of music videos: lyrics/visuals connection, music/visuals connection, genre characteristics, intertextual references, voyeurism, and record label demands. Goodwin identified three ways videos can relate to songs: illustration through lyrics, amplification of meaning, or intentional disjuncture ignoring the song. Theodor Adorno's "Culture Industry" theory argued that cultural production had become standardized and repetitive like other industries, resulting in undemanding commodities and less creative freedom for artists. Keith Negus identified two ideologies in the music industry: the "organic ideology" enhancing artists' images for older audiences, and the "synthetic ideology" constructing short-term artist images for
Roland barthes levi strauss pp
Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist and philosopher who explored semiotics and influenced various schools of thought. He viewed texts as having no single structure or meaning, but rather being composed of "signifiers" that can be interpreted in many ways depending on the codes or lenses used. Barthes identified five main codes used to unravel meaning from a text: the hermeneutic code concerning clues and mystery, the proairetic code involving tension and anticipation, the semantic code of connotation, the symbolic code of deeper meanings from opposing ideas, and the cultural code of wider societal knowledge. The anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also studied myths and legends, finding that humans understand the world through binary oppositions
Narrative theory
The document summarizes several narrative theories and how they relate to a music video project. It discusses Todorov's five stages of narrative structure, Propp's character archetypes, Levi-Strauss' concept of binary opposites driving conflict, and Barthes' five narrative codes including enigma, action, semantic, symbolic, and referential codes. Examples are given of how elements from the theories can be seen in the music video, such as the disruption/resolution structure, limited character types, and tensions created through racial binary opposites.
Media theory presentation
Judith Butler argues that gender is performative rather than innate. Gender is constituted through expressions rather than expressing a pre-existing identity. Butler seeks to disrupt the notion that sex determines gender or gender determines sexuality. Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory describes how women are objectified for the visual pleasure of men in film. Angela McRobbie discusses how the media influences gender roles and sexuality. Queer theory aims to disrupt social categories around sexuality. Stuart Hall argues that race is a social construct and racism is expressed through language and discourse. Dick Hebdige examines how youth subcultures express resistance but are often commercialized and co-opted by the mainstream.
Genre presentation
Genre refers to distinctive types or categories of texts that share common characteristics. Genre can be used to classify different types of media like music videos. Characteristics that define genres include settings, storylines, narratives, characters, themes, conventions, and more. Genre provides audiences with expectations about the structure and content of a text based on familiar conventions, allowing for creativity within those conventions.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories related to audiences and mass communication, including Uses and Gratifications Theory, Reception Theory, and the Hypodermic Needle Theory. Uses and Gratifications Theory proposes that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill desires like diversion, personal relationships, identity, and surveillance. Reception Theory recognizes that audiences can have negotiated or oppositional readings of media that differ from the intended message. The Hypodermic Needle Theory views audiences as passive receivers of media messages, but it is now seen as too simplistic given more sophisticated modern audiences.
Presentation
The Pevensie family are evacuated from London during World War II and find themselves transported to the magical land of Narnia through a wardrobe. In Narnia, the children join the lion Aslan to help defeat the evil White Witch who has cursed the land with eternal winter.
Super 8 follows a group of friends in 1979 Ohio who are filming a movie with their Super 8 camera. They witness a catastrophic train crash which they believe was not an accident. Strange disappearances and events begin occurring in their town as the local Deputy investigates what is really happening.
The proposed budget for the alternate universe film is around £100 million given it will be produced by a major Hollywood studio, allowing
Lesson 1 2013
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Bastille Cross-Media Case Study
Bastille is a British band that debuted in 2010 with EPs and singles. They gained popularity through online platforms and festivals. In 2012, they signed with Virgin Records and released their first singles and album "Bad Blood" which topped the UK charts. Their music video for "Pompeii" had a post-apocalyptic theme and cinematic style with minimal shots of the band members. Across their website, album artwork, and promotions, Bastille cultivated an artistic image with muted tones and ambiguity rather than focusing on the band members themselves.
