Farm subsidies began in the 1930s to support struggling farmers but now do more harm than good according to economic analysis. Subsidies create surpluses that lower food prices initially but the long term effects are higher prices and market distortions as subsidies encourage overproduction. Price floors from subsidies shrink consumer surplus and increase deadweight loss. While supporters argue subsidies ensure food stability and supply, analyses show the high costs outweigh benefits. Subsidies should be reduced or eliminated to increase competition and cheaper food prices long term.
After completing this module, you will:
- Describe the farm structure of US Production
- Explain how US farms operate under federal and state frameworks to combat falling prices
- Explain the concept of Farm Management Systems
- Recognize the scope of technology adoption by farms
This document summarizes a study that examines how providing access to credit impacts agricultural labor supply and wages in rural Zambia. The study conducted a randomized controlled trial where some villages were given access to interest-free loans during the agricultural lean season. They find that access to credit leads households to supply less off-farm casual labor, increasing local wages. It also finds increased food consumption and fewer reported instances of hunger in treated villages. The results suggest that credit constraints are an important factor driving rural labor allocation decisions and seasonal food insecurity in this context.
The document discusses a meeting of the Council on Trade and Economic Development (COTED) of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) that recognized the need to address the link between trade policies, diet, and obesity in the Caribbean region. The COTED established a working group to prepare for a joint meeting in 2014 on these issues. The working group is coordinated by the Caribbean Public Health Agency, the Office of Trade Negotiations, and CARICOM. The collaboration aims to develop effective strategies to address non-communicable diseases related to poor dietary intake. The document summarizes research finding that international trade has reduced the costs of energy-dense foods high in sugars and fats, making these diets more affordable and contributing to obesity
“A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they don’t necessarily want to go, but ought to be.” — First Lady Rosalynn Carter
“Do what you feel in your heart to be right–for you’ll be criticized anyway.” — First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
“It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.” — Nelson Mandela
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Indian Agriculture is often considered to be a subsidised one to lend a helping hand to the farmers of India. This presentation will brief the viewers about the reality of the agriculture subsidies in India.
Perfect Food: The Silicon Valley Food MovementTrung Ho
What would the food system look like if we started over?
That's the question that investors, entrepreneurs, and food scientists in Silicon Valley are asking as they've been working towards creating a more sustainable food system as the global population inches closer to 9.6 billion by 2050. Mayonnaise without eggs? Real-tasting meat made from plants? Living a healthy life on a nutritious drink alone? Food from the Silicon Valley Food Movement may sound crazy, but they're becoming more and more popular as large groups of investors, chefs, environmental and animal activists, consumers, and just about all walks of life are gravitating towards the idea that food can and should be healthy, tasty, and help make a positive difference in the world's future.
This report looks at the different food startups and its corresponding trends/driving factors, as well as its implications for big food brands. This report also takes a look at related food trends and its manifestations that are occurring outside of Silicon Valley.
After completing this module, you will:
- Describe the farm structure of US Production
- Explain how US farms operate under federal and state frameworks to combat falling prices
- Explain the concept of Farm Management Systems
- Recognize the scope of technology adoption by farms
This document summarizes a study that examines how providing access to credit impacts agricultural labor supply and wages in rural Zambia. The study conducted a randomized controlled trial where some villages were given access to interest-free loans during the agricultural lean season. They find that access to credit leads households to supply less off-farm casual labor, increasing local wages. It also finds increased food consumption and fewer reported instances of hunger in treated villages. The results suggest that credit constraints are an important factor driving rural labor allocation decisions and seasonal food insecurity in this context.
The document discusses a meeting of the Council on Trade and Economic Development (COTED) of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) that recognized the need to address the link between trade policies, diet, and obesity in the Caribbean region. The COTED established a working group to prepare for a joint meeting in 2014 on these issues. The working group is coordinated by the Caribbean Public Health Agency, the Office of Trade Negotiations, and CARICOM. The collaboration aims to develop effective strategies to address non-communicable diseases related to poor dietary intake. The document summarizes research finding that international trade has reduced the costs of energy-dense foods high in sugars and fats, making these diets more affordable and contributing to obesity
“A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they don’t necessarily want to go, but ought to be.” — First Lady Rosalynn Carter
“Do what you feel in your heart to be right–for you’ll be criticized anyway.” — First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt
“It is better to lead from behind and to put others in front, especially when you celebrate victory when nice things occur. You take the front line when there is danger. Then people will appreciate your leadership.” — Nelson Mandela
The presentation was part of the Food Security in India: the Interactions of Climate Change, Economics, Politics and Trade workshop, organized by IFPRI-CUTS on March 11 in New Delhi, India. The project seeks to explore a model for analyzing food security in India through the interactions of climate change, economics, politics and trade.
Indian Agriculture is often considered to be a subsidised one to lend a helping hand to the farmers of India. This presentation will brief the viewers about the reality of the agriculture subsidies in India.
Perfect Food: The Silicon Valley Food MovementTrung Ho
What would the food system look like if we started over?
That's the question that investors, entrepreneurs, and food scientists in Silicon Valley are asking as they've been working towards creating a more sustainable food system as the global population inches closer to 9.6 billion by 2050. Mayonnaise without eggs? Real-tasting meat made from plants? Living a healthy life on a nutritious drink alone? Food from the Silicon Valley Food Movement may sound crazy, but they're becoming more and more popular as large groups of investors, chefs, environmental and animal activists, consumers, and just about all walks of life are gravitating towards the idea that food can and should be healthy, tasty, and help make a positive difference in the world's future.
