This document analyzes human resource management for knowledge workers using a three-axis matrix of target employee, lifecycle stage, and human resource flow. It discusses previous studies on the Harvard model of human resource management and defines key concepts like human resource planning, development, and utilization. It then maps existing research onto a new three-axis matrix to identify areas that have not been extensively studied. The matrix reveals gaps in the literature regarding the production stage of human resource flow, retirement stage of human resource flow, and areas related to the production through retirement stages for temporary employees. Filling these gaps could help companies better manage knowledge workers and gain a competitive advantage.
Module 5 Module 5 OverviewProvides the learning outcomes on wh.docxgilpinleeanna
This document provides an overview of Module 5 which examines issues related to human resource management in the context of the global business environment. It discusses evaluating trends in global HR, managing international employees, training international staff, the roles of HR leadership, and transforming HR through technology such as web-based applications. The module investigates how effective HR improves multicultural communication and organizational performance in multinational corporations.
8 ème édition du rapport Creating People Advantage réalisée par le Boston Consulting Group (BCG) et en partenariat avec la World Federation of People (WFPMA)
The document provides an overview of Human Resource Operations processes at BRAC, Bangladesh's largest non-governmental organization. It discusses BRAC's profile and various units involved in HR Operations, including Compensation and Benefits Management, Transfer Management, and Staff Separation Management. The document also outlines BRAC's objectives for evaluating its HR Operations processes and comparing them to Bangladesh's labor laws, in order to identify gaps and areas for improvement.
This document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and the role of human resources as a strategic business partner. It provides definitions of SHRM, including tailoring HR to business strategy and planning HR activities to enable organizational goals. The document outlines four perspectives on SHRM: social/economic context, relationship between SHRM and performance, management style/organization, and relationship between SHRM and capabilities. It discusses models of SHRM and the evolution of HR roles from administrative expert to strategic partner and leader. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of HR integrating people considerations into business strategy formulation and implementation.
This document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and the role of human resources as a strategic business partner. It provides definitions of SHRM, outlines four perspectives on SHRM activities and themes, and describes models of the evolution of HR roles from administrative experts to strategic partners. The document emphasizes that effective HRM is key to competitiveness and that people and processes within an organization are a source of sustained competitive advantage. It argues that HR leaders should participate directly in strategy formulation, ensure people issues are addressed as part of business strategies, and align HR strategies and processes to enable the implementation of business strategies.
-Journal of General ManagementVol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000SilvaGraf83
This document summarizes and analyzes five models of human resource management (HRM): the matching model, Harvard model, contextual model, 5-P model, and European model. It then describes a study that aims to test the applicability of these HRM models in British companies. A mixed methodology using questionnaires and interviews was used to collect data from HR specialists in six industries. The results were intended to examine how HRM is practiced in context and inform the development of relevant management practices.
-
Journal of General Management
Vol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000
A Reappraisal ofHRM
Models in Britain
by
Pawan s. Budhwar
Human Resource Management is still struggling to find a strategic role.
For a better understanding ofthe subj ect, both management practitioners
and scholars need to study human resource management (HRM) in
context [1]. The dynamics of both the local/regional and international/
global business context in which the firm operates should be given a
serious consideration. Similarly, there is a need to use multiple levels of
analysis when studying HRM: the external social, political, cultural, and
economic environment; and the industry. Examining HRM out-of-context
could be misleading and fail to advance understanding. A key question is
how to examine HRM in context? One way is by examining the main
models of HRM in different settings. However, there is no existing
framework that can enable such an evaluation to take place. An attempt
has been made in this paper to provide such a framework and empirically
examine it in the British context.
This paper is divided into three parts. Initially, it summarises the
main developments in the field of HRM. Then, it highlights the key
emphasis of five models of HRM (namely, the 'Matching model'; the
'Harvard model'; the 'Contextual model'; the '5-P model'; and the
'European model' ofHRM). Lastly, we will address the operationalisation
of the key issues and emphases of the aforementioned models by
examining their applicability in six industries ofthe British manufacturing
sector. The evaluation highlights the context specific nature of British
HRM.
This introduction looks at the need to identify the core emphasis of
the main HRM models that could be used to examine their applicability in
different national contexts. Developments in the field of HRM are now
well documented in the literature [2, 3]. The debate relating to the nature
ofHRM continues today, although the focus of the debate has changed
over a period of time. At present, the contribution ofHRM in improving
Pawan S. Budhwar is Lecturer in Organizational Behaviour and
HRM at CardiffBusiness School, UK.
Journal of General Management
Vol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000
the firm's performance and the overall success of any organization
(alongside other factors) is being highlighted in the literature [4, 5].