Adorno and horkheimer 2013v2 students
Adorno and Horkheimer argued that cultural production had become standardized and formulaic like industrial manufacturing, with an "assembly-line character". They believed this resulted in homogenous cultural commodities that led to passive consumption, devoid of creativity or individuality. According to their view, the capitalist structures of economic ownership and control over cultural production directly shaped and limited the activities of both creative artists and consumers.
Gender analysis
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Hollyoaks disability textual analysis pp
This document discusses representations of disability in media and provides examples. It summarizes research arguing that media portrayals of disability have generally been oppressive by presenting people with disabilities as objects of pity, victims, villains, or as incapable of living ordinary lives. The document also provides examples of characters with disabilities from various television shows and how certain stereotypes are often employed, such as portraying those with physical or mental disabilities as outsiders.
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Past questions g325 critical perspectives
This document provides an overview of a critical perspectives exam for a media studies course. It outlines that the exam will consist of answering one question from six topics, with two questions offered per topic. Students will need to demonstrate their understanding of contemporary media issues by writing academically and referencing examples, theories and arguments. For each topic, four prompt questions are provided to help students prepare, focusing on issues like media representations, regulation, online media, and civic participation. Sample past exam questions are also included for additional practice.
Production film companies
The document discusses the differences between mainstream and independent cinema, including key terms related to film production and distribution. It provides information on major film conglomerates that dominate the industry and their subsidiary production companies. Students are assigned a task to research films and complete charts on their production, distribution, owners, and budgets.
AS Media Key Terms
This document defines key terms used in media studies. It outlines terms such as primary and secondary audiences, demographics, institutions, representation, sub-genres, hybrid genres, brand reach, synergy, convergence, user generated content, distribution, readership, and circulation. It also defines additional relevant terms like disposable income, social groups, brand loyalty, connotation, denotation, and uses and gratifications.
Two-Step Flow Theory
The two-step flow theory of communication proposes that (1) opinion leaders first receive information from the mass media and (2) then pass on their interpretations of that information to less active individuals. The theory was developed by Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet and further expanded on by Katz and Lazarsfeld. It uses a model where opinion leaders pay close attention to media messages and influence others similar to them, while the "influentials" look to the opinion leaders rather than directly receiving information from the media.
As Media Studies Exam
This document provides guidance for revising for the AS Media Studies exam. It outlines the format of the exam, which consists of two sections - Section A focuses on analyzing representations in a TV drama extract, and Section B involves questions on institutions and audiences. For Section A, students will analyze how representations of various social groups are constructed through camerawork, editing, sound, and mise-en-scene. Section B may involve topics like production, distribution, marketing, and questions relate to case studies on Disney and Film 4. The document advises spending 45 minutes on each question and provides revision resources on the exam topics.
Media Studies intro to Narrative [autosaved]
An introductions to Narrative theory for Media Studies students. From Barthes action and enigma codes to Syd Field's formulaic 3 act structure, a easy to understand and visual reference for all media students taken from www.alevelmedia.co.uk
G322: AS Media Studies Section A & B
1) The document provides guidance on how to structure responses for Section A and Section B of the G322 AS Media exam.
2) For Section A on TV drama, it advises to focus the response on analyzing how technical elements construct representations rather than just describing them.
3) For Section B on film institutions, it recommends discussing the processes of production, distribution, and exhibition in British film by referencing specific case studies and films. Key words related to these processes are defined.
Film distribution
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to film distribution, including:
1) It defines film distribution as everything that happens between production and exhibition, including acquiring legal rights, marketing, and releasing prints/files to cinemas and stores.
2) It discusses major distributors that control much of the industry through vertical and horizontal integration, as well as the top 5 distributors in the UK.
3) It explains important distribution concepts like local distribution, the advantages of major studios over independent producers, and the transition to digital distribution and projection.
Media Theories.
The document discusses several media theories:
- Effects theory argues that media has direct effects on audiences, potentially manipulating them
- Uses and gratifications theory examines what audiences do with media to fulfill needs
- Reception theory views audiences as active interpreters of media texts based on their social and cultural backgrounds, leading to varied readings of the same text.
