This document provides procedures for estimating precision error and determining confidence intervals of measurement means and differences between data sets. It begins by explaining how to calculate a confidence interval of the mean using the central limit theorem when sample size is large (>30), which gives a Gaussian distribution of mean values. When sample size is small (<30), it recommends using the Student's t-distribution. Examples are given of calculating confidence intervals at 95% probability levels. The document also covers the Student's t-test for determining if two data sets are significantly different based on calculating the t-value and comparing to t-distribution tables. In general, it advises using a 95% probability level for uncertainty calculations.
This document provides an overview of temperature measurement techniques. It begins by defining temperature and describing common temperature scales. It then discusses various methods for measuring temperature, including thermal expansion thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. For each method, the document explains the underlying principle, advantages, disadvantages, typical temperature ranges, and sources of error. It emphasizes that the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) establishes standardized fixed points and defines temperature between those points to provide a uniform scale.
This document provides a user's guide to pressure measurement. It discusses fundamentals of pressure including gauge versus absolute pressure and units of measurement. It describes types of deadweight pressure testers including piston gauge and floating ball types. It covers calibration of deadweight testers and procedures for use. The document also discusses manometers and secondary pressure standards including mechanical and electronic gauges. It provides details on intrinsic and site location correction factors that must be considered for accurate pressure measurement.
This document provides procedures for estimating precision error and determining confidence intervals of measurement means and differences between data sets. It begins by explaining how to calculate a confidence interval of the mean using the central limit theorem when sample size is large (>30), which gives a Gaussian distribution of mean values. When sample size is small (<30), it recommends using the Student's t-distribution. Examples are given of calculating confidence intervals at 95% probability levels. The document also covers the Student's t-test for determining if two data sets are significantly different based on calculating the t-value and comparing to t-distribution tables. In general, it advises using a 95% probability level for uncertainty calculations.
This document provides an overview of temperature measurement techniques. It begins by defining temperature and describing common temperature scales. It then discusses various methods for measuring temperature, including thermal expansion thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. For each method, the document explains the underlying principle, advantages, disadvantages, typical temperature ranges, and sources of error. It emphasizes that the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) establishes standardized fixed points and defines temperature between those points to provide a uniform scale.
This document provides a user's guide to pressure measurement. It discusses fundamentals of pressure including gauge versus absolute pressure and units of measurement. It describes types of deadweight pressure testers including piston gauge and floating ball types. It covers calibration of deadweight testers and procedures for use. The document also discusses manometers and secondary pressure standards including mechanical and electronic gauges. It provides details on intrinsic and site location correction factors that must be considered for accurate pressure measurement.
This document provides a list of 15 references related to instrumentation topics including: computer-based training courses, instrumentation handbooks, books on process control and instrumentation, and topics like mass and weight measurement, strain measurement, pressure and sound measurement, thermal conductivity measurement, power measurement, energy measurement, electrical conductivity and resistivity measurement, and charge measurement. The references consist of textbooks, technical reports, and literature on fundamentals, principles, measurement techniques, and instrumentation for various physical properties and electrical quantities.
This document provides a list of 15 references related to instrumentation topics including: computer-based training courses, instrumentation handbooks, books on process control and instrumentation, and topics like mass and weight measurement, strain measurement, pressure and sound measurement, thermal conductivity measurement, power measurement, energy measurement, electrical conductivity and resistivity measurement, and charge measurement. The references consist of textbooks, technical reports, and literature on fundamentals, principles, measurement techniques, and instrumentation for various physical properties and electrical quantities.
3. ٣
COMPUTER
BASED
TRAINING
(CBT)
Instrument
Training
Courses
(ITC)
اي رﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻓﺰار ﻧﺮم
اﺑﺰاردﻗﻴﻖ
اورﻓﻴﺲ
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ دو ﺑﺮاي
1
و
2
داﺷﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ
:
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
P V P V
g g g g
ρ ρ
+ = +
در ﺑﺎ
ﺷﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ،ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ
:
1
2
1 2
2 [2 ( )]
2
v
V
V C g h
g
= ∆ +
ﺷﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺣﺠﻤﻲ دﺑﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ
:
1
1 2
2 1 2
2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
1 2
1
(2 )
(2 )
( ) [1 ( ) ]
V C d
V C d
C C A A C A g h
Q g h
A
A C C A C
A
∆
= ∆ =
− −
اﻳﻨﺠﺎ در ﻛﻪ
Cc
ﻣﻲ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﺿﺮﻳﺐ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
.
ﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻪ اورﻓﻴﺲ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻈﺮ در ﺑﺎ
ﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ
ﺷﻮد
:
2
2 2
2
1 1
( )
d A
d A
β = =
داﺷﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ در
:
1
2
2
1
4 2
(2 )
[1 ]
d
d
C A g h
Q
C β
∆
=
−
وﻧﺘﻮري
4. ٤
COMPUTER
BASED
TRAINING
(CBT)
Instrument
Training
Courses
(ITC)
اي رﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ اﻓﺰار ﻧﺮم
اﺑﺰاردﻗﻴﻖ
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ دو ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ
1
و
2
داﺷﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ را ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ آﻣﺪه ﺑﺎﻻ ﺷﻜﻞ در ﻛﻪ
:
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
P P
Q Q
Z Z
g gA g gA
ρ ρ
+ + = + +
دو ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺪ اﺧﺘﻼف
ﺑﺎ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ
:
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
P P
h Z Z
g g
ρ ρ
∆ = + − +
ﺑﺎ ﺑﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ دﺑﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ
:
1
1 2 2
1
2 2 2
1 2
(2 )
( )
d
C A A
Q g h
A A
= ∆
−
اﻳﻨﺠﺎ در ﻛﻪ
Cd
ﺿﺮﻳﺐ
ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ
اﺳﺖ
.
ﭘﻴﺘﻮت
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ دو ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ
1
و
2
داﺷﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ
:
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ در ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻛﻪ آﻧﺠﺎ از
1
داﺷﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻟﺬا ﺑﻮد ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺑﺎﺑﺮ
: