This document discusses research on linguistic differences between conservatives and liberals. It hypothesizes that liberals use more anger words in language while conservatives use more anxiety words. The document analyzes language used by Canadian political leaders and Facebook commenters during the 2015 election. Results found liberals used more anger and sadness words while conservatives used more anxiety words. Future research could use techniques like latent semantic analysis to study word associations between political groups.
Public opinion leaderships analysis using methods of social network analysis ...Miguel Oliva
Miguel Oliva. Sociologist (Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires). Professor and Researcher at Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. Phd. Candidate at UBA.
Balance of power. Report final (june, 23, 2015)Ysrrael Camero
This report examines global public opinion about the United States, China, and the international balance of power, as well as key issues in Asia. It is based on 45,435 face-to-face and telephone interviews in 40 countries with adults 18 and older conducted from March 25 to May 27, 2015. For more details, see survey methodology and topline results.
Chapter 1 explores America’s image worldwide, including views of U.S. actions against ISIS, post- 9/11 interrogation practices, whether the U.S. government respects Americans’ personal freedoms and President Obama and his handling of international issues. Chapter 2 examines China’s image and perceptions about the balance of power between the U.S. and China. Chapter 3 puts Asia in focus, looking at support for TPP, economic ties with the U.S. and China, U.S. military resources in the region, relationships with China and Americans’ willingness to defend Asian allies against China.
Moción para Homenajear al Presidente Adolfo SuárezUpyd Fuenlabrada
Tras el reciente y triste fallecimiento del Presidente Adolfo Suárez, decidimos presentar esta moción para rendirle el debido y justo homenaje que, sin duda, merece. Proponemos cambiar el nombre al Parque "de la Paz" para denominarlo Parque "Adolfo Suárez"
Political psychology analyzes political behaviors and decisions through psychological theories and research methods. The document discusses several key aspects of political psychology:
1. It has evolved through different theoretical perspectives over time, from personality theories to attitudes/voting behavior to information processing.
2. It draws from major areas of psychology like social cognition, emotions, communications, and more recently biology.
3. Research methods include surveys, experiments, and combinations for both internal and external validity.
4. The field aims to explain political behaviors that seem irrational, like scandals, by investigating cognitive and social psychological factors beyond purely rational or self-interested explanations.
Public opinion leaderships analysis using methods of social network analysis ...Miguel Oliva
Miguel Oliva. Sociologist (Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires). Professor and Researcher at Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. Phd. Candidate at UBA.
Balance of power. Report final (june, 23, 2015)Ysrrael Camero
This report examines global public opinion about the United States, China, and the international balance of power, as well as key issues in Asia. It is based on 45,435 face-to-face and telephone interviews in 40 countries with adults 18 and older conducted from March 25 to May 27, 2015. For more details, see survey methodology and topline results.
Chapter 1 explores America’s image worldwide, including views of U.S. actions against ISIS, post- 9/11 interrogation practices, whether the U.S. government respects Americans’ personal freedoms and President Obama and his handling of international issues. Chapter 2 examines China’s image and perceptions about the balance of power between the U.S. and China. Chapter 3 puts Asia in focus, looking at support for TPP, economic ties with the U.S. and China, U.S. military resources in the region, relationships with China and Americans’ willingness to defend Asian allies against China.
Moción para Homenajear al Presidente Adolfo SuárezUpyd Fuenlabrada
Tras el reciente y triste fallecimiento del Presidente Adolfo Suárez, decidimos presentar esta moción para rendirle el debido y justo homenaje que, sin duda, merece. Proponemos cambiar el nombre al Parque "de la Paz" para denominarlo Parque "Adolfo Suárez"
Political psychology analyzes political behaviors and decisions through psychological theories and research methods. The document discusses several key aspects of political psychology:
1. It has evolved through different theoretical perspectives over time, from personality theories to attitudes/voting behavior to information processing.
2. It draws from major areas of psychology like social cognition, emotions, communications, and more recently biology.
3. Research methods include surveys, experiments, and combinations for both internal and external validity.
4. The field aims to explain political behaviors that seem irrational, like scandals, by investigating cognitive and social psychological factors beyond purely rational or self-interested explanations.
Discussion Ethics in Cross-Cultural ResearchWhile many psyc.docxJeniceStuckeyoo
Discussion: Ethics in Cross-Cultural Research
While many psychologists may be familiar with ethical considerations in their own culture, such as the use of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review research, or the existence of professional documents such as American Psychological Association’s (APA) code of ethics, when conducting research outside of their majority home culture, they may be at a loss. For instance, the psychologist may not be aware of different rules and regulations for research in different nations, or about various spoken and unspoken cultural beliefs about morals and ethics and the role and purpose of research, such as differing understandings and beliefs about what merits co-authorship or what constitutes privacy and confidentiality. Familiarizing yourself with such ethical considerations will be important for you to understand in your future professional practice.
For this Discussion, you will examine ethical issues related to cross-cultural research and the necessary course of action.
To Prepare:
Consider the following:
Professor Plum wants to investigate cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards different foods. He is very interested in nation “X”. However, he has never been there nor does he know the language or culture or the political situation. He also does not know if there are any psychologists living in that nation. Understanding attitudes about foods in this nation may help with people with eating disorders in Professor Plum’s country and eventually may help people with eating disorders in many nations.
As you consider Professor Plum’s research, think about the impact of his plans on human subject protection. Also, consider the ethical implications of the aims of his research purposes and his ability to gain information that will accurately represent those from whom he collects data.
Before Professor Plum begins his research,
post
and explain some of the potential ethical issues he will need to consider (i.e., impact on human subject protection) and why this is an important consideration. Further explain two ethical issues and suggest what courses of action might be appropriate.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Haffejee, S., & Theron, L. (2018). Contextual risks and resilience enablers in South Africa: The case of Precious. In G. Rich & S. Sirikantraporn (Eds.),
Human strengths and resilience: Developmental, cross-cultural, and international perspectives
(pp. 87–104).Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Credit Line: Human Strengths and Resilience: Developmental, Cross-Cultural, and International Perspectives, by Rich, G.; Sirikantraporn, S. Copyright 2018 by Lexington Books. Reprinted by permission of Lexington Books via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ice, G.H., Dufour, D. L., & Stevens, N. J. (2015).
Disasters in field research: Preparing for and coping with unexpected events.
New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Credit Line: Disasters in Field Research: Preparing for and Cop.
This document outlines a course on persuasion, propaganda, and attitude change. It discusses several key theories:
1) Hovland's message-learning approach which examines factors like the source, message, audience, and their influence on persuasion.
2) The cognitive response approach which focuses on the thoughts people have in response to a message, and how favorable thoughts lead to attitude change.
3) The elaboration likelihood model which proposes two routes to persuasion - a central route using careful thought, and a peripheral route using simple cues, with the latter more common in propaganda.
The document provides examples and analysis applying these theories to understand political ads, propaganda techniques, and how to most effectively influence
Reformation and Millennials: What Does This Mean?Sarah Arnold
The document discusses the impact of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther in the 16th century and draws parallels to modern political issues and millennials. It summarizes Luther's objections to Catholic Church teachings and the widespread effects of the Reformation, including increased literacy, education, and challenges to religious and political authorities. It then analyzes millennial attitudes, finding they prioritize social issues and are more liberal. The document argues we may be seeing a "new political Reformation" and offers strategies for messaging to millennials on social issues and politics.
Is there ideological bias in psychology?Jay Van Bavel
The document discusses the lack of political diversity in psychology. It notes that psychology has become increasingly liberal over the last 50 years. Some arguments made include that a lack of political diversity could undermine the validity of social psychology research findings and that increasing political diversity may improve the field. The document reviews surveys of social psychologists finding a small minority identify as conservative and most as liberal. It also discusses whether this lack of diversity could lead to biases in what types of research findings are published or supported.
