The document analyzes illegal immigration in Russia and its impact on national and regional labor markets as an indicator of national security. Statistical data from 2014-2015 is used to examine trends in migration flows and the labor market. The analysis finds that while migration levels remained steady, the number of foreign workers with permits declined significantly in 2015 due to new regulations. Illegal immigration poses economic and social threats but the labor market still demands foreign workers to fill certain jobs.
A Theoretical Statistical Measurement Model Analysis on Human Capital Economi...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the main issues which effect the economic growth and the poverty in Bulgaria in relation with rate of human capital growth.
The assumption that in the modern world poverty isn’t a concept associated with the shortage of income is grounded. At its core the poverty is an expression of lack of opportunities for the person. The interest in it is completely understandable, because poverty is perceived as the most important social problem, in which all significant existential questions and challenges to the social sciences are focused virtually.
THE ROLE OF TRADE IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMEA IAEME Publication
The socio-economic situation in Crimea has changed under the influence of the political events of 2014. One of the key economy sectors, the effective functioning of which is necessary for the sustainable development of the region, is trade. In this regard, the research is dealt with the trade of Crimea and its role in the socio-economic development of the region. The results have shown that in 2014–2017 the internal trade of the region demonstrated higher development rates than in 2010–2013. The slight slowdown in trade development in general is solely due to the decrease in foreign trade, which, in turn, is partly due to a change in the settlement procedure, as well as to the overall Russian policy of import substitution. Thus, despite certain difficulties that are still typical for the trade of Crimea, the main problems of the industry have been solved currently or continue to be solved through state regulation measures. Further development of the trade industry will contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic situation in the region and the well-being of its residents.
ASSESSMENT OF MIGRATION ATTRACTIVENESS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL DISTRICTSIAEME Publication
Migration is playing increasingly more prominent role in ensuring a well-balanced spatial development of the Russian economy in the context of growing hieving a well-balanced development from a migration perspective is supposed to address some issues of assessing the migration attractiveness of the Russian Federation territories, which will make it possible to shape a sound migration policy aimed at overcoming territorial disparities. The study provides the assessment of the migration attractiveness of RF federal districts, which were chosen as research objects because of the need for comprehensive coverage of the Russian Federation megaspace. classification of the federal districts have been designed according to the degree of migration attractiveness, with account of its upward or downward trend in the period under review; in addition, a cartographic profile of the Russian migration been constructed. This analysis is based on absolute and relative parameters of migration processes (indicators of arrival and departure of population, turnover, migration balance, and their rates) drawing on the data of the official 016. Rate of migration attractiveness was employed as one of the analytical tools and it was possible to reveal its interrelation at regional level with a number of indicators describing economic, social, demographic and ecological lopment. It has been found that the interrelation of migration attractiveness is most closely traced to economic and social factors.
Migration Crisis: International Cooperation and National StrategiesRussian Council
Migration has moved to the top of the global political agenda in recent times. The unprecedented influx of
refugees to Europe, on the one hand, and the high rate of South–North economic migration on the other,
have led to sharp political and public opinion divisions.
Over the last year-and-a-half, the expressions “migration crisis” and “refugee crisis” have become firmly
lodged in the political and journalist discourse. However, to what extent does the term “crisis” reflect the
real state of affairs? And to what extent does it reflect the way it is perceived? What can be done at the
national and international levels to change the situation? What is the current state of international cooperation on migration regulation? What is the outlook for this cooperation in the foreseeable future? And
what is Russia’s place in this cooperation?
The abovementioned issues were discussed during the II International conference “Migration crisis:
international cooperation and national strategies”, that was held on September 22-23, 2016 in Moscow
and organized by Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) and The Russian Presidental Academy of
National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). The paper presents the key results of the discussion of the following questions: (1) an analysis of the international migration system over the past half a century; (2) an examination of the demographic, economic, political and humanitarian aspects of the
crisis; (3) a look at the phenomenon of migration in reference to security problems; (4) a review of the state
of international cooperation in migration regulation.
Remittance inflow and economic growth the case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
Abstract:
Remittance inflow become one of the main source of capital flows in the world. It is noted that remittance is
very effective in promoting household welfare and as an alternative source of capital inflow. However in it
uncertain whether or not it leads to economic growth. This article examines the effects of remittances inflow
on economic growth in Georgian republic. The impact of remittance inflow on GDP growth was analyzed and
tested by Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-integration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests.
In the paper the quarterly data interval from the first quarter of 1999 to third quarter of 2015 was used. As a
result it was found out that that there is a nexus between remittance and GDP and it is concluded that
remittance leads to increase in GDP growth.
The document summarizes trends in Russia's labor market from 2003-2006. It notes that industrial growth averaged 6-7% annually in this period, unemployment dropped from 8.6% to 7.6%, and those living below the poverty line decreased. Positive trends include rising employment, falling unemployment, and ongoing efforts to address skills mismatches and support small businesses. The largest employment sectors are manufacturing and retail. Overall, the economy and national projects have contributed to job creation and lower unemployment.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
Speaker: Elena Shadrina, Associate Professor, Waseda University
Presentation: What to Expect for Russia-Japan Relations: Contemplation against a Backdrop of Social and Economic Situation in Russia
A Theoretical Statistical Measurement Model Analysis on Human Capital Economi...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the main issues which effect the economic growth and the poverty in Bulgaria in relation with rate of human capital growth.
The assumption that in the modern world poverty isn’t a concept associated with the shortage of income is grounded. At its core the poverty is an expression of lack of opportunities for the person. The interest in it is completely understandable, because poverty is perceived as the most important social problem, in which all significant existential questions and challenges to the social sciences are focused virtually.