This report looks at the different food startups and its corresponding trends/driving factors, as well as its implications for big food brands. This report also takes a look at related food trends and its manifestations that are occurring outside of Silicon Valley.
Tran Phoi Tien is a Malaysian student seeking an internship in engineering. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Swinburne University of Technology, where he maintained high grades with a current GPA of 3.96. His previous internship was at Senari Machinery, where he performed maintenance on terminal tractors, including preventative maintenance, troubleshooting, and repairs. He has strong skills in technical areas as well as soft skills like communication, leadership, and teamwork from his involvement with student organizations.
The study aimed to examine the effects of different music genres on athletes' self-efficacy and performance. 30 student athletes completed a 400m dash, pushups, and planks while listening to hip-hop, country, or heavy metal, or without music. Their self-efficacy, emotions, and thoughts were measured before and after each task using questionnaires. The researchers hypothesized that athletes would have higher exertion and self-efficacy while listening to hip-hop compared to the other conditions. The results could help identify ways for athletes to optimize their mental state and performance.
This curriculum vitae provides personal and professional details of Dodi Mulyadi Hidayat. He has over 20 years of experience in human resources and administration roles. He holds a degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Karawang. Currently, he works as a Senior Executive of HR for PT. Genting Plantation Nusantara, where his responsibilities include compensation and benefits systems. He has extensive experience in organizational development, job analysis, and HR system development for various companies.
This document discusses the value of understanding non-verbal communication and personality differences in business negotiations. It notes that ancient Egyptians held court in the dark to avoid being swayed by demeanors, and that the Roman orator Cicero said the face reflects the soul. Modern research confirms that moods and feelings can be discerned from facial expressions and body language. Personality type also influences communication style and negotiation acts. Carl Jung's personality theory impacted negotiation styles by helping build relationships and direct communication. The thesis aims to discover new systems of non-verbal communication and typology in negotiations to better understand human interaction, attention, important non-verbal cues, and how personality differences can obstruct communication but also help people appreciate differences.
Lessons From Building a Multi-Million Dollar CompanyYaseen Dadabhay
The document is a collection of photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. It includes photos of people, nature, technology, cities and more. The photos are credited to their original photographers and linked back to Flickr for viewing the full image. Overall it showcases a diverse range of photographic content available for reuse under open licenses.
This document discusses amplitude modulated communication systems. It describes how a carrier signal is modulated by a baseband modulating signal to allow for information exchange over a channel. There are different types of modulation including continuous wave, pulse, and digital modulation. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier signal based on the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. This allows for multiplexing of multiple messages and use of more practical antenna sizes. Specific amplitude modulation techniques are described like conventional AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB along with their tradeoffs in terms of carrier suppression, bandwidth, cost, and applications.
1. VSB modulation is used for picture transmission in commercial TV in India as it provides a compromise between SSB and DSB. Speech signals use FM modulation for its noise immunity.
2. In a DSB AM system, if the modulation index is doubled, the ratio of sideband power to carrier power increases by a factor of 4.
3. The maximum power efficiency of an AM modulator is 33%.
A review of consumer brain computer interface devicesRex Yuan
This document reviews consumer brain-computer interface (BCI) devices developed by private companies. It focuses on 6 companies, primarily Emotiv and NeuroSky. Emotiv's EPOC headset uses dry electrodes and wireless connectivity, making it more convenient than traditional EEG setups. Studies show the EPOC can detect true EEG signals and emotions, though its validity is still debated for serious research. The EPOC has been used for BCI applications in mobile devices, telepresence robots, education, and gaming. While not suitable for all research, the EPOC shows potential as an affordable, general-purpose BCI for consumers.
Clover sponsored the annual Tokyo Innovation Fair with strategic partners MWA Intelligence, Intel, and SAP. The group presented a global platform to propel the imaging supplies industry through innovation. Luke Goldberg said that individually the companies are formidable, but together they form a powerful force for industry change. Clover and MWAi will also partner at the Executive Connection Summit in Arizona in February 2016.
La angina estable, también conocida como angina crónica o angina pectoral, es un dolor torácico que ocurre con actividad o estrés y se debe a una circulación deficiente en los vasos sanguíneos del corazón. Los síntomas incluyen dolor en el pecho que puede irradiarse a otros lugares y se alivia con el descanso. La causa más común es la cardiopatía coronaria. El tratamiento involucra cambios en el estilo de vida, medicamentos como la nitroglicerina y aspirina, procedimientos como la angiop
The Farm Bill Tree: Understanding the Logic of the Farm Bill (2007)RAFI-USA
Why are all of these disparate programs, from conservation and wildlife habitat promotion to rural internet access, to international food aid to nutrition programs like food stamps, all wrapped up together in one giant piece of legislation? Why do the commodities - the 20 program crops including corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, rice and sugar - receive billions of dollars each year,
while next to nothing goes to fruits and vegetables and little is split between conservation programs, community food systems programs and others?
This document discusses several major economic issues and applies concepts of supply and demand to analyze them. It covers the economics of agriculture, long-run decline of farming, crop restriction programs, impact of taxes, minimum wages, energy price controls, and different forms of rationing. For each topic, it provides background, analyzes the issue using supply and demand graphs, and discusses the effects on prices, quantities, consumers, and producers. The overall document takes key economic concepts and applies them to real-world policy issues across different industries.