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
Critical Thinking as a Skill for Democracy: A Case of Citizen Engagement with...DIPRC2019
Citizen disengagement from politics is one of the main issues in modern democracy. Technologies can be used to tap into new internal motivations for people to take part and make sense of political debate. We present a case study of citizens engaging with the replay of political election debates with a novel hypervideo technology called Democratic Replay. Results of the study show that Democratic Replay increases people’s appetite for a new type of engagement with televised elections debates which is based on the realisation of key dimensions of deliberative democracy, such as: reflecting and focusing on different aspects of the political debate, reconstructing the arguments that politicians are making, and assessing facts and evidence. The study also shows that visual analytics narratives and hypervideo navigation improve sensemaking in that they trigger questioning and changing of personal assumptions that people hold before watching the debate. This is a very encouraging result, which addresses the ongoing concern about the real value of new media in the context of political debate and democratic deliberation: specifically, the scepticism toward their capability to support people’s critical thinking rather than promote polarisation of pre-existing groups and opinions. Our research into new sensemaking technologies and hypervideo shows that new media can crucially provide new ways for citizens to detect and make sense of political manipulations, check facts versus speculations, gain new insights, and confidently inform their political choices. Results of the demographic analysis also show that Democratic Replay appealed to different demographic sub-groups with different sensemaking behaviours. This means that democratic spaces and rights cannot be interpreted uniquely and should respond to people’s personal needs, interpretation and understanding of society. Therefore, technologies for democratic public deliberation need to be designed with a variety of users in mind, and they need to be customised to the needs of different demographic groups if they aim to reach all citizens.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
This document summarizes Dexter Chapin's approach to teaching cultural anthropology at Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences. He designs the course to be flexible and relevant to current issues. Students write a paper comparing their own worldview to concepts from anthropological works. They also do assignments like writing creation myths. The course fits into the school's curriculum by promoting understanding of different perspectives in a community that is open to people of all backgrounds.
Discussion Board # 3Topic Incapacitation Locking Up OffendersLyndonPelletier761
Discussion Board # 3
Topic: Incapacitation Locking Up Offenders
In this assignment you will apply the readings and presentations in the Reading & Study folder in a meaningful way to clarify your understanding of the correctional system.
Outline the reasons why the United States has a higher incarceration rate compared to other nations. What has been the impact on the country by having such a high incarceration rate? Are there any benefits to putting so many people in prison?
Submit your thread by 11:59 a.m. on Wednesday of June 9, 2021. (Your initial post)
Submit your replies by 11:59 a.m. on Friday of June 11, 2021. (Your response to other students post)
NO LATE WORK!
Below are the 2 articles citations for references
Tonry, M. (1999). Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High? Crime & Delinquency, 45(4), 419–437. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1177/0011128799045004001
Petersilia, J. (1992). California’s Prison Policy: Causes, Costs, and Consequences. The Prison Journal, 72(1–2), 8–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885592072001002
CJUS 703
Discussion Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content
70%
Advanced
92–100%
Proficient
84-91%
Developing
1–83%
Not
Present
Points Earned
Thread:
Key Components
Major Point Support
9 to 10 points
All key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by all of the following:
Reading & Study materials;
Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
7 to 8 points
Most key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by most of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
1 to 6 points
Some key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by some of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
0 points
No key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by none of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
Replies:
Components
Major Point Support
9 to 10 points
Contribution made to discussion with each reply (2) expounding on the thread.
Major points are supported by all of ...
The Pursuit of Happiness
Research Project
Choosing
your person...
Choose a person who has
achieved a form of happiness.
This person could be a
humanitarian who has done
something for the greater
good, an athlete, a politician,
an actor/actress, a service
member, etc.
*Your person does not necessarily
have to be famous or well known,
however it may make your research
process a bit easier if they are.
Paper structure
�Introduction with thesis
�Body: Section 1- Introduce and discuss the person you chose as your focus. Provide background
information about them prior to them achieving their happiness. What lead them to the point where they
embarked on their road to success/happiness?
�Body: Section 2- Discuss their achievement of happiness. What did they do, how has it affected them
or other people in their lives? Has it affected society in any way?
�Conclusion
Checklist of research supports
____ A. 1 quote from a 1 piece of literature or text that reflects the aspect of
happiness
____ B. 2 quotes from these multi-media sources (news source articles,
personal internet blog, Tedtalk, database or professional journal)
____ C. 1 quotes from the person you chose as the focus of your paper
Sample Introductory Paragraph
“I have noticed that most people in this world are about as happy as they have made
up their minds to be” (Marden 74). This famous quote, said by former president Abraham
Lincoln, still holds true in today’s society. While happiness is not necessarily a conscious
choice, orientation of the mind and one's surroundings are influential on this cornerstone
of the human condition. Happiness in general is an elusive subject, as it is subjective. It
seems relatively impossible to gauge something so fluid, but through social
experimentation and research, scientists have made some progress about possible
motivations. Achieving a form of happiness can have many positive effects on the mind,
body, and overall quality of life; however, the journey to happiness can often include many
trials and tribulations as it did for insert person’s name here as he pursued his own form
of happiness.
Health of Democracy Essay Rubric
Due Week 2 Friday at 12 p.m. (noon)
What is a democracy? Describe 2-3 qualities of a healthy democracy. And, assess the health of
our democracy. In your essay, use your digital artifact, reference at least one of your peers'
artifacts, and at least two readings from Weeks 1 and 2.
Grading Criteria Grade
Organization, Use of Digital Artifact Post(s) and Course Readings
• Organized and well-structured essay with a beginning, a body, and a conclusion.
• Includes a thesis statement that presents the argument of your paper;
thesis/main argument is defended throughout the paper.
• Claims/arguments are backed by evidence from reading(s).
• Transitions between paragrap.
8Some Implications for Research and Practice[C]ultural meanings,.docxsleeperharwell
8
Some Implications for Research and Practice
[C]ultural meanings, practices, norms, and social institutions … constitute the matrix in which are embedded the intentions, rules, practices, and activities through which people live their lives (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus & Nisbett, 1998, p. 917).
What goals or objectives must our profession and society adopt to become truly multicultural in vision, values, and practice? (Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke & Vasquez, 1999, p. 1067).
This final chapter is the most difficult one to write. The quotations above suggest the complexity of understanding individual behavior within a cultural matrix. With the broad definition of culture proposed in this book, applicable to all significant groups that meet the criteria, complexity increases. To take seriously the multicultural nature of persons is to raise theoretical and empirical questions that are very difficult to answer. As a science and profession, we are not accustomed to thinking routinely and easily of individuals in this way. Our discipline will be enriched, however, if we can design creative new research strategies to address these questions.
The implications for practice may be least problematic because, whether in counseling, therapy, or education, theoretical emphasis has long been on taking into account “the whole person.” And in these areas, there is typically one-on-one interaction between persons – between client and mental health worker, or between student and teacher. An individual’s unique social identities or cultural memberships will be evident in behavior – overt or subtle. Whether they are recognized, acknowledged, respected and used positively in the actual practice of counseling, therapy, or education (beyond statements of theory) is a central concern. In research, a multicultural perspective presents a different set of interrelated problems pertaining to sampling, study design, methods, data analysis and interpretation.Research
Each participant or respondent in an investigation brings to it unique experiences and beliefs, perceptions, and response potentials that reflect far greater individual complexity and far more cultural memberships than most researchers are prepared to identify. We agree with Shields (2008, p. 304) that “[t]he facts of our lives reveal that there is no single identity category that satisfactorily describes how we respond to our social environment or are responded to by others.” We also agree with Mann and Kelley (1997, p. 392) that “knowledge is and should be situated in people’s diverse social locations.… [and] grounded in the social biography of … the observed.” Such agreement, however, does not lead easily or directly to researchable empirical questions that can be investigated in a practical way. Multiple issues and problems face the researcher who is accustomed to obtaining demographic descriptions of participants that are usually limited to age, ethnicity, and gender, or to the single-identity or group-members.