THE ROLE OF TRADE IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMEA IAEME Publication
The socio-economic situation in Crimea has changed under the influence of the political events of 2014. One of the key economy sectors, the effective functioning of which is necessary for the sustainable development of the region, is trade. In this regard, the research is dealt with the trade of Crimea and its role in the socio-economic development of the region. The results have shown that in 2014–2017 the internal trade of the region demonstrated higher development rates than in 2010–2013. The slight slowdown in trade development in general is solely due to the decrease in foreign trade, which, in turn, is partly due to a change in the settlement procedure, as well as to the overall Russian policy of import substitution. Thus, despite certain difficulties that are still typical for the trade of Crimea, the main problems of the industry have been solved currently or continue to be solved through state regulation measures. Further development of the trade industry will contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic situation in the region and the well-being of its residents.
ASSESSMENT OF MIGRATION ATTRACTIVENESS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL DISTRICTSIAEME Publication
Migration is playing increasingly more prominent role in ensuring a well-balanced spatial development of the Russian economy in the context of growing hieving a well-balanced development from a migration perspective is supposed to address some issues of assessing the migration attractiveness of the Russian Federation territories, which will make it possible to shape a sound migration policy aimed at overcoming territorial disparities. The study provides the assessment of the migration attractiveness of RF federal districts, which were chosen as research objects because of the need for comprehensive coverage of the Russian Federation megaspace. classification of the federal districts have been designed according to the degree of migration attractiveness, with account of its upward or downward trend in the period under review; in addition, a cartographic profile of the Russian migration been constructed. This analysis is based on absolute and relative parameters of migration processes (indicators of arrival and departure of population, turnover, migration balance, and their rates) drawing on the data of the official 016. Rate of migration attractiveness was employed as one of the analytical tools and it was possible to reveal its interrelation at regional level with a number of indicators describing economic, social, demographic and ecological lopment. It has been found that the interrelation of migration attractiveness is most closely traced to economic and social factors.
Migration Crisis: International Cooperation and National StrategiesRussian Council
Migration has moved to the top of the global political agenda in recent times. The unprecedented influx of
refugees to Europe, on the one hand, and the high rate of South–North economic migration on the other,
have led to sharp political and public opinion divisions.
Over the last year-and-a-half, the expressions “migration crisis” and “refugee crisis” have become firmly
lodged in the political and journalist discourse. However, to what extent does the term “crisis” reflect the
real state of affairs? And to what extent does it reflect the way it is perceived? What can be done at the
national and international levels to change the situation? What is the current state of international cooperation on migration regulation? What is the outlook for this cooperation in the foreseeable future? And
what is Russia’s place in this cooperation?
The abovementioned issues were discussed during the II International conference “Migration crisis:
international cooperation and national strategies”, that was held on September 22-23, 2016 in Moscow
and organized by Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) and The Russian Presidental Academy of
National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA). The paper presents the key results of the discussion of the following questions: (1) an analysis of the international migration system over the past half a century; (2) an examination of the demographic, economic, political and humanitarian aspects of the
crisis; (3) a look at the phenomenon of migration in reference to security problems; (4) a review of the state
of international cooperation in migration regulation.
Remittance inflow and economic growth the case of georgiaAzer Dilanchiev
Abstract:
Remittance inflow become one of the main source of capital flows in the world. It is noted that remittance is
very effective in promoting household welfare and as an alternative source of capital inflow. However in it
uncertain whether or not it leads to economic growth. This article examines the effects of remittances inflow
on economic growth in Georgian republic. The impact of remittance inflow on GDP growth was analyzed and
tested by Unit Root Test, Johansen Co-integration and VAR Granger Causality/Block Exogeneity Wald Tests.
In the paper the quarterly data interval from the first quarter of 1999 to third quarter of 2015 was used. As a
result it was found out that that there is a nexus between remittance and GDP and it is concluded that
remittance leads to increase in GDP growth.
The document summarizes trends in Russia's labor market from 2003-2006. It notes that industrial growth averaged 6-7% annually in this period, unemployment dropped from 8.6% to 7.6%, and those living below the poverty line decreased. Positive trends include rising employment, falling unemployment, and ongoing efforts to address skills mismatches and support small businesses. The largest employment sectors are manufacturing and retail. Overall, the economy and national projects have contributed to job creation and lower unemployment.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
Speaker: Elena Shadrina, Associate Professor, Waseda University
Presentation: What to Expect for Russia-Japan Relations: Contemplation against a Backdrop of Social and Economic Situation in Russia
An Unintended Curse of Gifts, Workers Remittances and International Competiti...Gregory Loshkajian
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the effects of worker remittances on Armenia's international competitiveness. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's goals and findings. The introduction provides background on remittances globally and their significance in Armenia, constituting about a quarter of GDP. The literature review discusses previous research showing that large capital inflows like remittances can cause "Dutch disease" effects and real exchange rate appreciation. The paper uses a VAR model with education instrumentation to analyze whether remittances correlate with appreciation of the Armenian dram against other currencies from 1995-2013. It finds a small but significant positive correlation, suggesting remittances lower international competitiveness by driving up prices for non-tra
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with tourist’s satisfaction level.
Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Arab Republic of Egypt: Op...Russian Council
Working paper prepared by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) within the project «Middle East: Political Dynamics and Russia’s Interests». The authors examine the main trends in the development of the political and economic situation in Egypt, analyze the state of Russian-Egyptian relations, lead recommendations for their further development, examine the role of Egypt through the prism of the exacerbation of regional conflicts and threats in the Middle East, analyze the prospects for Russian-Egyptian cooperation in addressing regional problems.
This work is done as contribution to the Regional Human Development Report 2004 section 3.7 on “Labor Markets”. The paper focuses on discussing peculiarities of the labor market transition in CIS countries, features of unemployment, labor legislation, and role of the trade unions.
The paper gathers information on the labor markets of CIS and Eastern European countries that was available by summer 2004, and draws policy recommendations based on comparison between these two groups of countries. The main conclusion is that the transformation of labor markets is not complete in any of the CIS countries; most of the problems that prevailed in the early 1990s remain. These include: centralized wage setting in five CIS countries – Belarus, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; extensive unemployment and underemployment, much of which is hidden; ineffective systems of labor relations and social protection; large mismatches between the labor market skills supplied and the skills demanded by new market economies; inadequate official labor market data.
