this lecture is introduction to anatomy of muscloskeletal system including types of bones , joints, and different exsamples of each. the lecture including images and questions. for example of long bones femur, tibia, radius, ulna, and fibula. for examples

4. Before we start, did you remember the
following???
• Science of anatomy.
• Science of embryology.
• Organization of human body.
• Human system
• Anatomical position.
• Anatomical planes.
• Anatomical terms.

5. Learning outcomes of lecture 1
• Introduction to skeleton
• Identifying the extent of the upper
limb
• Identifying various regions of upper
limb.

7. Musculoskeletal system
The musculoskeletal system
is the system that gives us
the ability to move (
locomotion).

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There are
206 different
kinds of
bones
present in
the human
body that
make up the
skeletal
system.
These 206
bones may differ
in length and
mass between
individuals, and
this is the basis
of the difference
in height that is
present between
people.

12. The bones of the human skeleton are
divided into two groups.
• The appendicular skeleton includes all the
bones that form the upper and lower limbs,
and the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
• The axial skeleton includes all the bones along
the body’s long axis.

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Bones of
the
appendicular
skeleton
facilitate
movement,.
while
bones of the
axial skeleton
protect
internal
organs

16. Thoracic cage

17. • The thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and
sternum, protects internal organs and gives
attachment to muscles involved in respiration
and upper limb movement.
• The sternum consists of the manubrium,
body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
• Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they
articulate directly to the sternum, and ribs 8-
12 are known as false ribs.

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Most
people are
born with 12
ribs that
encase the
lungs and
upper
abdomen.
Some people
(< 1%) are
born with an
extra 13th
rib called
the cervical
rib.

19. Cervical rib

21. The skull is a single large bone that has only
one movable part – the mandible.

22. The skull consists of the cranial bones and
the facial skeleton. The cranial bones enclose
the brain. The facial skeleton, as its name
suggests, makes up the face of the skull.

24. Vertebral column

25. Vertebral column
• a flexible column formed by a series of 24
vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx.
• Commonly referred to as the spine
• the vertebral column extends from the base
of the skull to the pelvis.

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The femur is
an example of a
long bone.
The vertebra
is an example of
a irregular
bone.
The frontal
bone is a flat
bone.
The patella,
also called the
knee cap, is a
sesamoid
bone.
Carpals (in
the hand) and
tarsals (in the
feet) are
examples of
short bones..

29. Flat Bones Protect Internal Organs

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There are flat
bones in the skull
(occipital, parietal,
frontal, nasal,
lacrimal, and
vomer), the
thoracic cage
(sternum and ribs)
The
function of
flat bones is
to protect
internal
organs such
as the brain,
heart, and
pelvic
organs.

31. Long Bones Support Weight and
Facilitate Movement

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Long bones
function to
support the
weight of the
body and
facilitate
movement.
Long bones are
mostly located
in the
appendicular
skeleton
 include bones
in the lower
limbs (the tibia,
fibula, femur,
metatarsals, and
phalanges) and
bones in the
upper limbs (the
humerus, radius,
ulna,
metacarpals, and
phalanges).

33. Short Bones Are Cube-shaped

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The carpals in
the wrist
(scaphoid,
lunate,
triquetral,
hamate,
pisiform,
capitate,
trapezoid, and
trapezium)
 the tarsals
in the ankles
(calcaneus,
talus,
navicular,
cuboid, lateral
cuneiform,
intermediate
cuneiform, and
medial
cuneiform)

37. Irregular Bones Have Complex
Shapes

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Irregular
bones vary in
shape and
structure and
therefore do
not fit into
any other
category (flat,
short, long, or
sesamoid).
 They
often have
a fairly
complex
shape,
which helps
protect
internal
organs

39. Sesamoid Bones Reinforce
Tendons

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Sesamoid
bones are bones
embedded in
tendons. These
small, round
bones are
commonly
found in the
tendons of the
hands, knees,
and feet
Sesamoid
bones function
to protect
tendons from
stress and wear.
The patella,
commonly
referred to as
the kneecap, is
a sesamoid
bone.