Rush Holt is a scientist and politician who advocates for more scientists in politics. He believes scientists should not have to compromise their integrity or avoid political activism. As a physicist himself with degrees from Carleton College and NYU, Holt served as a faculty member and researcher before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1998. During his campaigns, Holt found voters cared more about daily issues like healthcare rather than science issues, though he did receive support from 14 Nobel Prize winners in his field.
This document discusses political participation and how everyday interactions and communication reflect our political values and help shape the political sphere. It presents concepts from Kelshaw's theory of communication as political participation, including how our values govern how we participate and are expressed. Kelshaw views this as an interpretive, non-empirical theory focused on the fluid and complex nature of values. Understanding these terms provides insight into how political participation works and is shaped by individuals.
This document provides a summary of a presentation about using library resources to get the best grades. It covers evaluating different types of resources based on currency and authority, producing a good varied bibliography, and correctly writing references. The presentation includes tasks where students evaluate sample bibliographies, correct references in a sample bibliography, and a quiz to conclude the session. The overall aim is to help students understand how to effectively use and cite library resources in their assignments.
Identity in flux_ Clinical implications of working with global nomads and thi...Jennifer T. Young, PsyD
This article explores identity development in global nomads and third culture kids who regularly navigate between multiple cultures. It discusses how globalization and increased mobility have led to more people having cross-cultural experiences that impact their sense of self. The author aims to understand identity development in this population and provide clinical implications and directions for future research. Suggestions are offered for working with global nomads and third culture kids to address how cultural transitions can influence identity and relationships.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and theories in political science. It lists readings in several areas: epistemology and method; comparison; rational choice; institutions; culture; power; pluralist and Marxist analyses; the state; representation and accountability; constructivism; and predicting and advising. The readings cover foundational texts and debates across these core topics in the discipline.
Does Psychology Make a Significant Differencein Our LivesDustiBuckner14
Does Psychology Make a Significant Difference
in Our Lives?
Philip G. Zimbardo
Stanford University
The intellectual tension between the virtues of basic versus
applied research that characterized an earlier era of psy-
chology is being replaced by an appreciation of creative
applications of all research essential to improving the
quality of human life. Psychologists are positioned to “give
psychology away” to all those who can benefit from our
wisdom. Psychologists were not there 35 years ago when
American Psychological Association (APA) President
George Miller first encouraged us to share our knowledge
with the public. The author argues that psychology is
indeed making a significant difference in people’s lives;
this article provides a sampling of evidence demonstrating
how and why psychology matters, both in pervasive ways
and specific applications. Readers are referred to a newly
developed APA Web site that documents current opera-
tional uses of psychological research, theory, and method-
ology (its creation has been the author’s primary presiden-
tial initiative): www.psychologymatters.org.
Does psychology matter? Does what we do, andhave done for a hundred years or more, reallymake a significant difference in the lives of indi-
viduals or in the functioning of communities and nations?
Can we demonstrate that our theories, our research, our
professional practice, our methodologies, our way of think-
ing about mind, brain, and behavior make life better in any
measurable way? Has what we have to show for our dis-
cipline been applied in the real world beyond academia and
practitioners’ offices to improve health, education, welfare,
safety, organizational effectiveness, and more?
Such questions, and finding their answers, have al-
ways been my major personal and professional concern.
First, as an introductory psychology teacher for nearly six
decades, I have always worked to prove relevance as well
as essence of psychology to my students. Next, as an author
of the now classic basic text, Psychology and Life (Ruch &
Zimbardo, 1971), which claimed to wed psychology to life
applications, I constantly sought to put more psychology in
our lives and more life in our psychology (Gerrig & Zim-
bardo, 2004; Zimbardo, 1992). To reach an even broader
student audience, I have coauthored Core Concepts in
Psychology (Zimbardo, Weber, & Johnson, 2002) that
strives to bring the excitement of scientific and applied
psychology to students in state and community colleges.
In order to further expand the audience for what is best
in psychology, I accepted an invitation to help create, be
scientific advisor for, and narrator of the 26-program PBS
TV series, Discovering Psychology (1990/2001). For this
general public audience, we have provided answers—as
viewable instances—to their “so what?” questions. This
award-winning series is shown both nationally and inter-
nationally (in at least 10 nations) and has been the foun-
dation for the most popular telecou ...
Discussion Ethics in Cross-Cultural ResearchWhile many psyc.docxJeniceStuckeyoo
Discussion: Ethics in Cross-Cultural Research
While many psychologists may be familiar with ethical considerations in their own culture, such as the use of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review research, or the existence of professional documents such as American Psychological Association’s (APA) code of ethics, when conducting research outside of their majority home culture, they may be at a loss. For instance, the psychologist may not be aware of different rules and regulations for research in different nations, or about various spoken and unspoken cultural beliefs about morals and ethics and the role and purpose of research, such as differing understandings and beliefs about what merits co-authorship or what constitutes privacy and confidentiality. Familiarizing yourself with such ethical considerations will be important for you to understand in your future professional practice.
For this Discussion, you will examine ethical issues related to cross-cultural research and the necessary course of action.
To Prepare:
Consider the following:
Professor Plum wants to investigate cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards different foods. He is very interested in nation “X”. However, he has never been there nor does he know the language or culture or the political situation. He also does not know if there are any psychologists living in that nation. Understanding attitudes about foods in this nation may help with people with eating disorders in Professor Plum’s country and eventually may help people with eating disorders in many nations.
As you consider Professor Plum’s research, think about the impact of his plans on human subject protection. Also, consider the ethical implications of the aims of his research purposes and his ability to gain information that will accurately represent those from whom he collects data.
Before Professor Plum begins his research,
post
and explain some of the potential ethical issues he will need to consider (i.e., impact on human subject protection) and why this is an important consideration. Further explain two ethical issues and suggest what courses of action might be appropriate.
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Haffejee, S., & Theron, L. (2018). Contextual risks and resilience enablers in South Africa: The case of Precious. In G. Rich & S. Sirikantraporn (Eds.),
Human strengths and resilience: Developmental, cross-cultural, and international perspectives
(pp. 87–104).Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Credit Line: Human Strengths and Resilience: Developmental, Cross-Cultural, and International Perspectives, by Rich, G.; Sirikantraporn, S. Copyright 2018 by Lexington Books. Reprinted by permission of Lexington Books via the Copyright Clearance Center.
Ice, G.H., Dufour, D. L., & Stevens, N. J. (2015).
Disasters in field research: Preparing for and coping with unexpected events.
New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Credit Line: Disasters in Field Research: Preparing for and Cop.
This document outlines a course on persuasion, propaganda, and attitude change. It discusses several key theories:
1) Hovland's message-learning approach which examines factors like the source, message, audience, and their influence on persuasion.
2) The cognitive response approach which focuses on the thoughts people have in response to a message, and how favorable thoughts lead to attitude change.
3) The elaboration likelihood model which proposes two routes to persuasion - a central route using careful thought, and a peripheral route using simple cues, with the latter more common in propaganda.
The document provides examples and analysis applying these theories to understand political ads, propaganda techniques, and how to most effectively influence
Reformation and Millennials: What Does This Mean?Sarah Arnold
The document discusses the impact of the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther in the 16th century and draws parallels to modern political issues and millennials. It summarizes Luther's objections to Catholic Church teachings and the widespread effects of the Reformation, including increased literacy, education, and challenges to religious and political authorities. It then analyzes millennial attitudes, finding they prioritize social issues and are more liberal. The document argues we may be seeing a "new political Reformation" and offers strategies for messaging to millennials on social issues and politics.