Fortunately, the strong economic growth experienced by most CIS countries since 1999 has increased the demand for labor and is putting downward pressures on unemployment rates. This offers a window of opportunity for policy makers seeking to further transform labor markets, and to modernize labor relations and social protection systems. The above analysis suggests the policy recommendations to speed up further transformation.
Authored by: Olga Pavlova, Oleksandr Rohozynsky
Published in 2005
This document presents the results of a statistical analysis of the relationship between migration and development in developing countries. It finds that there is no significant relationship between labor migration and GDP growth rates, but there is a strong negative relationship between labor migration and poverty levels. When controlling for education, net migration, and unemployment, about 63% of the variation in poverty can be explained by labor migration. While migration may decrease the labor force, remittances sent home can contribute to reducing poverty.
Diasporas and globalisation – The Chinese business community in Portugal and...Cláudio Carneiro
This document analyzes the role of diasporas in the context of globalization and the rise of the knowledge society. It uses the Chinese business community in Portugal as a case study. The summary is:
1) Diasporas play a strategic role as links between their host and home countries, influencing foreign policy and "soft power."
2) The Chinese business community in Portugal functions as catalysts for China's integration into the global economy by facilitating economic and investment flows between the two countries and spreading Chinese culture.
3) Members of the diaspora provide economic intelligence and information to help Chinese authorities and local governments engage with foreign markets.
In Bangladesh, migrant worker’s remittances constitute one of the most significant sources of external finance. This paper investigates the existence of relation between remittance inflow and GDP and the causal link between them in Bangladesh by employing the Granger causality test under a VECM framework. Using time series data over a 38 year period, we found that growth in remittances does lead to economic growth in Bangladesh. In addition to the relationship, this paper also points out some issues that are working as impediments in getting remittance and give some recommendations to overcome those impediments.
Ukraine. Turn to Growth. Investment Climate Outlook - Mid 2017DIA_investment
2016 was a year of macroeconomy stabilization in Ukraine. This year shows the expected growth. Much of this progress reflects the authorities’ efforts and proves the viability and prospects of the chosen path of economic reform. The government has pursued a policy aimed at deregulating entrepreneurial activity, improving the business climate, optimizing public sector governance, and ensuring the harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation. As a result capital investment in the first half of 2017 exceeded pre-crisis level, the net FDI amounted to $1,156 million and was mostly directed towards the real sector of the economy. The 1H 2017 also brought numerous significant transactions and announcements of new investments.
The effect of Economic Conditions on Net Greek MigrationEmily Marshall
This document provides an introduction, literature review, model specification, data description, empirical results, and conclusions regarding a study analyzing the effect of economic conditions on Greek net migration from 1991-2014. The study uses econometric techniques to model the relationship between key economic indicators like GDP, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and dummy variables for economic crisis and EU membership, on net migration. The initial linear model showed some issues which were partially addressed by transforming it to a log-log model. Overall, the study found GDP and unemployment were statistically significant in explaining migration, and concluded that strengthening Greece's economic position could help stabilize net migration flows.
Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems..pdfPublisherNasir
SEI Conference
Proceeding Title Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems (2790-0169)
Type
Conference Proceedings (International)
ISSN 2790-0169
E-ISSN 2790-0177
Short Title SEI
Abbreviated key-title Sci. educ. innov. context mod. probl.
ISBN 978-1451-11-764-6
Editor Nasir Mammadov, Mammad
Chairman of Editorial Board Dr. Uma Shankar Yadav (India)
Publisher International Meetings and Conferences Research Association
E-mail (Submission & Contact) editor@imcra-az.org
Topics Science and Social Sciences (no Art and Humanities)
Frequency Bi-monthly (6 in a year)
An Open Appeal to President, Chairman of the Parliament and Prime Minister of Ukraine urging to change the economic policy in order to protect national interests, ensure economic development and improve the standard of living in Ukraine
This study presents novel evidence on the effects of conflict on trade in non-conflict areas. We examine the context of the ongoing Russian military intervention in Ukraine. In a difference- in-differences framework, we leverage a newly compiled firm-level panel with the universe of Ukrainian trade transactions from 2013 through 2016 and exploit substantial spatial variation in the ethnic composition of Ukrainian counties. The estimates suggest that Ukrainian firms from counties with fewer ethnic Russians experienced a deeper decline in trade with Russia. We argue that this result stems from increased ethnic tensions and a differential rise in negative attitudes and beliefs about Russia. Possible mechanisms include consumer boycotts of Russian products, reputational concerns of Ukrainian firms, and a breakdown of trust in contract enforcement. In contrast, we find no evidence for individual-level animosity between firms’ key decision makers or discrimination at the border. We also rule out that the differential decline in trade arises only from economic spillovers, such as refugee flows and destruction of supply chains with conflict areas.
Economic growth in Albania: Influencing Factors yesterday, today and tomorrowALTAX Consulting
According to the annual report of the Bank of Albania, for the years 1980 to 1990, the average economic
growth was at 0.9%. The largest economic downturn it is in the year 1990 at a level of -10%. The largest
economic growth it is in the year 1989 at a level of 9.8%. For the years 1991 to 2000, the average
economic growth was at 1.3%. The largest economic downturn it is in the year 1991 at a level of -28%. The
largest economic growth it is in the year 1999 at a level of 13.5%.
For the years 2001 to 2011, the average economic growth was at 5.3%. The slowed economic growth it is
in the year 2011 at a level of 3.1%. The largest economic growth it is in the year 2001 at a level of 7.9%.
Economic growth of past three decades of the Albanian economy is growing at an average 2.5%.
Based on the data of the last thirty years (one third of the life of the Albanian state) economy in this paper
will be presented in reference to significant economic and political factors that affect economic
development.