Social Media
All request please fwd to wah17@yahoo.com.My linkedin is wah17@yahoo.com.A copy of the full research is here:
http://www.scribd.com/share/upload/4814477/2dx6gqho7w9gwvvrwbhq
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Sophie
Andrew Goodwin proposed a theory with 6 main features of music videos: lyrics/visuals connection, music/visuals connection, genre characteristics, intertextual references, voyeurism, and record label demands. Goodwin identified three ways videos can relate to songs: illustration through lyrics, amplification of meaning, or intentional disjuncture ignoring the song. Theodor Adorno's "Culture Industry" theory argued that cultural production had become standardized and repetitive like other industries, resulting in undemanding commodities and less creative freedom for artists. Keith Negus identified two ideologies in the music industry: the "organic ideology" enhancing artists' images for older audiences, and the "synthetic ideology" constructing short-term artist images for
Roland barthes levi strauss pp
Roland Barthes was a French literary theorist and philosopher who explored semiotics and influenced various schools of thought. He viewed texts as having no single structure or meaning, but rather being composed of "signifiers" that can be interpreted in many ways depending on the codes or lenses used. Barthes identified five main codes used to unravel meaning from a text: the hermeneutic code concerning clues and mystery, the proairetic code involving tension and anticipation, the semantic code of connotation, the symbolic code of deeper meanings from opposing ideas, and the cultural code of wider societal knowledge. The anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss also studied myths and legends, finding that humans understand the world through binary oppositions
Narrative theory
The document summarizes several narrative theories and how they relate to a music video project. It discusses Todorov's five stages of narrative structure, Propp's character archetypes, Levi-Strauss' concept of binary opposites driving conflict, and Barthes' five narrative codes including enigma, action, semantic, symbolic, and referential codes. Examples are given of how elements from the theories can be seen in the music video, such as the disruption/resolution structure, limited character types, and tensions created through racial binary opposites.
Media theory presentation
Judith Butler argues that gender is performative rather than innate. Gender is constituted through expressions rather than expressing a pre-existing identity. Butler seeks to disrupt the notion that sex determines gender or gender determines sexuality. Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory describes how women are objectified for the visual pleasure of men in film. Angela McRobbie discusses how the media influences gender roles and sexuality. Queer theory aims to disrupt social categories around sexuality. Stuart Hall argues that race is a social construct and racism is expressed through language and discourse. Dick Hebdige examines how youth subcultures express resistance but are often commercialized and co-opted by the mainstream.
Genre presentation
Genre refers to distinctive types or categories of texts that share common characteristics. Genre can be used to classify different types of media like music videos. Characteristics that define genres include settings, storylines, narratives, characters, themes, conventions, and more. Genre provides audiences with expectations about the structure and content of a text based on familiar conventions, allowing for creativity within those conventions.
Audience theory
This document discusses several theories related to audiences and mass communication, including Uses and Gratifications Theory, Reception Theory, and the Hypodermic Needle Theory. Uses and Gratifications Theory proposes that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill desires like diversion, personal relationships, identity, and surveillance. Reception Theory recognizes that audiences can have negotiated or oppositional readings of media that differ from the intended message. The Hypodermic Needle Theory views audiences as passive receivers of media messages, but it is now seen as too simplistic given more sophisticated modern audiences.
Presentation
The Pevensie family are evacuated from London during World War II and find themselves transported to the magical land of Narnia through a wardrobe. In Narnia, the children join the lion Aslan to help defeat the evil White Witch who has cursed the land with eternal winter.
Super 8 follows a group of friends in 1979 Ohio who are filming a movie with their Super 8 camera. They witness a catastrophic train crash which they believe was not an accident. Strange disappearances and events begin occurring in their town as the local Deputy investigates what is really happening.
The proposed budget for the alternate universe film is around £100 million given it will be produced by a major Hollywood studio, allowing
Lesson 1 2013
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Bastille Cross-Media Case Study
Bastille is a British band that debuted in 2010 with EPs and singles. They gained popularity through online platforms and festivals. In 2012, they signed with Virgin Records and released their first singles and album "Bad Blood" which topped the UK charts. Their music video for "Pompeii" had a post-apocalyptic theme and cinematic style with minimal shots of the band members. Across their website, album artwork, and promotions, Bastille cultivated an artistic image with muted tones and ambiguity rather than focusing on the band members themselves.