Is there ideological bias in psychology?Jay Van Bavel
The document discusses the lack of political diversity in psychology. It notes that psychology has become increasingly liberal over the last 50 years. Some arguments made include that a lack of political diversity could undermine the validity of social psychology research findings and that increasing political diversity may improve the field. The document reviews surveys of social psychologists finding a small minority identify as conservative and most as liberal. It also discusses whether this lack of diversity could lead to biases in what types of research findings are published or supported.
MARY REVIEW1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions .docxalfredacavx97
MARY REVIEW
1.Chan, G. & Yanos, P. T. (2018). Media depictions and the priming of mental illness stigma. Stigma and Health, 3(3), 253-264. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=66026bf7-aa09-4bcd-a73a-7b9d3e35bcc7%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXNoaWImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=2017-15491-001&db=pdh (Links to an external site.)
2. Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
3. The topic discussed in the article I chose is mental illness. The article discusses the question of the affect the media plays in regards to one's perception of mental illness. The study designed involves the random assignment of individuals to descriptions of a violent accident. Some descriptions were left unaltered while others were manipulated to mention the term and concept of mental illness. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "we also examined the potential moderating impact of cognitive styles and preexisting attitudes and beliefs."
4. I would say this research is descriptive
5. Experimental
6. Results found that participants are likely to associate mental illness with violent outbursts when stated throughout media. I think this was used for applied social research. Chan and Yanos (2018) state "roughly, 43% of the participants in the experimental condition reported the cause of the incident as related to mental illness, in contrast with only 2% of participants in the control condition." When asked to provide a recount of the article 42% of participants mentioned mental illness while none of the participants of the control group did (Chan & Yanos, 2018).
7. In an unscientific method one can simply ask the question of does mental illness make one violent? Asking a question such as this doesn't entail proper research but a simple yes or no question. Research isn't completed to discover why individuals may have these particular beliefs.
8. Do you think or know of research that discovered why individuals may have these beliefs?
Kenneth Review
1. Article citation.
Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018). Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence. Political Psychology, 39(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12387
2. Book citation.
Neuman, W. L. (2017). Understanding research. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
3. Title and topic.
Our Followers Are Lions, Theirs Are Sheep: How Social Identity Shapes Theories About Followership and Social Influence.
This article is fascinating to say the least. It speaks on the idea that people see followers of other groups as being less of an ideal follower, see them as not being an effective follower, and see members of their own group as being “better” overall. This non effective follower is seen as more conformist, blindly following what they are told, and unable to be think for themselves. Conversely, they see their own group as dynamic free thinkers, active, thoug.
Critical Thinking as a Skill for Democracy: A Case of Citizen Engagement with...DIPRC2019
Citizen disengagement from politics is one of the main issues in modern democracy. Technologies can be used to tap into new internal motivations for people to take part and make sense of political debate. We present a case study of citizens engaging with the replay of political election debates with a novel hypervideo technology called Democratic Replay. Results of the study show that Democratic Replay increases people’s appetite for a new type of engagement with televised elections debates which is based on the realisation of key dimensions of deliberative democracy, such as: reflecting and focusing on different aspects of the political debate, reconstructing the arguments that politicians are making, and assessing facts and evidence. The study also shows that visual analytics narratives and hypervideo navigation improve sensemaking in that they trigger questioning and changing of personal assumptions that people hold before watching the debate. This is a very encouraging result, which addresses the ongoing concern about the real value of new media in the context of political debate and democratic deliberation: specifically, the scepticism toward their capability to support people’s critical thinking rather than promote polarisation of pre-existing groups and opinions. Our research into new sensemaking technologies and hypervideo shows that new media can crucially provide new ways for citizens to detect and make sense of political manipulations, check facts versus speculations, gain new insights, and confidently inform their political choices. Results of the demographic analysis also show that Democratic Replay appealed to different demographic sub-groups with different sensemaking behaviours. This means that democratic spaces and rights cannot be interpreted uniquely and should respond to people’s personal needs, interpretation and understanding of society. Therefore, technologies for democratic public deliberation need to be designed with a variety of users in mind, and they need to be customised to the needs of different demographic groups if they aim to reach all citizens.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
This document summarizes Dexter Chapin's approach to teaching cultural anthropology at Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences. He designs the course to be flexible and relevant to current issues. Students write a paper comparing their own worldview to concepts from anthropological works. They also do assignments like writing creation myths. The course fits into the school's curriculum by promoting understanding of different perspectives in a community that is open to people of all backgrounds.
Discussion Board # 3Topic Incapacitation Locking Up OffendersLyndonPelletier761
Discussion Board # 3
Topic: Incapacitation Locking Up Offenders
In this assignment you will apply the readings and presentations in the Reading & Study folder in a meaningful way to clarify your understanding of the correctional system.
Outline the reasons why the United States has a higher incarceration rate compared to other nations. What has been the impact on the country by having such a high incarceration rate? Are there any benefits to putting so many people in prison?
Submit your thread by 11:59 a.m. on Wednesday of June 9, 2021. (Your initial post)
Submit your replies by 11:59 a.m. on Friday of June 11, 2021. (Your response to other students post)
NO LATE WORK!
Below are the 2 articles citations for references
Tonry, M. (1999). Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High? Crime & Delinquency, 45(4), 419–437. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1177/0011128799045004001
Petersilia, J. (1992). California’s Prison Policy: Causes, Costs, and Consequences. The Prison Journal, 72(1–2), 8–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885592072001002
CJUS 703
Discussion Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content
70%
Advanced
92–100%
Proficient
84-91%
Developing
1–83%
Not
Present
Points Earned
Thread:
Key Components
Major Point Support
9 to 10 points
All key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by all of the following:
Reading & Study materials;
Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
7 to 8 points
Most key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by most of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
1 to 6 points
Some key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by some of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
0 points
No key components of the Discussion Forum prompt are answered in the thread.
Major points are supported by none of the following:
· Reading & Study materials;
· Pertinent examples (conceptual and/or personal);
· Thoughtful analysis (considering assumptions, analyzing implications, and comparing/contrasting concepts);
· At least 2 scholarly citations, in current APA format.
Replies:
Components
Major Point Support
9 to 10 points
Contribution made to discussion with each reply (2) expounding on the thread.
Major points are supported by all of ...
The Pursuit of Happiness
Research Project
Choosing
your person...
Choose a person who has
achieved a form of happiness.
This person could be a
humanitarian who has done
something for the greater
good, an athlete, a politician,
an actor/actress, a service
member, etc.
*Your person does not necessarily
have to be famous or well known,
however it may make your research
process a bit easier if they are.
Paper structure
�Introduction with thesis
�Body: Section 1- Introduce and discuss the person you chose as your focus. Provide background
information about them prior to them achieving their happiness. What lead them to the point where they
embarked on their road to success/happiness?
�Body: Section 2- Discuss their achievement of happiness. What did they do, how has it affected them
or other people in their lives? Has it affected society in any way?
�Conclusion
Checklist of research supports
____ A. 1 quote from a 1 piece of literature or text that reflects the aspect of
happiness
____ B. 2 quotes from these multi-media sources (news source articles,
personal internet blog, Tedtalk, database or professional journal)
____ C. 1 quotes from the person you chose as the focus of your paper
Sample Introductory Paragraph
“I have noticed that most people in this world are about as happy as they have made
up their minds to be” (Marden 74). This famous quote, said by former president Abraham
Lincoln, still holds true in today’s society. While happiness is not necessarily a conscious
choice, orientation of the mind and one's surroundings are influential on this cornerstone
of the human condition. Happiness in general is an elusive subject, as it is subjective. It
seems relatively impossible to gauge something so fluid, but through social
experimentation and research, scientists have made some progress about possible
motivations. Achieving a form of happiness can have many positive effects on the mind,
body, and overall quality of life; however, the journey to happiness can often include many
trials and tribulations as it did for insert person’s name here as he pursued his own form
of happiness.