This document discusses the economic challenges facing Europe from the recent surge in asylum seekers. In the short term, the influx is estimated to modestly increase GDP growth in main destination countries like Germany and Sweden by boosting fiscal spending on refugees and expanding the labor supply. However, the long term economic impact depends on how well refugees integrate into labor markets. Past evidence shows refugees and immigrants initially have lower employment and wages than natives, though these differences diminish over time if barriers to language skills, job qualifications, and legal work restrictions are addressed. Policies that facilitate labor market integration such as job training, wage subsidies, self-employment support, and geographic mobility can help maximize the economic benefits of immigration while reducing fiscal costs over the long
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) developed Radiography of attacks against non-governmental organizations from the Republic of Moldova, which aimed at discrediting CSOs and deteriorating their environment for activity.
The document discusses key challenges facing the North Eastern states of India, including insurgency, lack of infrastructure, and poor governance. It argues that developing tourism and border trade could help address high unemployment and low GDP in the region by generating jobs and revenue. Specifically, the region has great potential for eco and adventure tourism due to its natural beauty and cultural heritage. Border trade could revive local industries and provide access to new markets, fulfilling the goals of India's "Look East" policy. However, more work is still needed to improve infrastructure and overcome security challenges and isolationist mindsets that have hindered economic development.
In Central Asian countries the macroeconomic situation characterized by low level of public
investment. Peculiarities of transition economies led to greater complexity of the investment processes and
strengthened the factors opposing to IFDI.
This study analyzes the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade on labor productivity in 30 Chinese provinces from 1979 to 2006. It finds strong evidence that productivity in a given Chinese region is influenced by surrounding regions, indicating positive spatial autocorrelation. Additionally, FDI and trade are found to have positive and significant impacts on labor productivity and exhibit positive spatial spillovers among provinces. These findings are robust after accounting for spatial effects and alternative specifications.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
An Unintended Curse of Gifts, Workers Remittances and International Competiti...Gregory Loshkajian
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the effects of worker remittances on Armenia's international competitiveness. It begins with an abstract that outlines the paper's goals and findings. The introduction provides background on remittances globally and their significance in Armenia, constituting about a quarter of GDP. The literature review discusses previous research showing that large capital inflows like remittances can cause "Dutch disease" effects and real exchange rate appreciation. The paper uses a VAR model with education instrumentation to analyze whether remittances correlate with appreciation of the Armenian dram against other currencies from 1995-2013. It finds a small but significant positive correlation, suggesting remittances lower international competitiveness by driving up prices for non-tra
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with tourist’s satisfaction level.
Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Arab Republic of Egypt: Op...Russian Council
Working paper prepared by the Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC) within the project «Middle East: Political Dynamics and Russia’s Interests». The authors examine the main trends in the development of the political and economic situation in Egypt, analyze the state of Russian-Egyptian relations, lead recommendations for their further development, examine the role of Egypt through the prism of the exacerbation of regional conflicts and threats in the Middle East, analyze the prospects for Russian-Egyptian cooperation in addressing regional problems.
This work is done as contribution to the Regional Human Development Report 2004 section 3.7 on “Labor Markets”. The paper focuses on discussing peculiarities of the labor market transition in CIS countries, features of unemployment, labor legislation, and role of the trade unions.
The paper gathers information on the labor markets of CIS and Eastern European countries that was available by summer 2004, and draws policy recommendations based on comparison between these two groups of countries. The main conclusion is that the transformation of labor markets is not complete in any of the CIS countries; most of the problems that prevailed in the early 1990s remain. These include: centralized wage setting in five CIS countries – Belarus, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; extensive unemployment and underemployment, much of which is hidden; ineffective systems of labor relations and social protection; large mismatches between the labor market skills supplied and the skills demanded by new market economies; inadequate official labor market data.
Fortunately, the strong economic growth experienced by most CIS countries since 1999 has increased the demand for labor and is putting downward pressures on unemployment rates. This offers a window of opportunity for policy makers seeking to further transform labor markets, and to modernize labor relations and social protection systems. The above analysis suggests the policy recommendations to speed up further transformation.
Authored by: Olga Pavlova, Oleksandr Rohozynsky
Published in 2005
This document presents the results of a statistical analysis of the relationship between migration and development in developing countries. It finds that there is no significant relationship between labor migration and GDP growth rates, but there is a strong negative relationship between labor migration and poverty levels. When controlling for education, net migration, and unemployment, about 63% of the variation in poverty can be explained by labor migration. While migration may decrease the labor force, remittances sent home can contribute to reducing poverty.
Diasporas and globalisation – The Chinese business community in Portugal and...Cláudio Carneiro
This document analyzes the role of diasporas in the context of globalization and the rise of the knowledge society. It uses the Chinese business community in Portugal as a case study. The summary is:
1) Diasporas play a strategic role as links between their host and home countries, influencing foreign policy and "soft power."
2) The Chinese business community in Portugal functions as catalysts for China's integration into the global economy by facilitating economic and investment flows between the two countries and spreading Chinese culture.
3) Members of the diaspora provide economic intelligence and information to help Chinese authorities and local governments engage with foreign markets.
In Bangladesh, migrant worker’s remittances constitute one of the most significant sources of external finance. This paper investigates the existence of relation between remittance inflow and GDP and the causal link between them in Bangladesh by employing the Granger causality test under a VECM framework. Using time series data over a 38 year period, we found that growth in remittances does lead to economic growth in Bangladesh. In addition to the relationship, this paper also points out some issues that are working as impediments in getting remittance and give some recommendations to overcome those impediments.
Ukraine. Turn to Growth. Investment Climate Outlook - Mid 2017DIA_investment
2016 was a year of macroeconomy stabilization in Ukraine. This year shows the expected growth. Much of this progress reflects the authorities’ efforts and proves the viability and prospects of the chosen path of economic reform. The government has pursued a policy aimed at deregulating entrepreneurial activity, improving the business climate, optimizing public sector governance, and ensuring the harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation. As a result capital investment in the first half of 2017 exceeded pre-crisis level, the net FDI amounted to $1,156 million and was mostly directed towards the real sector of the economy. The 1H 2017 also brought numerous significant transactions and announcements of new investments.