Multiple and Interrelated BenefitsIt would be a mistake to leave .docxadelaidefarmer322
Multiple and Interrelated Benefits
It would be a mistake to leave the reader with the conclusion that most social policies and
social programs pursue their objectives through single benefit or service strategies. Although
there are instances of that, it is not the general case, especially in relation to programs
that intend to deal with the social problem of poverty. It is common for citizens to
think of programs like Social Security or even unemployment security as providing only
a single benefit, but in fact eligibility for one benefit form very often automatically qualifies
a person for multiple benefits. The fact of interrelated benefit packages certainly
makes the analysis of social policy with respect to benefit forms, in particular, a lively
and complex venture. It is not surprising that programs and policies should have more
than a single kind of benefit; after all, we have already seen that multiple goals or objectives
are commonplace. Where that is the case and where such goals are diverse it would
be expected that different benefit types and thus multiple benefits would occur. Lewis and
Morrison found that multiple benefits can occur in two major forms: (1) benefits from
one program can alter benefits in other programs and (2) program benefits can change
personal tax liability.6
The U.S. Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is an example of a benefit that
generates multiple benefits: eligible, involuntarily unemployed workers might receive
both a cash payment, services from the state vocational and rehabilitation service, and
referral to employers searching for workers. The purpose of rehabilitation services is
to retrain the employee and to provide trained and ready-to-work employees for employers.
Maintaining the stability of a large workforce for the economic enterprise of
the country as well as for relief of unemployment is a goal of the UI program. The
TANF program (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) is another example of a
highly complex package of benefits and services. It is difficult to elaborate because of
interstate variation, but the list that follows characterizes the most general case: a cash
benefit, a medical card, child support enforcement, special food allowance for infants
and pregnant mothers, vocational training, family planning services, and so forth. Notice
that elements in this benefit package are mostly compulsory: child support enforcement,
job searches, and/or vocational training are compulsory. In the past,
“benefits” were sometimes used punitively against clients: sterilization, family planning,
and abortion. Furthermore, some program policies automatically disqualify a recipient
from benefits from another program. We will discuss those complex examples
in Chapter 9, which deals with program and policy interrelationships.
Criteria for Evaluating the Merit of Benefit
and Service Types
Stigmatization, Cost-Effectiveness, Substitutability,
Target Efficiency, and Tra.
Multiple and Interrelated BenefitsIt would be a mistake to leave t.docxadelaidefarmer322
Multiple and Interrelated Benefits
It would be a mistake to leave the reader with the conclusion that most social policies and
social programs pursue their objectives through single benefit or service strategies. Although
there are instances of that, it is not the general case, especially in relation to programs
that intend to deal with the social problem of poverty. It is common for citizens to
think of programs like Social Security or even unemployment security as providing only
a single benefit, but in fact eligibility for one benefit form very often automatically qualifies
a person for multiple benefits. The fact of interrelated benefit packages certainly
makes the analysis of social policy with respect to benefit forms, in particular, a lively
and complex venture. It is not surprising that programs and policies should have more
than a single kind of benefit; after all, we have already seen that multiple goals or objectives
are commonplace. Where that is the case and where such goals are diverse it would
be expected that different benefit types and thus multiple benefits would occur. Lewis and
Morrison found that multiple benefits can occur in two major forms: (1) benefits from
one program can alter benefits in other programs and (2) program benefits can change
personal tax liability.6
The U.S. Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is an example of a benefit that
generates multiple benefits: eligible, involuntarily unemployed workers might receive
both a cash payment, services from the state vocational and rehabilitation service, and
referral to employers searching for workers. The purpose of rehabilitation services is
to retrain the employee and to provide trained and ready-to-work employees for employers.
Maintaining the stability of a large workforce for the economic enterprise of
the country as well as for relief of unemployment is a goal of the UI program. The
TANF program (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) is another example of a
highly complex package of benefits and services. It is difficult to elaborate because of
interstate variation, but the list that follows characterizes the most general case: a cash
benefit, a medical card, child support enforcement, special food allowance for infants
and pregnant mothers, vocational training, family planning services, and so forth. Notice
that elements in this benefit package are mostly compulsory: child support enforcement,
job searches, and/or vocational training are compulsory. In the past,
“benefits” were sometimes used punitively against clients: sterilization, family planning,
and abortion. Furthermore, some program policies automatically disqualify a recipient
from benefits from another program. We will discuss those complex examples
in Chapter 9, which deals with program and policy interrelationships.
Criteria for Evaluating the Merit of Benefit
and Service Types
Stigmatization, Cost-Effectiveness, Substitutability,
Target Efficiency, and Trade-Offs
Whenever there is a benefit t.
Overheads with excerpts from 2009 study by Chris Edwards of Cato Institute on Agricultural Subsidies. www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Far.docxsarah98765
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Farmers’ Market Double Dollar Programs
1
The Food Stamp Program was a formed through the Food Stamp Act in 1964 with the main objective of promoting food security and preventing hunger, the program mainly target low-income households (Landers 1946).
2
Households were issued with redeemable coupons which they used to purchase food from approved retail stores. The selection criteria of households eligible for the program was based on the ability of the household to acquire food that met a standard nutritional diet.
3
Income standards were the key determinant in determining whether a household could meet the required nutritional diet
4
Evaluation of the program performance indicated that more focus had been put on consumer income inequality and food security with little efforts being made in improving nutrition and reducing nutrition-related health programs.
5
Reports indicated increased cases of obesity over time in low-income households, there was a correlation between the obesity increase the food stamp program (Charles). Households benefiting from the food stamp program having more disposable income that was used to purchase foodstuff linked to obesity and other dietary health problems.
6
The concern led to the redesigning of the Food Program to offer with a greater emphasis put on nutrition.
In 2008, the Farm Bill was passed into law changing the Food Stamp Program to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The program mainly targets low-income households that have children, the elderly and the disabled.
7
Citizens who have a gross income that gets to 130% of the federal poverty line are eligible for the program.