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Functions of
bones
 Support of the
body
 Protection of
soft organs
 Movement due
to attached
skeletal
muscles
 Storage of
minerals and
fats
 Blood cell
formation

43. Structures related to bone
??
??
?? ??
cartilage

44. Tubercle
Tubercity
Fossa
Groove
Bone
Markings

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 bone
markings is
the
Surface
features
of bones
 Categories
of bone
markings
 Projections and
processes –
grow out from
the bone
surface
 Depressions or
cavities –
indentations

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 example of
grooves is
the radial
groove which
is found in
the humerus
 fossa is
shallow
depressions
or hollows,
usually in
the bone

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 tubersity is
a large
prominence
on a bone
usually serving
for the
attachment of
muscles.
A tubercle
is a small
rounded
prominence,
often a site of
tendon or
ligament
attachment

53. Carpal
bones

56.  consists of the scapulae and clavicles.
 The shoulder girdle connects the
bones of the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton.
These bones also provide attachment
for muscles that move the shoulders and
upper limbs.
The pectoral or shoulder girdle

57. The upper limbs include:
 the bones of the arm (humerus),
forearm (radius and ulna),
Wrist bones,
and hand.
The only bone of the arm is the humerus,
which articulates with the forearm bones–the
radius and ulna–the elbow joint.
 The ulna is the larger of the two forearm
bones.

58. Bones of the Upper Limb
 The arm is
formed by a
single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b

59. Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm
has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c

61. The hand includes:
 8 bones in the wrist,
5 bones that form the palm,
and 14 bones that form the fingers and
thumb.
The wrist bones are called carpals.
The bones that form the palm of the hand are
called metacarpals.
The phalanges are the bones of the fingers.
Hand Bones

63. The eight carpal bones of the
wrist are:
the Scaphoid, Lunate,
Triquetral, Pisiform,
Trapezoid, Trapezium, Capitate
, Hamate.

67. Structural Classification of Joints
 Fibrous joints
Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
Freely moveable

68. SUTURES

69. Fibrous Joints
 Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or
largely immovable.

71. Cartilaginous Joints – mostly
amphiarthrosis
 Bones connected by cartilage
 Examples
Pubic
symphysis
Intervertebral
joints
Figure 5.27b, c

73. SYN-arthrosis ?
SYN-desmosis ?
SYN-chondrosis ?

74. Synovial joints

75. Synovial Joints
 Articulating bones are separated by a
joint cavity
 Synovial fluid is found in the joint
cavity

76. Reaching ???
• Introduction to skeleton
• Identifying the extent of the upper
limb
• Identifying various regions of upper
limb.

78. How many bones does the adult human body
have?
• a. 210
• b. 206
• c. 180
• d. 126

79. The Axial skeleton is comprised of ______
bones.
• a. 90
• b. 126
• c. 60
• d. 80

80. The human vertebrae are classified as which
type of bone?
a. Long
b. Irregular
c. Flat
d. Short

81. Which bone is the longest and strongest bone
in the human body?
a. Cranium
b. Femur
c. Tibia
d. Radius

82. The ribs, sternum and scapulae are all what
type of bone?
• a. Long
• b. Flat
• c. Short
• d. Irregular

83. Tendons hold muscle to bone.
• a. True
• b. False

84. How many bones make up the human spine?
• a. 7
• b. 33
• c. 20
• d. 25

85. The Appendicular skeleton is comprised of
_____ bones.
• a. 126
• b. 100
• c. 80
• d. 110

86. Ligaments hold bone to bone.
• a. True
• b. False

87. Which of the following bones listed is an
example of a “long” bone?
a. Ribs
b. Patella
c. Phalanges
d. Mandible

88. Which of the following bones listed is an
example of a short bone?
a. Femur
b. Cranium
c. Carpals
d. Radius

89. The “sternum” is a very important bone that
protects the _____________.
a. Brain
b. Heart
c. Lungs
d. Liver

90. ?
?
?

91. Deadline :
According to
lap doctor
Deadline :
Tuesday Jan, 17

92. t.me/BMS2020_AMEERAALHUMIDI
@Dr_Ameeraalhumidi
ameeraalhumidi@gmail.com