Health of Democracy Essay Rubric
Due Week 2 Friday at 12 p.m. (noon)
What is a democracy? Describe 2-3 qualities of a healthy democracy. And, assess the health of
our democracy. In your essay, use your digital artifact, reference at least one of your peers'
artifacts, and at least two readings from Weeks 1 and 2.
Grading Criteria Grade
Organization, Use of Digital Artifact Post(s) and Course Readings
• Organized and well-structured essay with a beginning, a body, and a conclusion.
• Includes a thesis statement that presents the argument of your paper;
thesis/main argument is defended throughout the paper.
• Claims/arguments are backed by evidence from reading(s).
• Transitions between paragrap.
8Some Implications for Research and Practice[C]ultural meanings,.docxsleeperharwell
8
Some Implications for Research and Practice
[C]ultural meanings, practices, norms, and social institutions … constitute the matrix in which are embedded the intentions, rules, practices, and activities through which people live their lives (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus & Nisbett, 1998, p. 917).
What goals or objectives must our profession and society adopt to become truly multicultural in vision, values, and practice? (Sue, Bingham, Porche-Burke & Vasquez, 1999, p. 1067).
This final chapter is the most difficult one to write. The quotations above suggest the complexity of understanding individual behavior within a cultural matrix. With the broad definition of culture proposed in this book, applicable to all significant groups that meet the criteria, complexity increases. To take seriously the multicultural nature of persons is to raise theoretical and empirical questions that are very difficult to answer. As a science and profession, we are not accustomed to thinking routinely and easily of individuals in this way. Our discipline will be enriched, however, if we can design creative new research strategies to address these questions.
The implications for practice may be least problematic because, whether in counseling, therapy, or education, theoretical emphasis has long been on taking into account “the whole person.” And in these areas, there is typically one-on-one interaction between persons – between client and mental health worker, or between student and teacher. An individual’s unique social identities or cultural memberships will be evident in behavior – overt or subtle. Whether they are recognized, acknowledged, respected and used positively in the actual practice of counseling, therapy, or education (beyond statements of theory) is a central concern. In research, a multicultural perspective presents a different set of interrelated problems pertaining to sampling, study design, methods, data analysis and interpretation.Research
Each participant or respondent in an investigation brings to it unique experiences and beliefs, perceptions, and response potentials that reflect far greater individual complexity and far more cultural memberships than most researchers are prepared to identify. We agree with Shields (2008, p. 304) that “[t]he facts of our lives reveal that there is no single identity category that satisfactorily describes how we respond to our social environment or are responded to by others.” We also agree with Mann and Kelley (1997, p. 392) that “knowledge is and should be situated in people’s diverse social locations.… [and] grounded in the social biography of … the observed.” Such agreement, however, does not lead easily or directly to researchable empirical questions that can be investigated in a practical way. Multiple issues and problems face the researcher who is accustomed to obtaining demographic descriptions of participants that are usually limited to age, ethnicity, and gender, or to the single-identity or group-members.
Rush Holt is a scientist and politician who advocates for more scientists in politics. He believes scientists should not have to compromise their integrity or avoid political activism. As a physicist himself with degrees from Carleton College and NYU, Holt served as a faculty member and researcher before being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1998. During his campaigns, Holt found voters cared more about daily issues like healthcare rather than science issues, though he did receive support from 14 Nobel Prize winners in his field.
This document discusses political participation and how everyday interactions and communication reflect our political values and help shape the political sphere. It presents concepts from Kelshaw's theory of communication as political participation, including how our values govern how we participate and are expressed. Kelshaw views this as an interpretive, non-empirical theory focused on the fluid and complex nature of values. Understanding these terms provides insight into how political participation works and is shaped by individuals.
This document provides a summary of a presentation about using library resources to get the best grades. It covers evaluating different types of resources based on currency and authority, producing a good varied bibliography, and correctly writing references. The presentation includes tasks where students evaluate sample bibliographies, correct references in a sample bibliography, and a quiz to conclude the session. The overall aim is to help students understand how to effectively use and cite library resources in their assignments.
Identity in flux_ Clinical implications of working with global nomads and thi...Jennifer T. Young, PsyD
This article explores identity development in global nomads and third culture kids who regularly navigate between multiple cultures. It discusses how globalization and increased mobility have led to more people having cross-cultural experiences that impact their sense of self. The author aims to understand identity development in this population and provide clinical implications and directions for future research. Suggestions are offered for working with global nomads and third culture kids to address how cultural transitions can influence identity and relationships.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and theories in political science. It lists readings in several areas: epistemology and method; comparison; rational choice; institutions; culture; power; pluralist and Marxist analyses; the state; representation and accountability; constructivism; and predicting and advising. The readings cover foundational texts and debates across these core topics in the discipline.
Does Psychology Make a Significant Differencein Our LivesDustiBuckner14
Does Psychology Make a Significant Difference
in Our Lives?
Philip G. Zimbardo
Stanford University
The intellectual tension between the virtues of basic versus
applied research that characterized an earlier era of psy-
chology is being replaced by an appreciation of creative
applications of all research essential to improving the
quality of human life. Psychologists are positioned to “give
psychology away” to all those who can benefit from our
wisdom. Psychologists were not there 35 years ago when
American Psychological Association (APA) President
George Miller first encouraged us to share our knowledge
with the public. The author argues that psychology is
indeed making a significant difference in people’s lives;
this article provides a sampling of evidence demonstrating
how and why psychology matters, both in pervasive ways
and specific applications. Readers are referred to a newly
developed APA Web site that documents current opera-
tional uses of psychological research, theory, and method-
ology (its creation has been the author’s primary presiden-
tial initiative): www.psychologymatters.org.
Does psychology matter? Does what we do, andhave done for a hundred years or more, reallymake a significant difference in the lives of indi-
viduals or in the functioning of communities and nations?
Can we demonstrate that our theories, our research, our
professional practice, our methodologies, our way of think-
ing about mind, brain, and behavior make life better in any
measurable way? Has what we have to show for our dis-
cipline been applied in the real world beyond academia and
practitioners’ offices to improve health, education, welfare,
safety, organizational effectiveness, and more?
Such questions, and finding their answers, have al-
ways been my major personal and professional concern.
First, as an introductory psychology teacher for nearly six
decades, I have always worked to prove relevance as well
as essence of psychology to my students. Next, as an author
of the now classic basic text, Psychology and Life (Ruch &
Zimbardo, 1971), which claimed to wed psychology to life
applications, I constantly sought to put more psychology in
our lives and more life in our psychology (Gerrig & Zim-
bardo, 2004; Zimbardo, 1992). To reach an even broader
student audience, I have coauthored Core Concepts in
Psychology (Zimbardo, Weber, & Johnson, 2002) that
strives to bring the excitement of scientific and applied
psychology to students in state and community colleges.
In order to further expand the audience for what is best
in psychology, I accepted an invitation to help create, be
scientific advisor for, and narrator of the 26-program PBS
TV series, Discovering Psychology (1990/2001). For this
general public audience, we have provided answers—as
viewable instances—to their “so what?” questions. This
award-winning series is shown both nationally and inter-
nationally (in at least 10 nations) and has been the foun-
dation for the most popular telecou ...