One has to apply for the program with the selection criteria varying from one state to another, one has to provide proof of income and also household expense before being approved for the program with a certification period that one is eligible to receive the benefits. (Shenkin & Jacobson 1562).
8
Undocumented immigrants and a large percentage of students in the US are not eligible for the program, the minimum benefit period for unemployed adults is three months.
9
The food purchase method on SNAP is based on the EBT system that allows beneficiaries to transfer funds from a federal account when making purchases from an approved retailer.
To determine the viability of the redesigned SNAP program, pilot programs were carried out with Healthy Incentive Pilot (HIP) being one of the key programs.
HIP tested on whether beneficiaries of the program would use the financial incentive to purchase fruits and vegetables.
10
Farmers benefited from the Food Insecurity and Nutrition Incentive (FINI) program since there was an increase in demand for fruits and vegetables.
SNAP beneficiaries can only purchase products from markets licensed by the Food and Nutritional Service (FNS).
11
The growth of the farmers market is attributed.
Powerpoint presentation on the 2012 Farm Bill process and agricultural policy and market conditions influencing the legislation. Presented at multiple events throughout Missouri in April and May 2011.
Prices play an important role in efficiently allocating resources in a market economy. Prices act as signals to producers and consumers, adjusting to surpluses and shortages. Without prices, the government would need to directly decide allocations through rationing, which is costly and less effective. While prices benefit both buyers and sellers, government policies like price ceilings and price floors can disrupt markets and create unintended consequences such as shortages or surpluses. Agricultural price supports aim to stabilize prices for farmers but may distort the market.
Fair Food Network works to develop solutions that support farmers, strengthen local economies, and increase access to healthy food, especially in underserved communities. Their Double Up Food Bucks program matches SNAP benefits spent on fresh produce at participating retailers. The program began in 2009 and has expanded to over 150 locations statewide. This report analyzes three years of program data and its implications for policy, focusing on the program's growth and impact in rural Michigan communities.
Tran Phoi Tien is a Malaysian student seeking an internship in engineering. He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Swinburne University of Technology, where he maintained high grades with a current GPA of 3.96. His previous internship was at Senari Machinery, where he performed maintenance on terminal tractors, including preventative maintenance, troubleshooting, and repairs. He has strong skills in technical areas as well as soft skills like communication, leadership, and teamwork from his involvement with student organizations.
The study aimed to examine the effects of different music genres on athletes' self-efficacy and performance. 30 student athletes completed a 400m dash, pushups, and planks while listening to hip-hop, country, or heavy metal, or without music. Their self-efficacy, emotions, and thoughts were measured before and after each task using questionnaires. The researchers hypothesized that athletes would have higher exertion and self-efficacy while listening to hip-hop compared to the other conditions. The results could help identify ways for athletes to optimize their mental state and performance.
This curriculum vitae provides personal and professional details of Dodi Mulyadi Hidayat. He has over 20 years of experience in human resources and administration roles. He holds a degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Karawang. Currently, he works as a Senior Executive of HR for PT. Genting Plantation Nusantara, where his responsibilities include compensation and benefits systems. He has extensive experience in organizational development, job analysis, and HR system development for various companies.
This document discusses the value of understanding non-verbal communication and personality differences in business negotiations. It notes that ancient Egyptians held court in the dark to avoid being swayed by demeanors, and that the Roman orator Cicero said the face reflects the soul. Modern research confirms that moods and feelings can be discerned from facial expressions and body language. Personality type also influences communication style and negotiation acts. Carl Jung's personality theory impacted negotiation styles by helping build relationships and direct communication. The thesis aims to discover new systems of non-verbal communication and typology in negotiations to better understand human interaction, attention, important non-verbal cues, and how personality differences can obstruct communication but also help people appreciate differences.
Lessons From Building a Multi-Million Dollar CompanyYaseen Dadabhay
The document is a collection of photos from Flickr shared under various Creative Commons licenses. It includes photos of people, nature, technology, cities and more. The photos are credited to their original photographers and linked back to Flickr for viewing the full image. Overall it showcases a diverse range of photographic content available for reuse under open licenses.
This document discusses amplitude modulated communication systems. It describes how a carrier signal is modulated by a baseband modulating signal to allow for information exchange over a channel. There are different types of modulation including continuous wave, pulse, and digital modulation. Amplitude modulation varies the amplitude of the carrier signal based on the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. This allows for multiplexing of multiple messages and use of more practical antenna sizes. Specific amplitude modulation techniques are described like conventional AM, DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB along with their tradeoffs in terms of carrier suppression, bandwidth, cost, and applications.
1. VSB modulation is used for picture transmission in commercial TV in India as it provides a compromise between SSB and DSB. Speech signals use FM modulation for its noise immunity.
2. In a DSB AM system, if the modulation index is doubled, the ratio of sideband power to carrier power increases by a factor of 4.
3. The maximum power efficiency of an AM modulator is 33%.
A review of consumer brain computer interface devicesRex Yuan
This document reviews consumer brain-computer interface (BCI) devices developed by private companies. It focuses on 6 companies, primarily Emotiv and NeuroSky. Emotiv's EPOC headset uses dry electrodes and wireless connectivity, making it more convenient than traditional EEG setups. Studies show the EPOC can detect true EEG signals and emotions, though its validity is still debated for serious research. The EPOC has been used for BCI applications in mobile devices, telepresence robots, education, and gaming. While not suitable for all research, the EPOC shows potential as an affordable, general-purpose BCI for consumers.
