1) The document provides an overview and review of key information about Asia and the Roman Empire, including important dates, people, religions, artworks, and architectural styles. 2) It discusses major civilizations like the Indus Valley civilization, the spread of Buddhism under Ashoka, and the rise of Hinduism in South and Southeast Asia. In China, it outlines the philosophies of Confucianism and Daoism. 3) For the Roman Empire, it examines the Etruscan period, the Roman Republic, and highlights of the Early, High, and Late Roman Empire, noting influential leaders and architectural innovations over time.

1. UNIT 3
ASIA – ROMAN EMPIRE
REVIEW SESSION

2. TEST FORMAT AND REMINDERS
1) Please remember to at least put a date! If you
are around the correct date you will receive
credit --- no date = no credit
2) Try at the vocab; you can receive partial credit if
so
3) Actually do the essay – write at least one
paragraph and you’ll get +15 points right there

3. South and Southeast Asia
Indus Civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.: advanced ancient
civilization, main city called Mohenjo-daro, traded with Mesopotamian,
writing but can’t read it
Ashoka: king who promoted Buddhist belief; had army in battle and saw
all the suffering, and had a conversion which caused him to promote peace
Buddhism: birth place= India; this prince went around meditating, then
one day accomplished enlightenment under a tree; the idea that the world
is full of suffering, and letting that go; symbols of Buddha: turning wheel,
elephants, lions, foot prints
Hinduism: practice belief in many multiple deities

5. -View of Mohenjo-daro,c.
-2600-1900 B.C.E.
-main city in the advanced ancient
civilization, Indus, no direct signs
of a palace

7. - Great Bath from Mohenjo-daro
- 2600-1900 BCE
- possibly a sacred bathing area for
ritual cleansing

9. -Sarnath, lion capital
-c. 250 B.C.E.
-no images of Buddha, only
symbols of him

11. -Sanchi, Great Stupa
- 3rd c. B.C.E. – 1st c. C.E.
- Ashoka made these temples for
mediation, walked around stupa
to help achieve enlightenment

13. -Karle, chaitya Hall
-c. 100 C.E.
-stupa at the end of the long
hallway of columns for mediation

15. -Ghandara Buddha
-2nd c. C.E.
-Greek culture brought to India, so
sculpture began to have western
influence

17. -Mathura Buddha
-2nd c. C.E.
-not so much attention given to
proportion, certain hand positions
have meaning, this one means do-
not-fear

19. -Sarnath Buddha
-5th c. C.E.
-the discoloration is due to people
coming up and touching the statue

21. -Elephanta, Shiva as Mahadeva
-c. 550-570 C.E.
-Shiva is the deity of creation and
distruction, that’s why there are
multiple heads

23. -Mamallapuram, rock-cut
temples
-2nd half 7th c.
-very small temples, almost like
models of larger ones, could leave
offerings and maybe the gods
would come

25. -Khajuraho, Vishvanatha Temple
-c. 1000
-not a place for communal worship,
only have priest and officials go
inside

27. -Java, Great Stupa at
Borobudur
- c. 800
- symbolizes the heavens and
earth, functions as a place of
meditation

29. -Cambodia, Angkor Wat
-12th c.
-connected by waterways,
architecture symbolized mountain
range

30. China
Kong Fuzi: also known as Confusious; respecting your place in society and doing
service, had a role and rules about how you behave (ex, honor your emperor, family,
ancestors)
Laozi and Zhuangzi: Founders of Daoism, withdrawing from the world and finding
personal enlightenment
Daoism (Taoism): Laozi and Zhuangzi are the founders of Daoism; withdrawing from
the world and finding personal enlightenment
Pagoda: Chinese building with multiple roofs that slightly curve up
Porcelain: a type of ceramic made from white clay, baked at a high temperature, that was
mastered by the Chinese, and was exported to surrounding countries
Emperor Huizong: was an artist and poet
CONVENTIONS: no framing, inspired by landscape, poetry and stamps on the painting
itself, multiple perspective

32. -Shang dynasty bronze vessel
-12-11th c. B.C.E.
-during the bronze age dynasty in
china, used for funerals if an elite
person died, top part of body is lid
of vessel

34. -Army of 1st emperor of Qin
-c. 210 B.C.E.
- the terra cotta soldiers sculpted are
all different looking, may be actual
people that served for the emperor

36. -Buddha
- 338 C.E.
- differs from southeast Asian in
that the hands are flat against its
belly, shows that buddism
traveled to china at some point

38. -Gu Kaizhi
-Lady Feng and the Bear
-late 4th c. C.E.
-The lady was serving the court and
a bear attacked the emperor, and
she threw herself in front of him;
example of Confucianism because
of sacrificing self for honored ones

40. -Tang dynasty horse
-8-9th c.
-shows how these sculptures were
glazed

42. -Fan Kuan
-Travelers among mountains and
streams
-early 11th c.
-shows the dominance of nature,
due to the massive mountain, and
the tiny little figures you can barely
see, shows multiple perspectives to
perceive depth