The effect of Economic Conditions on Net Greek MigrationEmily Marshall
This document provides an introduction, literature review, model specification, data description, empirical results, and conclusions regarding a study analyzing the effect of economic conditions on Greek net migration from 1991-2014. The study uses econometric techniques to model the relationship between key economic indicators like GDP, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and dummy variables for economic crisis and EU membership, on net migration. The initial linear model showed some issues which were partially addressed by transforming it to a log-log model. Overall, the study found GDP and unemployment were statistically significant in explaining migration, and concluded that strengthening Greece's economic position could help stabilize net migration flows.
Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems..pdfPublisherNasir
SEI Conference
Proceeding Title Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems (2790-0169)
Type
Conference Proceedings (International)
ISSN 2790-0169
E-ISSN 2790-0177
Short Title SEI
Abbreviated key-title Sci. educ. innov. context mod. probl.
ISBN 978-1451-11-764-6
Editor Nasir Mammadov, Mammad
Chairman of Editorial Board Dr. Uma Shankar Yadav (India)
Publisher International Meetings and Conferences Research Association
E-mail (Submission & Contact) editor@imcra-az.org
Topics Science and Social Sciences (no Art and Humanities)
Frequency Bi-monthly (6 in a year)
An Open Appeal to President, Chairman of the Parliament and Prime Minister of Ukraine urging to change the economic policy in order to protect national interests, ensure economic development and improve the standard of living in Ukraine
This study presents novel evidence on the effects of conflict on trade in non-conflict areas. We examine the context of the ongoing Russian military intervention in Ukraine. In a difference- in-differences framework, we leverage a newly compiled firm-level panel with the universe of Ukrainian trade transactions from 2013 through 2016 and exploit substantial spatial variation in the ethnic composition of Ukrainian counties. The estimates suggest that Ukrainian firms from counties with fewer ethnic Russians experienced a deeper decline in trade with Russia. We argue that this result stems from increased ethnic tensions and a differential rise in negative attitudes and beliefs about Russia. Possible mechanisms include consumer boycotts of Russian products, reputational concerns of Ukrainian firms, and a breakdown of trust in contract enforcement. In contrast, we find no evidence for individual-level animosity between firms’ key decision makers or discrimination at the border. We also rule out that the differential decline in trade arises only from economic spillovers, such as refugee flows and destruction of supply chains with conflict areas.
Economic growth in Albania: Influencing Factors yesterday, today and tomorrowALTAX Consulting
According to the annual report of the Bank of Albania, for the years 1980 to 1990, the average economic
growth was at 0.9%. The largest economic downturn it is in the year 1990 at a level of -10%. The largest
economic growth it is in the year 1989 at a level of 9.8%. For the years 1991 to 2000, the average
economic growth was at 1.3%. The largest economic downturn it is in the year 1991 at a level of -28%. The
largest economic growth it is in the year 1999 at a level of 13.5%.
For the years 2001 to 2011, the average economic growth was at 5.3%. The slowed economic growth it is
in the year 2011 at a level of 3.1%. The largest economic growth it is in the year 2001 at a level of 7.9%.
Economic growth of past three decades of the Albanian economy is growing at an average 2.5%.
Based on the data of the last thirty years (one third of the life of the Albanian state) economy in this paper
will be presented in reference to significant economic and political factors that affect economic
development.
This document discusses the economic challenges facing Europe from the recent surge in asylum seekers. In the short term, the influx is estimated to modestly increase GDP growth in main destination countries like Germany and Sweden by boosting fiscal spending on refugees and expanding the labor supply. However, the long term economic impact depends on how well refugees integrate into labor markets. Past evidence shows refugees and immigrants initially have lower employment and wages than natives, though these differences diminish over time if barriers to language skills, job qualifications, and legal work restrictions are addressed. Policies that facilitate labor market integration such as job training, wage subsidies, self-employment support, and geographic mobility can help maximize the economic benefits of immigration while reducing fiscal costs over the long
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) developed Radiography of attacks against non-governmental organizations from the Republic of Moldova, which aimed at discrediting CSOs and deteriorating their environment for activity.
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1. Abstract
Background/Objective: The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of illegal immigration on the national
and regional labor markets as a national security indicator in the social and labor sphere. Methods: The economic-
mathematical and statistical methods were used to achieve the objectives of the study. The official statistical data in
the field of labor and employment in the Russian Federation over the past five years served as empirical base of the
research. With the help of statistical methods analytical indicators were designed, which allowed identifying the main
trends in the labor market. Findings: Exogenous factors of national security become a priority in the economic aspect
of Russia’s security, since it is the level of economic development of the country that largely determines the degree of its
protection from external and internal threats. In this paper the author analyzes the factors affecting national security and
focuses on illegal migration as a phenomenon actively involved in the social, economic and legal spheres. The impact of
illegal migration on the national and regional labor markets viewed as an indicator of national security in the social and
labor spheres has been studied. The use of outsourced manpower (studied in relation to its professional qualifications,
distribution in Russia and industry labor markets) has been treated as a potential source of social and ethnic conflicts.
Based on the empirical data the research provided quantitative and qualitative description of the real threats posed
by illegal immigration, formed in the country in recent years, both in the economic and social sphere. Application/
Improvements: The interested executive bodies may use these results to develop management solutions aimed at more
efficient management of migration processes and reduction of illegal immigrants, eliminating unnecessary administrative
barriers for the mostly needed professionals.
*Author for correspondence
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(14), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i14/91086, April 2016
ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846
ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645
Migration as a Threat to National Security
Sergei Metelev*
Omsk Institute (Branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Omsk,
Russian Federation; metelev-ce55@mail.ru
1. Introduction
The growing attention of the state and society to the issues
of Russia’s national security has become a feature at the
beginning of the XXI century. It caused the necessity of
scientific approaches to the study of this phenomenon.
Ensuring national security becomes a particularly press-
ing issue in the time of transformation, economic and
legal reforms which are an integral tendency in the con-
temporary Russian Federation.