Clover sponsored the annual Tokyo Innovation Fair with strategic partners MWA Intelligence, Intel, and SAP. The group presented a global platform to propel the imaging supplies industry through innovation. Luke Goldberg said that individually the companies are formidable, but together they form a powerful force for industry change. Clover and MWAi will also partner at the Executive Connection Summit in Arizona in February 2016.
La angina estable, también conocida como angina crónica o angina pectoral, es un dolor torácico que ocurre con actividad o estrés y se debe a una circulación deficiente en los vasos sanguíneos del corazón. Los síntomas incluyen dolor en el pecho que puede irradiarse a otros lugares y se alivia con el descanso. La causa más común es la cardiopatía coronaria. El tratamiento involucra cambios en el estilo de vida, medicamentos como la nitroglicerina y aspirina, procedimientos como la angiop
The Farm Bill Tree: Understanding the Logic of the Farm Bill (2007)RAFI-USA
Why are all of these disparate programs, from conservation and wildlife habitat promotion to rural internet access, to international food aid to nutrition programs like food stamps, all wrapped up together in one giant piece of legislation? Why do the commodities - the 20 program crops including corn, wheat, soybeans, cotton, rice and sugar - receive billions of dollars each year,
while next to nothing goes to fruits and vegetables and little is split between conservation programs, community food systems programs and others?
This document discusses several major economic issues and applies concepts of supply and demand to analyze them. It covers the economics of agriculture, long-run decline of farming, crop restriction programs, impact of taxes, minimum wages, energy price controls, and different forms of rationing. For each topic, it provides background, analyzes the issue using supply and demand graphs, and discusses the effects on prices, quantities, consumers, and producers. The overall document takes key economic concepts and applies them to real-world policy issues across different industries.
Multiple and Interrelated BenefitsIt would be a mistake to leave .docxadelaidefarmer322
Multiple and Interrelated Benefits
It would be a mistake to leave the reader with the conclusion that most social policies and
social programs pursue their objectives through single benefit or service strategies. Although
there are instances of that, it is not the general case, especially in relation to programs
that intend to deal with the social problem of poverty. It is common for citizens to
think of programs like Social Security or even unemployment security as providing only
a single benefit, but in fact eligibility for one benefit form very often automatically qualifies
a person for multiple benefits. The fact of interrelated benefit packages certainly
makes the analysis of social policy with respect to benefit forms, in particular, a lively
and complex venture. It is not surprising that programs and policies should have more
than a single kind of benefit; after all, we have already seen that multiple goals or objectives
are commonplace. Where that is the case and where such goals are diverse it would
be expected that different benefit types and thus multiple benefits would occur. Lewis and
Morrison found that multiple benefits can occur in two major forms: (1) benefits from
one program can alter benefits in other programs and (2) program benefits can change
personal tax liability.6
The U.S. Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is an example of a benefit that
generates multiple benefits: eligible, involuntarily unemployed workers might receive
both a cash payment, services from the state vocational and rehabilitation service, and
referral to employers searching for workers. The purpose of rehabilitation services is
to retrain the employee and to provide trained and ready-to-work employees for employers.
Maintaining the stability of a large workforce for the economic enterprise of
the country as well as for relief of unemployment is a goal of the UI program. The
TANF program (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) is another example of a
highly complex package of benefits and services. It is difficult to elaborate because of
interstate variation, but the list that follows characterizes the most general case: a cash
benefit, a medical card, child support enforcement, special food allowance for infants
and pregnant mothers, vocational training, family planning services, and so forth. Notice
that elements in this benefit package are mostly compulsory: child support enforcement,
job searches, and/or vocational training are compulsory. In the past,
“benefits” were sometimes used punitively against clients: sterilization, family planning,
and abortion. Furthermore, some program policies automatically disqualify a recipient
from benefits from another program. We will discuss those complex examples
in Chapter 9, which deals with program and policy interrelationships.
Criteria for Evaluating the Merit of Benefit
and Service Types
Stigmatization, Cost-Effectiveness, Substitutability,
Target Efficiency, and Tra.
Multiple and Interrelated BenefitsIt would be a mistake to leave t.docxadelaidefarmer322
Multiple and Interrelated Benefits
It would be a mistake to leave the reader with the conclusion that most social policies and
social programs pursue their objectives through single benefit or service strategies. Although
there are instances of that, it is not the general case, especially in relation to programs
that intend to deal with the social problem of poverty. It is common for citizens to
think of programs like Social Security or even unemployment security as providing only
a single benefit, but in fact eligibility for one benefit form very often automatically qualifies
a person for multiple benefits. The fact of interrelated benefit packages certainly
makes the analysis of social policy with respect to benefit forms, in particular, a lively
and complex venture. It is not surprising that programs and policies should have more
than a single kind of benefit; after all, we have already seen that multiple goals or objectives
are commonplace. Where that is the case and where such goals are diverse it would
be expected that different benefit types and thus multiple benefits would occur. Lewis and
Morrison found that multiple benefits can occur in two major forms: (1) benefits from
one program can alter benefits in other programs and (2) program benefits can change
personal tax liability.6
The U.S. Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is an example of a benefit that
generates multiple benefits: eligible, involuntarily unemployed workers might receive
both a cash payment, services from the state vocational and rehabilitation service, and
referral to employers searching for workers. The purpose of rehabilitation services is
to retrain the employee and to provide trained and ready-to-work employees for employers.