Similar to Approach - Avoidance Emotions - Ispp 2016 presentation (20)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
1. TELLTALE SIGNS OF CONSERVATISM AND LIBERALISM IN
LANGUAGE:
Approach-Avoidance Emotions and Rhetoric
LucasCzarnecki
University of Calgary
Dept. of Political Science
2. “LANGUAGE IS AWINDOW INTOTHE MIND”
- S. PINKER
LucasCzarnecki
University of Calgary
Dept. of Political Science
3. The Canadian Context Left
Right
Center
(Photo Credit: Office of the Prime Minister, via Twitter)
www.canadianelectionsdatabase.ca
(shameless self-promotion, full database launches July 1st 2017 )
4. Understanding
the Left/Right Divide
See: Cochrane, C. (2015). Left and Right: the small world of political ideas. McGill: University Press
And: Jost, J.T. (2006). “The End of the End of Ideology”, American Psychologist, 61(7), 651-670.
(Photo Credit: Koren Shadmi)
The Classical (or
Essentialist)View
TheAlternative
View
Shifting
away…Old
Paradigms
Laponce (1981)
It’s…Religiosity vs Secularism…
Bobbio (1996) & Inglehart (1990)
Nope… extent of egalitarianism
Noel &Therien (2008)
Nope… definition of egalitarianism
Mervis & Rosch (1981)
Rejects “conceptual utopia”
Dif. are gradual & incremental
Alford (2015), Oskarsson et al. (2015) Jost & Amodio (2012)
Inheritance/Predisposition?
Cohen (2003), Haidt (2001), Danziger et al. (2010)
Humans are not so rational!
Where do ideologies & partisan
loyalties come from? … …
5. *One* explanation: Approach-Avoidance Emotions
This is… Anxiety (avoidance-based)
Overestimates risk
Status-quo oriented (risk-avoidance choices)
Risk reduction (concerned with uncertainty)
This is… Anger (approach-based)
Underestimates risk
Change oriented (risk-seeking choices)
Moral anger (addresses injustices “no dessert!”)
See: Marcus, G.E. (2003). The Psychology of Emotion and Politics. In Sears, D.O., Huddy, L., & Jervis, R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. (pp. 183-207).
See also: Lerner J.S., and Keltner, D. (2001). “Fear, Anger, Risk”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(1), 146-159.
Liberals
Personality (Big 5):
Openness to New
Experiences
Conservatives
Personality (Big 5):
Contentiousness
Neuroticism
Predisposition != Determinism
6. DO IDEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES MANIFEST IN
LANGUAGE?
H: Freq. of Approach-Avoidance emotions words will depend on a group’s ideology
H(i): Higher Freq./Volume of AngerWords - left
H(ii): Higher Freq./Volume of AnxietyWords – right
H(iii): Similar patterns for other correlates – e.g. happiness
7. Data Collection
The Canadian 2015 General Election Campaign Strengths & Limitations
Dates (78-day Campaign)
4/Aug/2015 until 19/Oct/2015
Leader Posts
N= 1,712
Harper = 525 |Trudeau = 531 | Mulcair = 656
Comments
N = 297, 830
Con = 150,529 | lib = 97,041 | ndp = 50,260
Pros:
ExternalValidity (not perfect)
Sample Size
Cons:
Controlling variables (e.g. age, sex, education, etc.)
Data Independence
Barbera, P. (2016). Rfacebook (version 0.63)
Data Scraped/Preprocessed
10. Frequency of Anger-related words from Facebook Commentators during the 2015
Canadian General Election Campaign
See: Lerner J.S., and Keltner, D. (2001). “Fear, Anger, Risk”. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology 81(1),
146-159.
11. Frequency of Anxiety-relatedWords from Facebook Commentators during the 2015
Canadian General Election Campaign
See: Sylwester, K. and Matthew Purver. (2015). “Twitter Language Use Reflects Psychological Differences
between Democrats and Republicans”. PLoS ONE, 10(9), 1-18.
12. Frequency of Positive Emotion Words from Facebook Commentators during the 2015
Canadian General Election Campaign
See: Schlenker, B.R., Chambers, J.R., and Le, B.M. (2012). “Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why?
Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction”. Journal of Research in Personality. 46, 127-146.
14. “If I can only hold your attention for a few minutes,
and I can either tell you how I helped an old lady cross the street
or how my opponent kicked a cat,
it makes more sense for me to tell you about the cat.”
- Jon Krosnick
15. “…The wrong decisions on taxes, spending, and deficits
will expose Canada to the very real global economic instability that surrounds us.
They will negatively impact our economy and jobs from coast to coast to coast.
We have to make sure that doesn’t happen…”
- Stephen Harper
16. “The status quo isn't working.
Our plan will make a positive difference in people's lives”
- JustinTrudeau
17. Political Rhetoric During a Campaign
Party Leader Affiliation Achieve Power Reward Risk
Harper
N = 525
6.99 3.12 4.92 2.03 1.57
Trudeau
N = 531
5.84 3.88 4.41 1.88 0.72
Mulcair
N = 656
4.36 3.46 4.38 1.68 0.57
Mean Frequency of Word Categories relating to ‘Psychological Drives’ for Canadian Party Leaders. Cell values are
percentages calculated as (raw count of word category / total words). N are the number of Facebook posts.
18. Future Research
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)
Procedures:
1. Create text matrix (m x n)
2. Cell transformations
• Raw count is weighed (local vs. global freq)
3. SingularValue Decomposition
Logic ofWord Association:
IF X does not co-occur with Z,
BUT co-occurs withY, which co-occurs w/ Z,
THEN X is associated with Z
(assoc. depends on strength of XY,YZ pairs, & associations w/ all other potential
word pairs)
Word
/doc
1 … … 6,000
1 x x x x
… x x x x
… x x x x
45,000 x x x x
See: Landauer,T.K. & Dumais, S.T. (1997). “A Solution to Plato’s Problem:The Latent Semantic AnaysisTheory of Acquisition, Induction, and Representation
of Knowledge.” Psychological Review, 104(2), 211-240.
And:Wild, Fridolin. (2015). lsa: Latent Semantic Analysis (version 0.73.1) [Computer Software].
20. THANKYOU
Books & Chapters
Cochrane, C. (2015). Left and Right: the small world of political ideas. McGill: University Press
Marcus, G.E. (2003).The Psychology of Emotion and Politics. In Sears, D.O., Huddy, L., & Jervis, R. (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology.
(pp. 183-207).
Journal Articles
Grimmer, J. & Stewart, B.M. (2013).“Text as Data:The Promise and Pitfalls of AutomaticContent Analysis Methods for PoliticalTexts.” Political Analysis, 21,
267-297.
Landauer,T.K. & Dumais, S.T. (1997). “A Solution to Plato’s Problem:The Latent Semantic AnaysisTheory of Acquisition, Induction, and Representation of
Knowledge.” Psychological Review, 104(2), 211-240.
Oskarsson, S., et al. (2015). “LinkingGenes and PoliticalOrientations:Testing the Cognitive Ability as Mediator Hypothesis”. Political Psychology, 36(6), 349-
655.
Pennebaker, J.W., Mehl, M.R., & Niederhoffer, K.G. (2003). “Psychological Aspects of Natural Language Use: OurWords, Our Selves.” Annual Review of
Psychology, 54, 547-577.
Piurko,Y., Schwartz, S.H., & Davidov, E. (2011). “Basic PersonalValues and the Meaning of Left-Right PoliticalOrientations in 20 Countries.” Political
Psychology, 32(4), 537-561.
Software
Barbera, Pablo. (2016). Rfacebook: Access to FacebookAPI via R (version 0.63) [Computer Software].
Pennebaker, J.W., Booth, R.J., & Francis, M.E. (2016). Linguistic Inquiry andWord Count: LIWC2015 (version 2.1.0). Austin,TX: Pennebaker Conglomerates.
Wild, Fridolin. (2015). lsa: Latent Semantic Analysis (version 0.73.1) [Computer Software].
My research to borrow a phrase from Steven Pinker is based on the idea that “language is a window into the mind”. That by studying how language is used we can infer not only what the mind thinks, but also how it thinks.