44. -Ma Yuan
-On a mountain path in spring
-13th c.
-for a book of poetry, shows it can
be a collaborative effort between art
and poetry, can relate to Daoism

46. -Liang Kai
-6th Chan Patriarch chopping
bamboo
-early 13th c.
-Buddhist inspired art work; shows
the moment of someone reaching
enlightenment by doing a daily task

48. -Yuan dynasty temple vase
-1351
-contains the popular subject of a
dragon, used for temple rituals

50. -Forbidden City, Beijing
-15th c. and later
-home of the emperor, now open to
the people to show that the leader
thinks all people are equal

52. Ai Wei Wei, Remembering, 2009: because of
the way the Chinese government are treating
their people, this artist uses sometimes profane
ideas/concepts to prove the point that Chinas
culture is depleting; this piece is a protest of
the government’s reaction to an earthquake that
happened, and killed children in schools; the
writing is a quote from one of the mothers

54. -Crown from Silla dynasty
-KOREA
-700-900 C.E.
-made of gold and jade, made in
comma shapes, which was a
convention of this dynasty

56. -Maebyong vase
-KOREA
-ca. 1000 C.E.
-may be an imitation of the mineral
jade

57. Japan
Shinto: nature based religion that has gods and goddesses
that are related to the natural cycles of nature
isometric perspective: using parallel lines to show depth
and perspective; lines to not connect
wabi: simple, natural, rustic look; seen in architecture and
ceramics
CONVENTIONS: Zen Buddhism, elongated forms

59. -Tomb of Emperor Nintoku
-late 4th-early 5th c.
- example of key-hole tomb, put
moat around it to protect from
invaders

61. -Ise Shrine
-as rebuilt 1973 from 5th c. design
-keep rebuilding the shrine every
now and then based off 5th c design,
a house of the god

63. -Tori Busshi, Shaka Triad
-623
-sculpture of Buddha, similar to
Indian sculptures with the halo and
hand symbols

65. -Horiyuji Kondo (Golden Hall),
Nara
-c. 680
-one of the oldest standing wooden
buildings, all the pieces of wood fit
together like a puzzle

67. -Phoenix Hall, Uji
-1053
-painted, inspired by china, its plan
is in the shape of a bird

69. -Genji visits Murasaki, hand
scroll
-12th c.
-an example of a work using
isometric perspective

71. -Burning of the Sanjo Palace
scroll
-13th c.
-political uprising, isometric
perspective

73. -Sesshu Toyo
-landscape
-1495
-influenced by hanging scroll
Chinese painting,

75. -Tohaku
-Pine Forest
-late 16th c.
-example of a door screen,
atmospheric perspective (things
fading away in the distance)

77. -Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto
- 17th c.
- uses the wabi style, very
simplistic with not a lot of art or
furniture

79. -Hokusai
-The Great Wave
-c. 1826-1833
-Mount Fuji, asymmetrically
balanced, shows the power of
nature

80. Etruscan and Early Roman
Etruscan peak: 700-500 B.C.E., inspiration from Greek, known
for their tombs, art begins to get more dark when the romans start
to take over, still doing the lost-wax bronzing technique
Tuscan column: variety of Doric; has a base that connects to the
podium, no ridges in the flute
CONVENTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE: roof overhangs, terra
cotta sculptures on top of roof, columns just in the front, emphasis
on frontality, has a podium, variety of doric called tuscan

82. -Model of Etruscan temple
-6th c. B.C.E.
-CONVENTIONS OF
ARCHITECTURE
-> roof overhangs, terra cotta
sculptures on top of roof, columns
just in the front, emphasis on
frontality, has a podium, variety of
doric called tuscan

84. -Apulu of Veii
-c. 510-500 B.C.E.
-version of Apollo, sculpture from
ontop of Etruscan temple, has that
archaic smile and flat drapery
inspired from greek art, see more
action

86. -Sarcophagus of couple
-520 B.C.E.
-a coffin that contained cremated
remains, shows a couple reclining
at a dinner party, holding eggs as a
symbol of rebirth

88. -Tomb of Leopards, Tarquinia
-c. 480 B.C.E.
-like greeks, showed men with a
darker skin tone then females,

90. -Tomb of Hunting and Fishing
-c. 530-520 B.C.E.
-shows the love of landscape,
similar to Minoan with the random
placement of animals

92. -Capitoline Wolf
-c. 500-480 B.C.E.
-Romulus and Remus become the
founders of rome; could be an
original estruscan story

94. -Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena
-early 2nd c. B.C.E.
-not idealized, more realistic, shows
etruscans were interested in
depicted real portraits of their
people