Maintaining the stability of a large workforce for the economic enterprise of
the country as well as for relief of unemployment is a goal of the UI program. The
TANF program (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families) is another example of a
highly complex package of benefits and services. It is difficult to elaborate because of
interstate variation, but the list that follows characterizes the most general case: a cash
benefit, a medical card, child support enforcement, special food allowance for infants
and pregnant mothers, vocational training, family planning services, and so forth. Notice
that elements in this benefit package are mostly compulsory: child support enforcement,
job searches, and/or vocational training are compulsory. In the past,
“benefits” were sometimes used punitively against clients: sterilization, family planning,
and abortion. Furthermore, some program policies automatically disqualify a recipient
from benefits from another program. We will discuss those complex examples
in Chapter 9, which deals with program and policy interrelationships.
Criteria for Evaluating the Merit of Benefit
and Service Types
Stigmatization, Cost-Effectiveness, Substitutability,
Target Efficiency, and Trade-Offs
Whenever there is a benefit t.
Overheads with excerpts from 2009 study by Chris Edwards of Cato Institute on Agricultural Subsidies. www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Far.docxsarah98765
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Farmers’ Market Double Dollar Programs
1
The Food Stamp Program was a formed through the Food Stamp Act in 1964 with the main objective of promoting food security and preventing hunger, the program mainly target low-income households (Landers 1946).
2
Households were issued with redeemable coupons which they used to purchase food from approved retail stores. The selection criteria of households eligible for the program was based on the ability of the household to acquire food that met a standard nutritional diet.
3
Income standards were the key determinant in determining whether a household could meet the required nutritional diet
4
Evaluation of the program performance indicated that more focus had been put on consumer income inequality and food security with little efforts being made in improving nutrition and reducing nutrition-related health programs.
5
Reports indicated increased cases of obesity over time in low-income households, there was a correlation between the obesity increase the food stamp program (Charles). Households benefiting from the food stamp program having more disposable income that was used to purchase foodstuff linked to obesity and other dietary health problems.
6
The concern led to the redesigning of the Food Program to offer with a greater emphasis put on nutrition.
In 2008, the Farm Bill was passed into law changing the Food Stamp Program to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). The program mainly targets low-income households that have children, the elderly and the disabled.
7
Citizens who have a gross income that gets to 130% of the federal poverty line are eligible for the program.
One has to apply for the program with the selection criteria varying from one state to another, one has to provide proof of income and also household expense before being approved for the program with a certification period that one is eligible to receive the benefits. (Shenkin & Jacobson 1562).
8
Undocumented immigrants and a large percentage of students in the US are not eligible for the program, the minimum benefit period for unemployed adults is three months.
9
The food purchase method on SNAP is based on the EBT system that allows beneficiaries to transfer funds from a federal account when making purchases from an approved retailer.
To determine the viability of the redesigned SNAP program, pilot programs were carried out with Healthy Incentive Pilot (HIP) being one of the key programs.
HIP tested on whether beneficiaries of the program would use the financial incentive to purchase fruits and vegetables.
10
Farmers benefited from the Food Insecurity and Nutrition Incentive (FINI) program since there was an increase in demand for fruits and vegetables.
SNAP beneficiaries can only purchase products from markets licensed by the Food and Nutritional Service (FNS).
11
The growth of the farmers market is attributed.
Powerpoint presentation on the 2012 Farm Bill process and agricultural policy and market conditions influencing the legislation. Presented at multiple events throughout Missouri in April and May 2011.
Prices play an important role in efficiently allocating resources in a market economy. Prices act as signals to producers and consumers, adjusting to surpluses and shortages. Without prices, the government would need to directly decide allocations through rationing, which is costly and less effective. While prices benefit both buyers and sellers, government policies like price ceilings and price floors can disrupt markets and create unintended consequences such as shortages or surpluses. Agricultural price supports aim to stabilize prices for farmers but may distort the market.
Fair Food Network works to develop solutions that support farmers, strengthen local economies, and increase access to healthy food, especially in underserved communities. Their Double Up Food Bucks program matches SNAP benefits spent on fresh produce at participating retailers. The program began in 2009 and has expanded to over 150 locations statewide. This report analyzes three years of program data and its implications for policy, focusing on the program's growth and impact in rural Michigan communities.
Accessibiliy: Scalling Up for Global Access to Quality ProductsFrancine Schoenwetter
Broadly defined as the ease of access to something at the time it is needed, the concept of Accessibility—especially as it relates to healthy foods—is one that’s become increasingly important.
The movement to improve access to healthy foods dovetails with the rising demand for better-for-you products, creating a heightened consumer demand for
quality ingredients and sustainable sourcing.
Here we view the data on the food insecurity and an overview of the supply chain perspective on generating greater access to healthier products - how to bridge the gap between high demand and access.
The document discusses how removing corn subsidies in the US would impact food prices. It provides background on how corn subsidies since the 1970s have led to industrial farming of corn and its use in many food products. If subsidies ceased, prices of products like high-fructose corn syrup would increase substantially. However, research suggests meat prices may only increase by a few cents per pound as corn is a smaller input. Removing subsidies could also make populations healthier by reducing obesity linked to high-fructose corn syrup consumption.
The Farm Bill is comprehensive legislation that authorizes funding for federal food and farm policies and is renewed every five years. It aims to ensure a stable food supply, protect farmers, provide nutrition assistance, support rural development and conserve resources. The current bill includes the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly food stamps), which helps low-income Americans. SNAP is the largest hunger relief program and helps many out of poverty. The 2012 Farm Bill proposals in Congress would cut SNAP funding and restrict eligibility, potentially removing benefits for millions of individuals. Advocates urge supporting and protecting SNAP.
Fair Food Network runs the Double Up Food Bucks program which matches SNAP benefits spent on fresh produce at participating farmers' markets and stores. This report analyzes survey data from 559 SNAP participants who used Double Up Food Bucks at farmers' markets. 87% reported eating more produce, 96% planned to increase consumption, and 69% tried new healthy foods. 66% reported buying fewer junk foods. The program increases access to healthy foods in underserved communities and supports local farmers and economies.