At present migration serves as a foundation of the
world globalization process. The growing tendencies of
global labor division enhancing the migration flows are
becoming a major challenge of present day economies
since the migration processes entail both benefits for and
certain threats to the receiving states.
On the one hand, global labor migration leads to lev-
eling out differences in average wage resulting from the
efficient use of labor resources. Due to their international
redistribution the aggregated world output increases.
On the other hand, a pronounced ethno-social and
ethno-political nature of migration as a mass uncon-
trolled phenomenon represents a potential threat to
the national security. It affects the personalities of those
forced to move to other territories in search of a quiet life
and a better future1
.
According to the classification of threats to the Russian
Federation’s national security2
on the part of, primarily,
Keywords: Crime Rate, Illegal Migration, Labor Market, Labor Migration, Migration, National Security
2. Migration as a Threat to National Security
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Vol 9 (14) | April 2016 | www.indjst.org
2
illegal migration, the economic sphere threats are consid-
ered to be:
• The domestic labor market dependence on foreign
labor for certain types of professions.
• Increased competition between domestic and foreign
employees in the Russian labor market.
• Capital export by foreign labor.
• Illegal economic activity (without taxes and duties
payment) and its criminalization.
• Undermining of economic cooperation in the border
regions of Russia and neighboring countries.
• Increase in the scale of smuggling activity.
• Uncontrolled export of financial resources and raw
materials.
• Illegal migrants’ employment alongside with the local
population unemployment.
• Disorganization of trade activity, etc3
.
Topicality of the subject is determined by the readi-
ness of the states to face challenges caused by migration
processes as an integral part of the strategy for socio-
economic and political reforms. Strengthening of
international integration and liberalization of economic
relations have led to increased mobility of all resources
of economic and social development: Financial, material,
technological, information, labor, and educational ones.
Labor migration has become an essential point of the
global economy. Sharp differentiations in the income level
and living standards, the search for material well-being,
avoidance of involvement in military conflicts as well as
unemployment are forcing migrants to leave their homes.
Current trends of the world development in many ways
indicate that the number of labor migrants will increase.
Migration flows are intensified in the conditions of the
economic crisis in Russia. Economy fluctuations affect
the labor market through changes of the unemployment
rate and the real pay growth rate.
Security and strategic development for mankind
on the threshold of the third millennium were closely
linked with the problems of sustainable development
of regions of the planet and the civilization as a whole.
These issues were considered by the international com-
munity at the UN conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992
and 1997. And in 2002 and 2012 the World Summit sug-
gested a balanced development of the three components:
Nature, society and economy. Along with the economic
issues, social and environmental aspects were discussed,
i.e., complex cultural problems that require a systematic
approach needed to resolve irregularities and disparities
in the developmentwhich lead to the aggravation of the
crisis situations.
2. Research Methods
The author applied integrative and systemic approaches
to the migration flows analysis, as well as statistical frame-
work to identify patterns and the qualitative features of
migration in Russia.
The attractiveness of the labor market depends on
potential earned income. At the same time Russia faces
significantly decreased income levels and solvency of both
employees and employers hiring foreign nationals caused
by the economic crisis and the sharp devaluation of the
Russian ruble. It resulted in the decreased income of labor
migrants and in a simultaneous increase in the cost of stay
in the country. Structure analysis of the labor migrants’
employment by industries shows that 90% of legal non-
residents in 2013 were employed in the six major types
of economic activities: civil engineering (36.3%); trade
(16.6%);manufacturingactivities(13.5%);theservicesector
(9.9%); agriculture (9.1%); transport and communications
(4.3%). The job cuts in the civil engineering and services
sectors which employ a large number of labor migrants will
affect employment and incomes of migrants in Russia.
According to statistics, in 2015 most of the foreign
nationals had a work permit for employment in civil
engineering to be engaged in mining operations, capital
mining operations, building and assembly operations and
construction and repair works (21.1%); in unskilled jobs
(19.0%); in semi-skilled jobs with qualification in phys-
ics and engineering (10.2%). Most of foreign labor with
valid work permits (29.0%) was engaged in the economy
of Moscow; the number of people with legally effective
labor patents constituted 30.0%. In St. Petersburg these
figures made 13.1% and 6.9%, respectively, amounting to
9.7% and 13.1% in the Moscow region; 3.7% and 1.7% in
the Khanty-Mansiisk Autonomous District-Yugra; 3.1%
and 3.2% in the Krasnodar Territory.
Economic conditions in the employment area in
respect to the demographic situation determine the
specificity of the domestic labor market which will keep
the demand for labor in the long term. This suggests real
wages decline during the crisis being affected by high
inflation rate that will influence the income level. Thus,
according to analytical indicators, as of April 2015 the
3. Sergei Metelev
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
Vol 9 (14) | April 2016 | www.indjst.org
unemployment rate growth was 5.7%, and the rate of
remuneration decreased by 13.2% over the period under
review compared to the previous year.
3. Results
Themigrationtendenciesduringthestudyperiodof2014-
2015 (Table 1.) show a steady migration increase, while
in 2015 there was a decline of 8,732 people. According
to the Federal Migration Service, the number of foreign
nationals with valid work permits in the 2nd quarter of
2015 reached 556.2 thousands. Over the same period 58.0
thousand foreign citizens got work permits; most of them
for the period from 9 to 12 months – 90.7%.
The specifics of the Russian labor market shows that
its adjustment in the economic crisis is performed via
the mechanism of real income decrease without the auto-
matic rise in unemployment. Analytical statistics of the
comparable data for the years 2012-2015 corroborates
this fact (Table 2).