Alongside these debates, a number of important theoretical
developments have taken place in the field of HRM. For example, a
number ofmodels ofHRM have been developed over the last 15 years or
so. Some of the main models are: the 'Matching model'; the 'Harvard
model'; the 'Contextual model'; the '5-P model'; and the 'European
model' ofHRM [6, 7]. All these models have been developed in the US
and the UK. These models ofHRM are proj ected to be useful for analysis
both between and within nations. However, the developers of these
models do not provide clear guidelines regarding their operationalisation
in different contexts. Moreover, it i ...
Chapter 6 The Concept Of People ManagementIntroduction ‘Pe.docxbartholomeocoombs
Chapter 6 The Concept Of People Management
Introduction
‘People management’ is increasingly being used as an alternative to ‘human resource management’. But it is not a synonym; it should not simply be a change to a more acceptable name. A philosophy of people management is required, based on the principle that employees should be regarded as people rather than as exploitable resources. Rawls (1973: 183) wrote that: ‘We must treat persons solely as ends and not in any way as means.’ Employee wellbeing is important. Evidence produced by Peccei (2004), PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008), Guest (2017) and Krekel et al (2019) of the Saïd Business School has shown conclusively that attention to wellbeing has a major impact on organizational performance as a result of improvements to the employee experience and higher levels of engagement, motivation and job satisfaction.
A people management system that embraces the principle stated above will cover the same areas as an HRM system but will apply them differently.
People Management Defined
People management adopts a multi-stakeholder approach to managing the employment relationship. This recognizes the need to satisfy the interests of the owners (the shareholders) of a business or the requirements of those responsible for the operation of a public or voluntary sector organization. It also recognizes the interests of the management of the organization and the organization’s responsibilities to its suppliers and the public at large (the community). Equally, however, it recognizes the interests of the people the organization employs and acts accordingly. People are not simply treated as resources – commodities or disposable factors of production who exist to be exploited at the behest of the owners and management. People management aims to achieve a balance between the needs of employees and those of the other stakeholders. It pursues employment policies that are socially legitimate and produce benefits for both employees and employers. It avoids the temptation to look upwards and focus on the strategic (business) aims of the organization at the expense of the wellbeing of the people in the organization. It is concerned with the employee experience - everything that people encounter, observe and feel during the course of the employment from its beginning and onwards. Managing the employee experience is a 'bottom up' rather than a 'top down' process. The starting point is to gain understanding of how employees perceive their experience of working in the organization and, from that analysis, identify what needs to be done to deal with any issues and enhance that
experience.
Comparison between HRM and people management
A comparison of the characteristics of HM with those of people management is given in table 6.1
Strategic HRM
Strategic People Management
Focus on strategic fit (vertical and horizontal integration) but the stress is largely on vertical fit- SHRM as a means of furthering the interests of.
Module 5 Module 5 OverviewProvides the learning outcomes on wh.docxgilpinleeanna
This document provides an overview of Module 5 which examines issues related to human resource management in the context of the global business environment. It discusses evaluating trends in global HR, managing international employees, training international staff, the roles of HR leadership, and transforming HR through technology such as web-based applications. The module investigates how effective HR improves multicultural communication and organizational performance in multinational corporations.
8 ème édition du rapport Creating People Advantage réalisée par le Boston Consulting Group (BCG) et en partenariat avec la World Federation of People (WFPMA)
The document provides an overview of Human Resource Operations processes at BRAC, Bangladesh's largest non-governmental organization. It discusses BRAC's profile and various units involved in HR Operations, including Compensation and Benefits Management, Transfer Management, and Staff Separation Management. The document also outlines BRAC's objectives for evaluating its HR Operations processes and comparing them to Bangladesh's labor laws, in order to identify gaps and areas for improvement.
This document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and the role of human resources as a strategic business partner. It provides definitions of SHRM, including tailoring HR to business strategy and planning HR activities to enable organizational goals. The document outlines four perspectives on SHRM: social/economic context, relationship between SHRM and performance, management style/organization, and relationship between SHRM and capabilities. It discusses models of SHRM and the evolution of HR roles from administrative expert to strategic partner and leader. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of HR integrating people considerations into business strategy formulation and implementation.
This document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and the role of human resources as a strategic business partner. It provides definitions of SHRM, outlines four perspectives on SHRM activities and themes, and describes models of the evolution of HR roles from administrative experts to strategic partners. The document emphasizes that effective HRM is key to competitiveness and that people and processes within an organization are a source of sustained competitive advantage. It argues that HR leaders should participate directly in strategy formulation, ensure people issues are addressed as part of business strategies, and align HR strategies and processes to enable the implementation of business strategies.
-Journal of General ManagementVol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000SilvaGraf83
This document summarizes and analyzes five models of human resource management (HRM): the matching model, Harvard model, contextual model, 5-P model, and European model. It then describes a study that aims to test the applicability of these HRM models in British companies. A mixed methodology using questionnaires and interviews was used to collect data from HR specialists in six industries. The results were intended to examine how HRM is practiced in context and inform the development of relevant management practices.