Adorno and horkheimer 2013v2 students
Adorno and Horkheimer argued that cultural production had become standardized and formulaic like industrial manufacturing, with an "assembly-line character". They believed this resulted in homogenous cultural commodities that led to passive consumption, devoid of creativity or individuality. According to their view, the capitalist structures of economic ownership and control over cultural production directly shaped and limited the activities of both creative artists and consumers.
Gender analysis
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Hollyoaks disability textual analysis pp
This document discusses representations of disability in media and provides examples. It summarizes research arguing that media portrayals of disability have generally been oppressive by presenting people with disabilities as objects of pity, victims, villains, or as incapable of living ordinary lives. The document also provides examples of characters with disabilities from various television shows and how certain stereotypes are often employed, such as portraying those with physical or mental disabilities as outsiders.
Ethnicity & race pp
This document provides objectives and instructions for an activity analyzing representations of race and ethnicity in TV drama. It discusses identifying ethnic stereotypes and exploring issues around minority representation in media. Specifically, it has students draw stereotypical characters of their own ethnicity and analyze how those characters fit common stereotypes. It also discusses how white western ideology shapes representations, with minorities often portrayed as outsiders in menial jobs defined by their ethnicity.
Evaluation
Your evaluation must be submitted electronically and address 7 questions related to how your media product used or challenged conventions, represented social groups, and would be distributed. It should also discuss what you learned about technologies and the progression from your preliminary work. The evaluation is an opportunity to showcase your learning in a creative format using images, audio, and video.
Theories learning theory
Infants form their primary attachment between 6-9 months of age, to a caregiver who protects and provides a secure base for the child to explore from. This primary attachment serves as a template for all future attachments and has long-term impacts on future emotional behavior if the attachment is not properly formed or becomes disturbed during the critical period. The document discusses how infants are born with innate characteristics that elicit care-giving from others to satisfy their needs.
Strange situation & types of att
The passage describes Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, which was used to define types of attachment in children. The experiment involved observing a child's behavior in a laboratory during a sequence of short episodes involving the mother, child, and stranger. Researchers discreetly observed how the child reacted to separation and reunion with the mother, and their level of exploration. The experiment identified three main types of attachment that children can form: secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant.
Dev intro%2c evo animal research
Here are the key points from Bowlby's theory of attachment that could inform the advice:
- Attachment has strong biological roots for both infant and caregiver. Forming a bond is important for survival.
- Consistency and sensitivity in responding to an infant's needs, especially in times of distress, allows the infant to form an internal working model where they view the caregiver as a secure base.
- Through ongoing interactions, the infant learns they can trust the caregiver will be there when needed. This allows them to explore freely while knowing they have a safe haven.
- Spending quality one-on-one time with the infant through activities like playing, reading and caring for them helps cement the bond.
Culture and attachment
This document discusses culture and attachment. It defines key terms related to culture, discusses Bowlby's theory of attachment and its assumptions of universality. It then outlines several cross-cultural studies on attachment that found differences in caregiver responses, long-term goals, and the value placed on caregivers and children across cultures. The document also discusses using the Strange Situation procedure cross-culturally and whether it can accurately assess attachment in all cultures.
Ewt the cognitive interview
Parents evening will involve preparing for an exam question on the cognitive interview technique. The cognitive interview is a method used to improve accurate eyewitness recall. It is based on principles of memory organization and context cues aiding retrieval. The four techniques are reinstating context, changing sequence, changing perspective, and reporting everything. Research shows the cognitive interview improves accurate eyewitness statements compared to standard interviews.
Ewt elderly
Research into the impact of age on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (EWT) is inconclusive. Some studies have found that elderly witnesses may be more suggestible than younger adults and more likely to incorporate inaccurate post-event information. However, other research has found that both children and older adults form less complete initial memories of events compared to young adults, rather than differences in suggestibility. The relationship between age and accuracy of EWT remains an open area of study.