Consumer spending and its impact on the economyJonathan
Consumer spending is determined by five key factors: disposable income, income per capita, income inequality, household debt levels, and consumer confidence. Disposable income, or income after taxes, is the most important determinant, as it determines how much people have available to spend. When disposable income rises, consumer demand and economic expansion increase as well. Income inequality also impacts spending, as increases concentrated among low-income groups are spent on necessities, boosting the economy more than increases concentrated among high earners. High household debt levels and lack of consumer confidence can constrain spending.
The 2012 U.S. Farm Bill: History, Problems and Opportunities for Reform. Overheads from two publications on current agricultural policy, and opportunities for reform.
This document discusses Medicare spending and how it has grown significantly since its inception in 1965. It analyzes physician billing data from CMS using the framework of a "three-legged stool" of incentives, decision rights, and performance measurement. It finds disparities in billing amounts across specialties and locations that suggest physicians may respond to financial incentives, with some specialties showing much higher billing in high-cost versus low-cost areas of living. This could be due to unclear medical decisions or anchor institutions setting norms around revenue maximization in those specialties.
* Describe the factors leading to increased dependence on agricultural insurance
* Recognize the operational risks faced by farms due to falling prices and loss of insurance
* Explain the benefits of linking Farm Management System with crop insurance
* Identify the insurance selling opportunities
Prices play an important role in efficiently allocating resources in a market economy. Prices act as signals to producers and consumers, adjusting to surpluses and shortages. Without prices, the government would need to directly decide allocations through rationing, which is costly and less effective. While prices benefit both buyers and sellers, government policies like price ceilings and price floors can disrupt markets and create unintended consequences such as shortages or surpluses. Agricultural price supports aim to stabilize prices for farmers but may distort the market.
Prices play an important role in efficiently allocating resources in a market economy. Without prices, the government would have to directly decide allocations through rationing, which is costly and inefficient. Prices find an equilibrium where the quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, benefitting both buyers and sellers. However, government interventions like rent controls, minimum wages, and agricultural price supports can disrupt market equilibrium and create shortages or surpluses, with tradeoffs between economic goals like efficiency, affordability, and equity.
This policy memorandum analyzes three options for reforming the Farm Bill: 1) No change (Option A), 2) Allow Congress to fix issues (Option B), and 3) Give EPA authority over the Farm Bill (Option C). Currently, the Farm Bill subsidizes commodity crops like corn and soy, promoting large factory farms (CAFOs) that degrade the environment and public health. Option B is presented as the best approach, reducing subsidies and rewarding conservation to decrease CAFO numbers and better allocate funds.
2. Davis, Kevin 1
Farm subsidies are always a favorite target for budget cuts or expansion for political
parties. Farm subsidy programs began in the 1930’s has way to counteract low food prices and
support the multitude of struggling farmers during the great depression. These programs were
later expanded to support welfare programs such as food stamps. Recently many politicians on
both sides of the aisle have discussed cutting large portions of farm assistance programs. Many
lobbyist and special interest groups have responded that cutting farm subsidy programs would be
a cataclysmic policy mistake. However, supporters of farm subsidies do not realize the cost that
these farm subsidies have made on the agriculture economy. Furthermore, supporters of farm aid
do not realize the consequences of people behaving rationally are contrary to their efforts of
supporting farmers and supplying an adequate and consistent food supply. When critical analysis
tools of political economy are used to evaluate the effectiveness of farm subside programs, then a
clear case can be made that these farm aid programs do more harm than good. A recent editorial
in the “The Times and Democrat”, cited multiple reasons why Americans should support farm
subsidies. However, many of the arguments do not hold up to scrutiny.
One claim that the editorial makes is that farm subsidies lead to cheaper foods, but that
statement is not entirely correct.1 Subsidies can lead to cheaper prices, but in the case of farm
subsidies they do not lower prices. As seen in figure 1, even when subsidies do create cheaper
prices then they come at a cost, because subsidies create a deadweight loss. 2 In this case a dead
loss weight is when the government’s cost to provide the subsidy is greater than the amount of
the lower prices the consumers are receiving. The dead weight loss is never regained and does
not transfer anywhere, it disappears for no ones gain.3 Furthermore, the subsidies send unclear
scarcity signals. For instance, the program was created to compensate farmers from low crop
prices, but some subsidies pay farmers regardless of market prices, so farmers produce more
3. Davis, Kevin 2
crops in an effort to make more money. Therefore, the market becomes over supplied with crops,
which lowers the prices even more than the original price that the government was trying to
alleviate farmers from in the first place. Farm subsidies also create another problem; since
farmers receive an income regardless of crops produced then a price floor is created.
Figure 1
The author of the editorial claims that the United States has the lowest food prices in the
world.4 However the author does take into account that they could be even lower without the
farm subsidies. Price floors are often set for agricultural products in the form of subsidies. For
instance, subsidies are based on traditional prices of agricultural products, and many subsidy
programs will compensate farmers when prices fall below the normal rate. A price floor raises
prices, because producers are supplying as much as they can to meet the price level, but
consumers are unwilling to pay the higher prices.5 Price floors compound the problem of
agricultural surpluses created by the initial subsidy. Since, people behave rationally, then they do
not buy more then what they need due to the higher price, but producers are still supplying goods
4. Davis, Kevin 3
as if they were demanded at that price. The price floor adds to the surplus problem, but in this
case raises prices, instead of lowering prices as with normal subsidy programs, such as the first
example. The raised prices from the price floor counteract any cheaper cost that the consumer
obtained through the subsidies. Also, a price floor creates a dead weight loss and shrinks the
consumer surplus. The consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to
pay and what they do pay.6 Consumer surpluses are great for consumers, because they buy more
goods at a cheaper a price. Since people behave rationally and buy more goods at cheaper prices,
the price floor prevents the consumer from buying as much as they would want to. Proponents of
farm subsidies have greatly underestimated the effects of the price floors the government sets
with farm subsidies and consumers have been paying the price. Similarly, a producer surplus is
the amount that the producer receives for an item that is more than what he is willing to receive.