-
Journal of General Management
Vol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000
A Reappraisal ofHRM
Models in Britain
by
Pawan s. Budhwar
Human Resource Management is still struggling to find a strategic role.
For a better understanding ofthe subj ect, both management practitioners
and scholars need to study human resource management (HRM) in
context [1]. The dynamics of both the local/regional and international/
global business context in which the firm operates should be given a
serious consideration. Similarly, there is a need to use multiple levels of
analysis when studying HRM: the external social, political, cultural, and
economic environment; and the industry. Examining HRM out-of-context
could be misleading and fail to advance understanding. A key question is
how to examine HRM in context? One way is by examining the main
models of HRM in different settings. However, there is no existing
framework that can enable such an evaluation to take place. An attempt
has been made in this paper to provide such a framework and empirically
examine it in the British context.
This paper is divided into three parts. Initially, it summarises the
main developments in the field of HRM. Then, it highlights the key
emphasis of five models of HRM (namely, the 'Matching model'; the
'Harvard model'; the 'Contextual model'; the '5-P model'; and the
'European model' ofHRM). Lastly, we will address the operationalisation
of the key issues and emphases of the aforementioned models by
examining their applicability in six industries ofthe British manufacturing
sector. The evaluation highlights the context specific nature of British
HRM.
This introduction looks at the need to identify the core emphasis of
the main HRM models that could be used to examine their applicability in
different national contexts. Developments in the field of HRM are now
well documented in the literature [2, 3]. The debate relating to the nature
ofHRM continues today, although the focus of the debate has changed
over a period of time. At present, the contribution ofHRM in improving
Pawan S. Budhwar is Lecturer in Organizational Behaviour and
HRM at CardiffBusiness School, UK.
Journal of General Management
Vol. 26 No.2 Winter 2000
the firm's performance and the overall success of any organization
(alongside other factors) is being highlighted in the literature [4, 5].
Alongside these debates, a number of important theoretical
developments have taken place in the field of HRM. For example, a
number ofmodels ofHRM have been developed over the last 15 years or
so. Some of the main models are: the 'Matching model'; the 'Harvard
model'; the 'Contextual model'; the '5-P model'; and the 'European
model' ofHRM [6, 7]. All these models have been developed in the US
and the UK. These models ofHRM are proj ected to be useful for analysis
both between and within nations. However, the developers of these
models do not provide clear guidelines regarding their operationalisation
in different contexts. Moreover, it i ...
Chapter 6 The Concept Of People ManagementIntroduction ‘Pe.docxbartholomeocoombs
Chapter 6 The Concept Of People Management
Introduction
‘People management’ is increasingly being used as an alternative to ‘human resource management’. But it is not a synonym; it should not simply be a change to a more acceptable name. A philosophy of people management is required, based on the principle that employees should be regarded as people rather than as exploitable resources. Rawls (1973: 183) wrote that: ‘We must treat persons solely as ends and not in any way as means.’ Employee wellbeing is important. Evidence produced by Peccei (2004), PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008), Guest (2017) and Krekel et al (2019) of the Saïd Business School has shown conclusively that attention to wellbeing has a major impact on organizational performance as a result of improvements to the employee experience and higher levels of engagement, motivation and job satisfaction.
A people management system that embraces the principle stated above will cover the same areas as an HRM system but will apply them differently.
People Management Defined
People management adopts a multi-stakeholder approach to managing the employment relationship. This recognizes the need to satisfy the interests of the owners (the shareholders) of a business or the requirements of those responsible for the operation of a public or voluntary sector organization. It also recognizes the interests of the management of the organization and the organization’s responsibilities to its suppliers and the public at large (the community). Equally, however, it recognizes the interests of the people the organization employs and acts accordingly. People are not simply treated as resources – commodities or disposable factors of production who exist to be exploited at the behest of the owners and management. People management aims to achieve a balance between the needs of employees and those of the other stakeholders. It pursues employment policies that are socially legitimate and produce benefits for both employees and employers. It avoids the temptation to look upwards and focus on the strategic (business) aims of the organization at the expense of the wellbeing of the people in the organization. It is concerned with the employee experience - everything that people encounter, observe and feel during the course of the employment from its beginning and onwards. Managing the employee experience is a 'bottom up' rather than a 'top down' process. The starting point is to gain understanding of how employees perceive their experience of working in the organization and, from that analysis, identify what needs to be done to deal with any issues and enhance that
experience.
Comparison between HRM and people management
A comparison of the characteristics of HM with those of people management is given in table 6.1
Strategic HRM
Strategic People Management
Focus on strategic fit (vertical and horizontal integration) but the stress is largely on vertical fit- SHRM as a means of furthering the interests of.
