chips: the engine
beneath your apps

marco@marcojacobs.nl
Phone 5
Nexus
•  Software
•  Electronics
•  Mechanics
21 January 2014

6
Fabs
21 January 2014

8
21 January 2014

ASML

9
Industry drivers
Moore’s law

“The number of transistors per chip
doubles approximately every 1.5 years”
Moore’s law

2013
4x 2.3GHz CPU
2GB RAM
16GB Storage

1996
16x 200MHz CPUs
2GB RAM
2GB Storage
The semiconductor value chain
Processor'IP'

license fee+
royalties
(e.g. 1% ASP)
IP yellow pages:
www.design-reuse.com

Chips'

Fabs'

Systems'

Apps'

Consumers'
Why phone drives the CE industry - volume

1.8B
per
year

every
5 mins
truck

9x
around
earth

everyone wants to differentiate ! innovation
Why phone drives the CE industry - loans

Banks:

Loan-based sales caused huge influx of $$$
Mobile phone drives the CE industry

mobile phone architecture and ecosystem has
become extremely complex, innovative and efficient
! it is displacing lots of ICs in other markets
Which one is more powerful?

€99

$5,349.00
Let’s go inside
iPhone 5s

Teardowns:
www.ifixit.com
www.techinsights.com
www.chipworks.com
Wired
Wireless

Audio IO

Touch
apps
processor

Memory
IMU
Display / Camera
Three kinds of chips

Where
your
software
runs
How it
interacts
with real
world

•  Digital
"   Logic
"   SRAM (fastest memory, expensive)
•  Memory
"   DRAM (cheap, fast, but loses data
without power)
"   Flash (cheap, slower, doesn’t loose
data without power)
•  Analog / Mixed Signal
"   Radio waves +
"   Sensors, audio, etc.

Typically built in different factories
Wired
Wireless

Audio IO

Touch
Apps
processor

Memory
IMU
Display / Camera

All digital chips get “sucked into the apps processor”
Wired
Wireless

Audio IO

Touch
Apps
processor

Memory
IMU
Display / Camera
Wired
Wireless

Audio IO

Touch
Apps
processor

Memory
IMU
Display / Camera

Intel at this moment plays no big role in mobile
Apple’s A7

Total: 102mm2
Dual CPU: 17mm2
3.6Mgates each
Page 291, http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/swpu249y/swpu249y.pdf

Texas Instruments OMAP5
Dual'
core'
A15'+'
NEON'

audio'

boLleneck'

DRAM'

DSP'

HD'
video'+'
ARM9'

Face'detect'
Display'

Imaging''
(+2'ARMs)'

Imaging'

2D'
GPU'

USB'

Flash'
Software design

instruction set
register files
/* Hello World */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Hello
World");
}

source code

compiler

executable
Hardware design (for logic)
module up_counter
(
out
,
enable ,
counter ,
clk
,
reset
);
output [7:0] out;
input enable, clk, reset;
reg [7:0] out;

std cell library
+ memories

always @(posedge clk)
if (reset) begin
out <= 8'b0 ;
end else if (enable) begin
out <= out + 1;
end
endmodule

+ MHz target

synthesis
source code
GDS II
place & route
Quite similar to software design
Processors and logic: horses for courses

CPU'
Big'
>1Mgate,'2GHz+'
Small''
10kgate,100MHz'
generic processing
(OS, web browser,
database, etc)

GPU'

DSP'

2D / 3D
UI / Gaming

comms'

became generic
and so powerful,
use it for generic
compute

audio'

video'

voice'

hardwired'
CPUs'
10S100kgate,
100S500MHz'
modems
camera, audio
display, video

apps programmers only exposed through APIs
Moore’s law: 2x transistors every 18 months
! side effects
•  Heterogeneous architectures
"   Different processors each with their own specialization
"   Exposed with APIs (e.g. OpenCL, Renderscript, app specific, etc)
•  ARM’s big.LITTLE
"   Automatic code migration between multiple processors with
same instruction set, different power envelopes
"   Like a hybrid car: two engines, one optimized for maximum
horsepower, one optimized for power efficiency
"   Programmer doesn’t notice
•  Dark Silicon
"   Transistors up 2x, power only goes down by √2
"   Silicon real-estate is cheap, but power becomes issue
"   Not everything can be on at the same time ! dark silicon
Future
Exciting things: depth cameras

Sees depth and can measure volume
Examples: cooking, weighing yourself
Exciting things: gestures interfaces

Think “Iron
Man’s user
interface”,
without the
holographic
display

Gestures go from 2D (touch) to 3D
Examples: angry birds, layered keyboard
Exciting things: minidrones

Companion to your phone
Examples: navigation, wedding pictures
Thank you!
marco@marcojacobs.nl
@marcocjacobs

Appsterdam talk - about the chips inside your phone