As can be seen in figure 2 price floors create more deadweight loss and producer surplus, while
shrinking the consumer surplus. In this scenario consumers are getting less food for more money,
and since they are not buying as much product as they normally would, then the dead weight loss
is increased also. 7
Figure 2
5. Davis, Kevin 4
The author of the article also suggests that without subsidies when farmers are hit to hard
from low prices then they will abandon the land, which is also not true.8 Most farmers have
insurance for just that reason. However, farm subsidies discourage competition and create a
barrier to individuals that wanted to enter the market. The surplus created from the examples
above discourages the need for new farms. Also, many farm subsidies will pay farmers not to
grow crops on certain lands in an effort to try and control supply and also for land conservation.9
In turn this makes farmland scarcer and more expensive for new farmers to obtain, which creates
another hurdle for farmers wanting to enter the market.
An important aspect that is ignored by the author of the editorial is that all of these
hurdles mean that only experienced and wealthy farms remain, and since they are receiving
subsidies they are there to stay. Many detractors of farm subsidies claim that farm subsidies only
benefit the farming corporations and promote monopolies that further raises foods price. 10 When
large corporations dominate the market, then a market failure occurs. The market failure occurs,
because larger farms are price takers and as they expand have more influence over the industry.
As an industry moves toward monopolies, then the deadweight losses increase also.11
The current American system of farm subsidies seems to be incompatible with the
Kaldor-Hicks theory also. The Kaldor-Hicks model is way of determining, if policies are
beneficial, by analyzing if there are more winners than losers and that they are Pareto superior or
Pareto optima. The situation is Pareto superior, if all participants prefer one situation over
another. Also, situations can be considered Pareto optima if some situations are preferred by
some, but not all. In this situation, then we could use the consumer surplus model to see who the
winners and losers are. The consumer surplus analysis allows policy analyst to see that there are
few winners in the farm subsidy programs. There is a consumer surplus created from the subsidy
6. Davis, Kevin 5
itself, but is counter acted by the dead weight losses and producer surpluses created from price
floors. Another useful tool to analyze whether or not the farm subsidies are beneficial is to use a
decision tree. A decision tree would allow an analyst to assign probabilities to certain out comes
and then evaluate if any of the out comes were positive. A positive result would mean that the
policy would pass the Kandor-Hicks theorem, since the effects would result in a value greater
than the status quo. Figure 3 shows a theoretical decision tree for deciding if farm subsidies are
good policy choices. In this example farm subsidies should be ended, since the expected value of
ending farm subsidies is 20.6 billion. The expected value is then subtracted from the expected
value of maintaining the current system the result is a net expected value of 6.6 billion a positive
number that means the policy should be implemented.
Obviously most farmers and agriculture lobbyist support farm subsidies. As the article
argues, farm subsidies supporters argue that farm subsidies provide a stable food supply and
cheap foods. However, analyses of farm subsidy programs show that the disadvantages far out
number the advantages of farm subsidies. Farm subsidy bills are grossly expensive. The rational
choice in analyzing farm subsidies would be to eliminate them. Once farm subsidies are
dramatically reduced or eliminated, then there would be more competition, cheaper prices, and
taxpayers would save money. Also, people would also behave rationally and the catastrophic
disasters of unstable prices and supply of food would not occur.
7. Davis, Kevin 6
1 Author Unknown, “Farm Subsidies: Misunderstood but important”, Paragraph 10. “The Times
and Democrat”. http://thetandd.com/news/opinion/editorial/farm-subsidies-misunderstood-but-
important/article_512701bc-98f5-11df-8c44-001cc4c002e0.html
2 Mitchell, Matt. “Why do almost all economists oppose U.S. farm policy?”
http://neighborhoodeffects.mercatus.org/2013/07/09/why-do-almost-all-economists-oppose-u-s-
farm-policy/ This graph was taken from this article.
3 Munger, Michael. “Analyzing Policy”. Pg. 108
4 Author Unknown, “Farm Subsidies: Misunderstood but important”, Paragraph 11. “The Times
and Democrat”. http://thetandd.com/news/opinion/editorial/farm-subsidies-misunderstood-but-
important/article_512701bc-98f5-11df-8c44-001cc4c002e0.html
5 Munger, Michael. Pg. 230
6 Munger Michael Pg. 106
7 Mitchell, Matt. “Why do almost all economists oppose U.S. farm policy?”
http://neighborhoodeffects.mercatus.org/2013/07/09/why-do-almost-all-economists-oppose-u-s-
farm-policy/ This graph was taken from this article.
8 Author Unknown, “Farm Subsidies: Misunderstood but important”, Paragraph 11. “The Times
and Democrat”. http://thetandd.com/news/opinion/editorial/farm-subsidies-misunderstood-but-
important/article_512701bc-98f5-11df-8c44-001cc4c002e0.html
9 Edwards, Chris. “Agricultural Subsidies”.Paragraph 1. 2009.
http://www.downsizinggovernment.org/agriculture/subsidies
10 Edwards, Chris. Paragraph One
11 Munger, Michael. Pg. 118.