Today I’ll be focusing on psychological differences across the political spectrum. Examining how traits such as personality and temperament may shape the way individuals identify with political parties and ideologies. These differences, I argue, manifest subconsciously in language – in the words and types of words that people use. Using methods from computerized text analysis I detect quantitatively how language use varies across groups with different ideologies. I also examine how political candidates tailor language, subverting the subconscious, in order to serve the purposes of election campaigns. Here I hope to show that the constraints of campaigning encourage politicians to use language strategically. The result is, as so many of you might guess, that politicians sound a lot alike. My findings are based on an analysis of data that I scraped from Facebook. The data are primarily text based and were collected during Canada’s last federal election. So, given that, it seems appropriate to start with a brief overview of politics in Canada…As many of you may know Canada recently had an election last October…
…during which Canadians elected this charismatic fellow. The man of course is Justin Trudeau, who ran as the Liberal Party leader. Other notable leaders include Stephen Harper, who was the incumbent Prime Minister at the time, and the leader of the Conservative Party. And Tom Mulcair, who was the leader of the New Democratic Party and the official opposition.
Canada uses FPTP, an electoral system that produces majority governments and pushes political parties to the center of the spectrum. Those familiar with Downsian theory and the median voter hypothesis should not be too awestruck by our political parties. The Liberals have historically been very centrists, but has moved slightly center-left in recent decades. Positioned somewhat further to the left of them is the New Democratic Party (aka the NDP). And finally right of center we have the Conservatives.
you will notice that I’m focusing a lot on the left/right political spectrum...
We hear a lot about the left and right, but what do these words mean? Most of us have an intuitive sense as to their meaning but if forced to give specifics many of us would be hard-pressed to specify what the words entail. And rightfully so. Because despite the seeming simplicity there is no universal reference point or particular set of mutually exclusive characteristics that would definitively identify a particular individual or group as one or the other. As left or as right.
Despite that, the dominant approach to studying this left-right divide comes from…
a classical (or essentialist) view
Classicists are those that believe that left and right differences can be identified according to mutually exclusive categories. Laponce (1981), for example, believes that what distinguishes liberals from conservatives is the distinction between religiosity and secularism. Maintaining that “the right is the domain of the sacred” and “the left, that of the profane”. Noberto Bobbio (1996) disagrees; noting prominent examples of secularism and atheism on the right of the spectrum. He argues instead that the key variable is the extent to which each group supports equality in society. A position not unlike Inglehart (1990) who identifies egalitarianism as one of the defining characteristics of liberals. But alas, others disagree, as academics do! Scholars Noel and Therien (2008), for instance, argue that, hey, both groups support equality, but what distinguishes them is how they define equality. One side may favor equality of opportunity, the other equality of outcome.
Everyone agrees on the existence of defining characteristics, but no one seems to agree on which are most important.
There is An Alternative View, however
Which comes from psychological research and asserts that mutually exclusive categories are “conceptual utopias”. That meaningful political differences do exist, but such differences should be thought of as gradual and incremental variations between individuals and groups. Consequently, there is no single defining characteristic which qualifies or disqualifies an individual from being either to the left or the right.
Research on the left-right divide also seems to be shifting away from rational choice. As the theory fails to explain why people hold certain beliefs and identities over others. Rational choice theorist would argue that decision-making is goal-oriented and predictable. That when left to our own devices individuals will evaluate the options by carefully weighing evidence. Choosing in the end the option that provides them with the greatest benefit at the smallest cost. Studies from evolutionary psychology, however, show quite conclusively that human cognition is a biological adaptation; a product of evolution by natural selection rather than an “engine of pure rationality”.
If reason alone does not explain why we identify with certain parties and ideologies, where then do these identities and beliefs come from… Why do some identify as left and others as right?
There are a lot of factors, but today I want to limit my discussion to the role of emotions and personality
This is … Anger. Psychologists find that most feelings of anger have “moral overtones”, which prone individuals towards indignation. Moral anger is a feeling that comes from a sense of injustice- that something has been done wrong – and can motivate individuals towards addressing those injustices. Anger is known to limit an individual’s ability to accurately perceive risk, and encourages risk-taking and action-oriented behavior. Because of this the emotion is often referred to as “approach-based”. Meaning it motivates individuals to take action, and creates a desire or willingness for things to change.
This is…Anxiety, an avoidance-related emotion. Anxiety is in many ways the opposite of anger. Individuals who are prone to higher levels of anxiety are known to overestimate risk; favoring actions that are risk-averse. It is no coincidence then that politicians use messages to inspire fear during election campaigns. Particularly when said politicians are incumbents attempting to stay in power. Fueling feelings of uncertainty, it turns out, has long been a powerful motivator for preserving the status quo.
We know from personality research that liberals and conservatives feel and process emotions differently. Liberals are generally more open to new experiences. A personality trait that reflects the motivational attributes of anger. They also express feelings of anger more frequently than conservatives. Conservatives meanwhile tend to be more conscientious (i.e. mindful of others) and neurotic. And thus typically express feelings of nervousness or anxiety more often than liberals.
Studies have replicated these findings across various journals using methods that range from self-reports, to MRI studies of brain differences, to physiological tests measuring EDC. My method of choice however is computerized text analysis…
Researchers have long studied language for psychological insights. Language is after all the most common -and perhaps the most reliable way- for people to communicate their thoughts and emotions with one another.
Not too long ago the study of language was limited to qualitative methods and controlled lab experiments. Each with merits, but both typically suffering from smaller sample sizes and the latter from a lack of external validity. After all, there is only so much you can learn from experimenting on undergrads. Today with the development of high performance computers, and the proliferation of Internet use, researchers can collect and analyze copious amounts of data. Researchers have thus turned to methods in computerized text analysis as a way to test hypotheses and find meaningful links between everyday language use and psychological correlates.
Using this approach, the question I ask is whether groups with different political ideologies use language in unique ways? Do ideological differences manifest in language? From this question I generated some hypotheses:First, I expect that individuals who support left leaning parties, such as the Liberals or NDP, will collectively, use more words to express anger than groups who support parties that are right of center. While those supporting parties on the right should, on average, use a higher percentage of words expressing anxiety. Relatedly, expressions of both emotions should be dependent on the extent to which a group is left or right of the spectrum. So, for example, we would expect that NDP supporters, who are presumably further left, should be more likely to express feelings of anger. We can expect to see similar results for other emotions. For example, studies show that conservatives tend to report higher levels of life-satisfaction and happiness when compared to liberals. We may therefore expect higher frequencies of positive emotion words in text written by conservatives.
Significant at (F(3,32,)= 13.588, p < .000) with an R2 of .560. Predicted Ideology (con =1, lib=0) increased
Of all the output variables, anger proved to be one of the best predictors of political ideology and party support. Results were statistically significant with higher frequencies of anger related words being correlated with supporters of the two left-of-center parties. NDP supporters contributed to the highest volume of anger-related words throughout the campaign. Averaging .63 percent of total words relating to feelings of anger. That’s .13 percent more than Liberals and .21 more than Conservatives. Expressions of anger were consistently higher for NDP supporters than for any other group throughout the 11 weeks of the campaign - with only one exception in week 2.
With anxiety, however, there appears to be a different story. If you aggregate the data and only look at differences between the left and right than yes, anxiety-related words are typically more prevalent in the language use of those right of center. However, if the unit of analysis is at the level of the political party than one sees a very different observation. While Liberal Party supporters were less likely to use anxiety related words than Conservatives the same could not be said with respect to NDP supporters. The NDP were, in fact, even more likely to use these words. Frankly, I’m hard-pressed to explain these results.
Now it may be that LIWC’s dictionary did not target the appropriate words. But I doubt that given that Pearson Correlation analyses find its dictionary to be an externally valid method for identifying emotions. Alternatively, one might argue that the approach-avoidance framework is incorrect. Again, I doubt this given the extent of evidence that observes higher levels of anxiety among conservatives.
