This document provides guidance on citing sources and references in APA style in 3 sentences or less: It discusses how to cite sources in text, including how to cite one author, two authors, three to five authors, indirect sources, and two works in the same parentheses; it also covers how to format direct quotes, block quotes, and personal communications. Examples are given for how to format different types of references in a reference list, including journal articles, book chapters, and websites.

1. APA: a review

2. When in text referencing – but not
direct quote
Type the information in your own words (author, year).
In fact, the Internet changed the face of education in the 1990’s
and facilitated a boom of online learning (Casey, 2008).
Or when using the author’s name in your paper, follow
name with (year) and his/her point in your own
words:
Certo (2010) explained the need for documentation as a means
for ……..

3. Direct Quote, in text:
Place quote in quotation marks, follow with
(name, year, p. __).
Note the punctuation – placement of the period
follows the closing parenthesis.
“The concept of hybridization [is] the bringing
together of two dissimilar parts to produce a
third result” (Vaughan, 2007, p. 82).

4. Quote from personal
communication/interview
Follow the direct quote (be sure it is in
quotation marks) or paraphrase by (Last
Name, personal communication, date of
communication).
The days of fifteen weeks of lecture are long gone as a
facilitative approach is becoming a sound
replacement to lecture-style teaching (Boland,
personal communication, June 9, 2010).

5. Multiple Authors:
Two authors in text vs. two authors in
parentheses:
When mentioning two authors in a sentence, write them as Allen and Seaman (2010)
……
When referencing them in parenthesis, it is (Allen & Seaman, 2010)…..
A Work by Three to Five Authors:
List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the
source. Such as: (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)

6. Block Quote – 40+ words
…The current college student grew up on the cusp of technology, so various
technological levels of comfort
exist (personal communication, June 9, 2010). CDW-G Report (2010) echoed
Boland’s assertion when they reported:
63% of current college students say technology on campus was important in
their college selection criteria; 93% of today’s high school students say
campus technology is important in their college selection criteria; [and]
95% of today’s high school students expect to use technology in college
during all or some classes. (p. 3)
Despite these findings, higher education cannot rely strictly on the use of
technology to ensure learning.
Pay attention to the punctuation – it is different for block
quotes.

7. Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited in another
source, name the original source in your signal
phrase. List the secondary source in your
reference list and include the secondary source in
the parentheses.
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.
102).

8. Two or More Works in the Same
Parentheses:
When your parenthetical citation includes two
or more works, order them the same way they
appear in the reference list, separated by a
semi-colon.
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

9. Reference List
Take notice of:
• Capitalization of article titles, journal titles, book
titles
• Note punctuation
• Note use of italics
• When possible, include the doi number
• Alignment – CTRL T

10. Examples
Delialioglu, O., & Yildirim, Z. (2007). Design and development of a technology
enhanced hybrid instruction based on MOLTA model: Its effectiveness in
comparison to traditional instruction. Computers & Education, 51(1), 474-483.
doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.006
Dukes III, L., Koorland, M., & Scott, S. (2009). Making Blended Instruction Better:
Integrating the Principles of Universal Design for Instruction into Course Design
and Delivery. Action in Teacher Education, 31(1), 38-48.
Dukes III, L., Waring, S., & Koorland, M. (2006). The blended course delivery method:
The not-so-distant education. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 22(4),
153-158.
Garnham, C. & Kaleta, R. (2002). Introduction to hybrid courses. Teaching with
Technology Today, 8(6). Retrieved from
http://www.uwsa.edu/ttt/articles/garnham.htm.
Garrison, D. R. & Vaughan, N. D. (2008). Blended Learning in Higher Education. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

11. Any APA Related Questions?