Despite the negative impact of downward oil prices
in the world commodity markets and geopolitical ten-
sion which took the form of economic sanctions against
Russia, the total number of foreign arrivals for the period of
Table 1. Total migration in 2015 (first half-year period/people)
2015 For information 2014
Number of
arrivals
Number of
departures
Migration
gain (+)
loss (-)
Number of
arrivals
Number of
departures
Migration
gain (+)
loss (-)
Russian Federation 2128624 2020683 +107941 2013601 1896928 +116673
Central Federal District 585001 474306 +110695 497458 417475 +79983
Northwestern Federal District 258946 260024 -1078 273022 249248 +23774
Southern Federal District 193177 170395 +22782 180697 157160 +23537
North Caucasian Federal
District
90307 102525 -12218 92515 101044 -8529
Volga Federal District 387095 401896 -14801 385456 384041 +1415
Ural Federal District 192166 189188 +2978 195282 193074 +2208
Siberian Federal District 276871 284531 -7660 271455 271588 -133
Far Eastern Federal District 111285 123326 -12041 107379 117851 -10472
Crimean Federal District 33776 14492 +19284 10337 5447 +4890
Source: Labor and Employment in Russia. 2015: Statistical book. Rosstat:Moscow, 2015.
Table 2. Migration situation in the Russian Federation (the first 4 months of 2012 – 2015)
Indicators / years 2012 2013 2014 2015
Arrivals 5,385,947 6,103,163 5,913,462 6,026,774
Put on migration record 2,626,461 2,186,343 3,372,740 2,975,849
Denied entry to foreign nationals and stateless
persons
20,560 52,856 269,128 189,022
Expelled and deported 7,706 11,403 40,764 31,991
Issued work permits 418,878 42,1299 412,423 89,744
Issued work permits for highly qualified and
qualified personnel
9,559 17,064 24,985 17,036
Issued patents 324,864 349,737 738,557 598,280
Source: Labor and Employment in Russia. 2015: Statistical book. Rosstat: Moscow, 2015.
4. Migration as a Threat to National Security
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Vol 9 (14) | April 2016 | www.indjst.org
4
January-April 2015 is not considerably different from that
of the same period in past years. During the period under
review there was a sharp increase in the number of expelled
and deported foreign citizens in 2014. This is related to the
changes in the legal framework and the impact of new regu-
latory measures on migrants’ employment which came into
effectinJanuary,2015.Thisfactoralsoinfluencedthedecline
in the rate of migrants’ employment in 2015; compared
with 2014 the number of work permits issued decreased by
78% and the number of patents decreased by19%.
During the first half of 2015 the number of internal
migrants increased by 98.4 thousand persons (5.6%)
compared with the corresponding period of the previous
year. Migratory gain in Russia decreased by 8.7 thousand
people (7.5%) due to the increased number of departures
from the Russian Federation (24.4 thousand people, or
16.7%). It also included 21.3 thousand people, or 17.0%
of emigrants to the CIS member states. At the same time
there was an increase in the number of arrivals from out-
side of Russia by 16.6 thousand people, or 6.3%, including
those from the CIS member states by 17.6 thousand peo-
ple, or 7.5%. In general, there is a decrease in migration
gain. The largest reduction gain is seen in the migration
exchange with Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and
China. The increase in migration gain was caused only by
the Ukrainian population.
As noted above, the Russian labor market demon-
strates long-term demand for labor. According to Rosstat
forecasts, in 2016-2030 there will be population increase
by 0.9 million people, but the number of working age
people will decrease by 5 million. The permanent popula-
tion of the Russian Federation as of July 1, 2015 totaled
146.3 million people. Starting from the beginning of the
year the number of people in Russia increased by 46.6
thousand or by 0.03%.
According to Table 3 there was a natural population
decline in the Russian Federation in 2014 (-0.4), and in
2015 (to -0.8). Migratory gain has fully compensated for
the population loss and exceeded it by 76.0%.
Researchers estimate that by the beginning of 21st
century the total number of labor migrants in the world
without their family members ranged from 36 to 42 mil-
lion people and that with family members exceeded this
estimate twice or thrice.
Being a host country Russia uses foreign labor as a
factor of its productive forces development. Immigrants
tend to be involved in industries not popular in the local
labor market. This allows industrialized countries to
move labor at lower costs during the period of relatively
high rates of economic growth and to iron out disparity
in industries subjected to significant structural changes in
connection with the scientific and technological revolu-
tion, or the process of integration.
However, the international experience proves that
each country while forming national structure of migra-
tion employment niches faces a mixed reaction of the host
society. Two polar opinions have developed with regard to
this issue. According to the first opinion, migrants displace
Table 3. Birth and death rates and natural population growth in the 1st half year period
Per 1,000 people Infant deaths per
1,000 born
born deceased Natural gain (+)
decrease (-)
2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014
Russian Federation 12.8 12.9 13.6 13.3 -0.8 -0.4 6.6 7.6
Northwestern Federal District 12. 0 11.9 13.9 13.4 -1.9 -1.5 5.8 6.0
Southern Federal District 12.1 12.0 14.0 13.5 -1.9 -1.5 6.1 7.6
North Caucasian Federal District 15.7 16.6 8.2 8.3 +7. 5 +8.3 9.4 11.1
Volga Federal District 12.9 13.0 14.7 14.1 -1.8 -1.1 6.4 7.4
Ural Federal District 14.6 14.9 13.0 12.5 +1.6 +2.4 6.0 6.2
Siberian Federal District 14.0 14.5 13.8 13.5 +0.2 +1.0 7.2 7.9
Far Eastern Federal District 13.5 13.6 13.1 12.8 +0.4 +0.8 7.7 10.0
Crimean Federal District 11.9 11.4 15.9 14.9 -4.0 -3.5 5.4 5.2
Source: Labor and Employment in Russia. 2015: Statistical book. Rosstat: Moscow, 2015.
5. Sergei Metelev
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
Vol 9 (14) | April 2016 | www.indjst.org
local labor force taking economically profitable workplaces.
This thesis is confirmed by the fact that migrants compete
with the Russians in the labor market and may drive them
out to take a niche: “... more or less considerable part of jobs
occupied by migrants have become jobs for migrants only,
i.e., they are “reserved” for years to come .... “. The second
opinion states that migrant workers are employed in most
non-prestigious and low-paid jobs that are not of interest to
local residents which reduces costs and improves the com-
petitiveness of the economy4
.