95. Roman Republic
Roman Republic: 509 B.C.E.-27 B.C.E., begins when they kick out the Etruscans, ends when
Arch:
barrel vault: Mesopotamian vault that arcs, upside down U
groin vault: two barrel vaults that meet at right angles, more airy and open
dome: created in Mesopotamia, but romans exploited it
basilica: rectangular building with columns on the inside, don’t have any specific function, multipurpose
building
PARTS OF ROMAN HOUSE:
atrium: a skylight that lets light and rain into impluvium pool
impluvium: pool in atrium that collects rain water from skylight
tablinum: the man of the household’s office
cubiculum: single bedrooms
Painting styles:
First style: Masonry, fake stone, paint the walls to look like marble
Second style: Architectural, realistic looking architecture that creates a 3D landscape, illusionistic, makes
room looks bigger

97. -Temple of Portunus, Rome
-c. 75 B.C.E.
-ionic order, columns look like they
go all the way around, but they
actually are just half columns
connected to the wall, still a focus
on frontality with the podium and
large steps, combination of greek
and Etruscan ideas

99. -Sanctuary of Fortuna
Primigenia, Palestrina
-late 2nd c. B.C.E.
-inspired by Hellenistic art and
Pergamon, oracle site

101. -Samnite House, Herculaneum
-late 2nd c. B.C.E.
-shows an example of first style
painting

103. -Cubiculum of Boscoreale
-ca. 60-50 B.C.E.
-shows an example of the second
painting style, looks like they had
the idea of linear perspective, but
didn’t perfect it

105. -Head of an old man,
-c. 50 B.C.E.
-starting to see the use of plebian
style

107. -Funerary relief of Gessii
-c. 30 B.C.E.
-starting to see the use of plebian
style

108. Early Roman Empire
Roman Empire: 27 B.C.E. - ca. 400 C.E.
Octavian/Augustus: takes over after Cesar, renamed Augustus after a win in battle
Painting styles of Empire:
3rd style – Ornate: very small works of art, floating landscape, and flat columns
4th style – Intricate: combo of 2nd and 3rd style
Sculpture styles:
Plebeian: lower social class characterized by disproportions
Verism: super realistic
Classicism: Augustus, shows interest in greek classicizing
Amphitheater: entertainment venue used for sporting events, performances, etc.
forum: heart of roman city; markets, main temples

109. SLIDES
Pompeii, basilica, 2nd c. B.C.E.
3rd style painting, Boscotrecase, ca. 10 B.C.E.
Augustus of Prima Porta, copy of bronze original of c. 20 B.C.E.
Bust of Livia, early 1st c. B.C.E.
Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 B.C.E.
Imperial family procession
Pont du Gard, Nîmes, c. 16 B.C.E.
Severus and Celer, Domus Aurea, 64-68 C.E.
4th style wall painting, Domus Aurea
Vespasian, 75-79 C.E.
Colosseum, c. 70-80 C.E.: Tuscan doric on bottom, ionic middle, and Corinthian on top (a lot like stoa of
attalos)
Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.: Titus ruler won battle against Jerusalem and this shows triumph
Spoils of Jerusalem relief: shows the parade where there they showing off the things they stole
Triumph of Titus relief: shows the procession of titus

110. High Roman Empire - 96-192 C.E.
--used military fort grid system to inspire city plans

112. Apollodorus of Damascus,
Forum of Trajan, dedic. 112
C.E.:
Reconstruction of forum:
provided to the people (libraries
and shopping mall)
Basilica Ulpia: uses clerestory,
love of interior space
Column of Trajan: celebrates
building project and trajan’s
military campaigns
Market Hall: uses concrete
groin vaults

114. -Portrait of Hadrian
-c. 117-120 C.E.
-loved greek, classicized, started the
fashion for roman emperors to sport
beards

116. -Pantheon
-c. 118-125 C.E. exterior, interior
-temple of all the gods, first
building to have both a dome and
greek style pediment, frontality,
wanted to associate with reign of
augustus; emphasis on space

118. -Funerary relief of vegetable
seller
-2nd c. C.E.
-plebian style, flat, oversized hands

120. Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius &
Faustina, c.161 C.E.: shows the
“becoming of a god,” classicism,
same story on both sides,
Apotheosis relief: classism side
Decursio relief: plebian,
awkward sense of space

122. -Equestrian statue of Marcus
Aurelius
-c. 175 C.E.
-used to be outside, then brought
inside to protect

123. Late Roman Empire
Late Roman Empire, 193-337 C.E.: broken pediments,
linear flat sculpture

125. -Painted portrait of Septimius
Severus & family
-200 C.E.
-only surviving painted portrait of a
roman emperor

127. -Caracalla
-c. 211-217 C.E.
-built a gigantic bath house, known
for ruling during age of anxiety

129. -Baths of Caracalla, Rome, plan
-212-216 C.E.
-built for the people, decorated the
interior

131. -Ludovisi sarcophagus
-250-260 C.E.
-chaotic, no coherent space, shows
suffering

133. -Temple of Venus, Baalbek
-3rd c. C.E.
-scalloped, had a pediment, podium,
and is enclosed

135. -Tetrarchs
-c. 305 C.E.
-a ruler decided to split empire in
two with four rulers, art meant to
send message that they got each
other’s back, look the same so rule
the same