I am also not the first person to find these results. A previous study examining Twitter users in the US found that anxiety was closely correlated with Democrat rather than with Republican twitter users. The study also happened to use LIWC. So if anyone in the audience has any thoughts or hypotheses, I would be happy to hear them!
One final example. This one tracking expressions of positive affect. Again, studies and self-reports have shown that conservatives report higher levels of life-satisfaction and happiness. Such findings, however, have been dismissed by critics who argue that self-reports are unreliable because of the social desirability bias. That conservatives will exaggerate their happiness because they know that it is a socially desired trait. The argument has never been a convincing criticism for me, as I see no reason why liberals could not do the same. One of the strengths of text analysis is that you can study individuals that do not know they are being studied. Thus reducing the chances of an observer effect or a social desirability bias. To be clear I suspect that these results have little to do with any inherent differences. Instead they may be indicative of the benefits that come from the environments and social support structures that are more common to conservative households. Specifically, with respect to community and religiosity, which studies have found to be positively correlated with happiness.
Alright, those are the results for everyday Facebook users. But what happens when we look at party leaders. Do these patterns hold up? In short, No... When people say that all politicians sound the same, there is some truth to that. And it might be especially true in countries like Canada where the FPTP electoral system creates incentives for parties to appeal to voters in the middle of the spectrum. Since the election is winner take all, a party only needs a plurality of the votes to win an election, so it makes strategic sense to tailor your message to the median voter. Since the use of emotion words emphasizes consensus values, party leaders may want to restrict their use of such wording in order to appeal to as broad a voting base as possible. The language of rhetoric also has little to do with political ideology. Regardless of the political party all candidates are incentivized to use negative emotion words. This is because Psychologically, people are more likely to remember negative information. The same is true with respect to campaign messaging. Negative messages are far easier to remember than positive ones. As Jon Krosnick so eloquently puts it, imagine I was a political candidate…
“If I can only hold your attention for a few minutes, and I can either tell you how I helped an old lady cross the streetor how my opponent kicked a cat, it makes more sense for me to tell you about the cat.”
Indeed we see this strategy throughout the campaign.
[INSERT HARPER QUOTE].
Here is Harper discussing the possible risks associated with electing a Liberal or NDP government. The language is simple, concise, a repetitive. It is designed to reinforce the prospects of uncertainty by uses words to induce a fear response.
The onus is then [INSERT TRUDEAU QUOTE] on whoever is challenging the incumbent to convince voters that they are worth the risk. That changing government is necessary.
All in all there where very few linguistic and psychological differences in how language was used between the three candidates. One of the main exceptions was the rate at which candidates communicated risk with their voters. As an incumbent Stephen Harper used more than twice as many risk-related words. The strategy being to reinforce that Justin Trudeau was a liability. That he was young. Unexperienced. And as per the mantra of advertisements…that he was Just Not Ready. Turns out Justin Trudeau won the election anyway, but hey, you can’t blame a guy for trying.
The research I presented today comes from an approach within text analysis known as word count strategy. This approach however is only interested in the presence and frequency with which words appear. It assumes that the same dictionary can be used to measure and detect psychological correlates across different groups. When we know from research that different groups understand the same words in different ways. An alternative approach is word pattern analysis, which originates from work in information retrieval and artificial intelligence. Rather than exploring text ‘top down’ within the context of previously defined word categories,” it instead approaches word patterns mathematically by detecting “‘bottom-up’ how words co-vary across large samples of text.
One such method is known as Latent Semantic Analysis, which is used for extracting and representing the meaning (or association) between words. Its creators also argue that it serves as an accurate model for how the human mind learns and represents knowledge. It can therefore be used to infer how different groups think about the same words or topics. Based on some preliminary findings, I’ve noticed this to be the case. Conservatives for instance when talking about economics seem to think about things like institutions, and risk. While liberals seem to associate economics with social responsibility.
What research like mine shows is that differences in beliefs and values may come from sources that that are inherent to individuals. Traits such as personality and temperament may predispose people to be more inclined to favor certain parties, ideologies and styles of thinking. Individuals who are prone to experiencing anger may underestimate risk and be more inclined to demand change; perhaps out of a desire to address injustices. Such individuals may be more likely to identify as liberals. Others who are more prone to feeling anxiety will typically overestimate risk and be driven to maintain the status quo. They may be more likely to identify with a conservative party.
None of these psychological traits are, as the classicists might argue, mutually exclusive. Personalities and temperaments will crisscross and overlap; existing across the political spectrum to various degrees in relation to one another. So too will party loyalties - people will change their party identity and vote for reasons that have little to do with their temperament or personality. But if these differences are inherent in groups then it does well to remind ourselves that some political disputes may be irreconcilable. That battles of reason may not change how people feel about certain issues. If we want to make progress on contentious challenges such as climate change or gun control we may need to appeal to more than just reason. At the end of the day it would do good to remind ourselves that politics is about compromise. Compromise between groups of people who may never view the world in the same way.
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(graph from Paul Fairie’s work on the Globe and Mail)
Finally, I’d like to end with an anecdote from the 2015 election that, I think, summarizes these findings… You may recall that that there was an outlier when tracking expressions of anger. Specifically, in the second week of the election when the highest volume of anger-related words came from conservatives. During this moment in the campaign something else happened. The Syrian Refugee Crisis had become a hot button issue in Canadian politics; as parties began debating on what Canada’s role would be internationally. The cause of this uptick in anger, based on the timing and content of the comments, was a response to Justin Trudeau announcing he would pledge asylum to 25,000 Syrian Refugees; a number 15,000 more than either of the other two parties had promised earlier. Many conservatives felt that this was fiscally irresponsible given that the Canadian economy was struggling at the time. Notice also, that the response from Liberal and NDP supporters is the complete opposite – with the frequency of anger words declining for both groups.It is important to mention that federally the majority of Canadians vote left of center. In the past the Conservative Party’s strategy has therefore been to divide and conquer by splitting the left-of-center vote between the Liberal and the NDP. We can see this strategy unfolding throughout the 2015 campaign. During the early months Harper did well to keep Trudeau and Mulcair at a distance from one another. Presenting neither candidate with the opportunity to distinguish themselves – keeping left-of-center voters split in who they support. As August came to a close Mulcair started to improve in the polls. And by early September he even started to outperform the other candidates. Now with the prospect of Mulcair winning the election the Harper team shifted strategies and began a bizarre campaign that focused on identity politics. Issues regarding the economy which had taken front stage were now sidelined in favor of debates regarding Syrian refugees, what the Conservative Party called “culturally barbaric practices”, and finally a debate as to whether muslim women could be banned from wearing niqabs during swearing in ceremonies.
Likely the reason Harper shifted the election towards identity politics was in order to pander to voters in Quebec. A province that was highly in favor of banning religious symbols from public service, and a province that has historically shaped many election results. Harper may also have been appealing to the same group that had collectively expressed anger at the prospect of admitting additional Syrian refugees. Now at first Harper’s strategy succeeded in that it lowered Mulcair’s approval rating. Unlike Harper, Mulcair took the position that neither federal nor provincial government should impose on peoples’ religious liberties. But this position did little to win over voters. As a result, Mulcair’s approval rating began to decline. Interestingly, however, Harper’s strategy quickly backfired. As Mulcair’s poll numbers declined this provided a signal to left-of-center voters that the candidate to back was Justin Trudeau.
Like Russian babushka dolls political identities can be compartmentalized. Individually Canadians left of the spectrum may have identified with different parties – either the NDP, the Liberals, or the Greens. And while party loyalist from each of these parties may have at one time vehemently disagree with one another, collectively individuals found commonality under the Liberal Party banner.