4. Discussion
The author believes that foreign citizens perform-
ing labor activities within the territory of the Russian
Federation will not be able to displace local skilled profes-
sionals when labor market is regulated by the state, since
this requires relevant decisions by the authorities, and the
employers’ interest for cheap labor enhances the role of
labor migrants in the labor market. Employers take advan-
tage of the lower level of wage rates, thus provoking the
emergence of artificial, virtual niches of jobs shortage in
non-prestigious and low-wage areas where migrant work-
ers are willingly engaged5
. European scholars suggest that
the impact of immigration on labor market in general is in
significant and often positively affect total employment6
.
In the international experience these facts are related to
a clear segmentation of the labor market which imposes
severe restrictions on the access of foreign nationals to cer-
tain vacancies and differentiation of employment spheres
for local and foreign employees. Another factor that can
lead to serious social consequences is an extremely inef-
ficient use of migrants’ labor potential. This is due to both
the existing tension in local labor markets, especially in
the villages and towns with single-industry structure of
employment, and the mismatch of branch structure needs
of regional labor markets in the labor force with profes-
sional structure of arrivals. For example, in the European
part of Russia people with experience in agriculture are
most often required, while those coming mostly apply
for intellectual labor. In Siberia, the Urals, the Far East,
on the contrary, there is an increased demand for the
intellectual labor force, but the immigration flow is domi-
nated by people of other professions. The contradiction
in the imbalance of supply and demand is settled by the
employment of labor migrants in jobs not requiring highly
specialized skills and qualifications, which reduces the
effectiveness of foreign labor resources. More than 40% of
able-bodied migrants, who received Russian Federation
citizenship, do not work in their specialties7
.
Among the threats to national security posed by
migration in the social field particular attention should
be paid to the intensification of social stratification and
social tension in society, to the building up fear of both
social and ethnic conflicts; the increased number of crim-
inal organizations and groups formed by migrants, etc.
Thus, in the whole crime structure the emphasis is laid
on the monitoring of the level of crimes committed by
foreign citizens and stateless persons. According to offi-
cial statistics of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia this
category of citizens committed 42.7 thousand crimes in
the territory of the Russian Federation (as of January 1st,
2013), which is 3.4% of the registered crimes in the coun-
try.
According to the Federal Migration Service (FMS of
Russia), there are currently from 5 to 15 million illegal
immigrants in the Russian Federation who pose a threat
to national labor markets contributing to the develop-
ment of the shadow economy. Annual global profit of the
criminal sector in this field of activity ranges from 5 to 9.5
billion dollars.
In 2012 the total number of reports on administrative
violations of the rules of stay and employment of foreign
nationals in Russia amounted to almost 533.5 thousand
(in 2011 this figure was almost 650 thousand). And in
2012 there were 109,155 reports on the violation of the
established regulation of labor activity concerning for-
eign nationals (Article 18.10 of the Administrative Code)
(almost 145 thousand ones in 2011) and almost 89 thou-
sand reports concerning employers (almost 118 thousand
ones in 2011). In the author’s view a considerable predom-
inance of “illegal component” in the structure of labor
migration in many respects is caused by the peculiarities
of formation and transformation of the economic model
in which the informal sector is a contributing factor. It
produces about a quarter of Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and employs 20-30% of the total workforce. Illegal
migrants predominate in those sectors of national econ-
omy where shadow segment share is considerable8
.
5. Conclusion
External and internal threats to the regional national
security and the national security as a comprehensive
assessment of the socio-economic development of the
region were presented on the basis of statistical and ana-
6. Migration as a Threat to National Security
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Vol 9 (14) | April 2016 | www.indjst.org
6
lytical data and indicate the scale of illegal migration and
the factors contributing to its negative impact.
An even greater threat to national security is an ille-
gal migration, which contributes to the increase in crime,
and the expansion of the labor black market9
.
The cultural consequences of mass migration are not
less dangerous than the economic ones. Migration blurs
Russian culture causing a number of problems when
migrants will be used as a “fifth column” to start the process
of destabilization of the Russian Federation, its collapse10
.
Thus, there is now an urgent need for the improvement
of migration processes management and the reduction
of illegal immigrants’ number as well as elimination of
superfluous administrative barriers for those profes-
sionals who are most required by the country. Changes
to the Federal Law “On Legal Status of Foreign Citizens”
will allow addressing the problems of illegal immigration
and tax arrears more effectively. On the whole, migration
policy has to become more efficient through a rational
combination of administrative, legal, financial, economic
and socio-psychological methods of influence.
6. References
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dynamics. Washington: IMF. Working paper 98/47; 1998.
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2. Dolgopolov EY. Regional conflicts: Origins and ways of
settlement. Foreign Military Survey. 1988; 7:34–47.
3. Sorensen E. Immigrants and Immigration Policy. Moscow:
Grinvich; 2001.
4. Bezborodova TM. Migrants in the Russian labor market.
Sociological Research. 2013; 5:66–72.
5. Metelev SE, Permakova IP. Foreign labor force in the econ-
omy of modern Russia: Trends and prospects: Monograph.
2nd ed. Omsk: Omsk Institute Press; 2014.
6. Stalker P. Workers without frontiers: The impact of glo-
balization on international migration. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers/ILO; 2000.
7. Storesletten K. Sustaining fiscal policy through immigra-
tion. Journal of Political Economy. 2000; 2:300–23.
8. Vitsenets T. Assessment of the sources of additional labour
force. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2014;
19(9):1179–81.
9. Taran PA. Vulnerable groups: Migrant workers. United
Nations Commission on Human Rights. 59th Session,
Item 14(a) of the agenda; 2003. Available from: http://
www.jcwi.org.uk/lawpolicy/uklaw/ilo vulnerablegroups.
PDF
10. Dmitriev AV. Migration. Conflict Measurement. Moscow:
Al’fa-M; 2006.