The advantages of implementing the employee benefits plan and tis role in red...AI Publications
The research entitled "Advantages of Implementing Employee Benefits Plan and its Role in decrease the Costs of Human Resource promotion" includes clarifying the benefits and advantages of applying the retirement benefit plan and its role in developing, upgrading, qualifying and utilizing the human resources properly for the establishment and improving its capacity and efficiency effectively, thus demonstrating its impact on reducing production cost. The elimination of waste and wasteful in units.The problem discussed by the study can be presented as follows ((wasteful wastefulness in the possibilities available, and the shortening of human resources in exploiting them)). In order to find solutions and offer treatments to get rid of this problem. The study clarifies and explains the concept and history of the retirement benefit plan and its definition and then the types of the retirement benefits plan and methods of participation The plan of retirement benefits and methods of participation in them as well as factors affecting them, and how to measure the cost of retirement benefits, and investment of retirement benefit funds and disclosed in the financial statements, and then indicate the importance of human resources in the facility and its functions and characteristics, which is characterized by a fundamental and strategic role in the preparation and training of cadres of humanity and training and improve Developing its capabilities and efficiency in the success and achievement of the objectives of the establishment. In order to give clarification on the problem of the study. In order to solve the research problem, the study relies on adopting the following in order to reach the results that represent suggested solutions to the problem at hand, the following basic hypothesis can be formulated: (The adoption and implementation of the retirement benefit plan makes improvement and development ability and efficiency of human resources and reduce costs and eliminate aspects of wastefulness, and waste).The researcher prepared a questionnaire and fact-finding by asking questions and conducting a statistical analysis of the opinions of the members of the research sample. The researcher reached to a number of results displayed in conclusions.
Align HR with Evolution of Company: An SME PerspectiveBrowne & Mohan
In this paper Ms. Indupriya S brings her insights on how to align your Human resources as your company grows and transforms from a SME to a larger company.
This lecture is prepared for the teaching learning process purpose in Bahir Dar University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Management.
A Framework For Comparative Institutional Research On HRMJames Heller
This document presents a framework for comparative institutional research on human resource management (HRM). It argues that most influential HRM research lacks consideration of external context. The framework is based on economic institutional theory and aims to bring context back into HRM research. It validates the framework using existing publications on institutionally based comparative HRM from 2007-2017. The framework considers how national institutions shape HRM practices in organizations operating across countries. It argues this approach reflects the reality faced by HRM practitioners more than existing context-free research.
An appraisal of HR accounting in banking sectorNiharika Kumar
This project expresses an empirical study with the objective mainly to appraise the human resources in financial terms in banking sector and to analyze the Productivity of employees in the same. The data collected for this purpose is mainly by secondary authentic sources, the number of banks which we took for the study are 5 (SBI, HDFC, Axis, ICICI, Kotak Mahindra) contributing to approximately 80% of the market share in India and the period of study extends from the financial year 2013-14 to 2015- 2016.
1) The document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and how it can be used to create a sustained competitive advantage.
2) It defines SHRM as linking human resource management strategies to business strategies in order to improve organizational performance.
3) The document argues that for organizations to deal with a changing global business environment, they need to reconsider their HRM strategies and implement SHRM practices to build capabilities that allow them to adapt and maintain competitiveness.
ASSESSING THE ROLE OF ATTRITION IN A DIVERSE WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
The world of work is shifting from an agriculture-centered to an Industrial one,
from self-employed workers to salaried employees and our modern economies are
slowly transitioning towards collaboration and competition. Today, the boundaries of
contemporary organizations are blurring; information technologies are allowing
individuals and companies to set base away from cities; shared working spaces are
triggering new forms of collaborations between individuals and corporations. The
main purpose of this research is to find out the main causes which increase the
employee turnover in BPO companies and to find out the way to control attrition. The
study is descriptive in nature. The study was carried out in BPO companies. Mixed
methodology was used in this study. For analysis purpose chi-square, Rank
correlation and percentage method has been used.
Evaluation and Implementation of HRA in Educational Sector Ruby Research Labs
This document provides an overview of human resource accounting (HRA) and discusses several models for implementing HRA. It begins with definitions of HRA and discusses problems with existing frameworks. Several chapters outline objectives to develop a new HRA model for the education sector, review past literature on HRA models, and describe the proposed research methodology. Methods of HRA covered include human resource cost accounting and models proposed by Lev/Schwartz, Flamholz, Giles/Robinson, Hermanson, Jaggi/Lau, and Morse for valuing human resources. The conclusion states that more research is needed to develop an HRA model tailored for the education context in India.
Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Information System: A Comp...Samsul Alam
Understanding how human resource information system (HRIS) is linked with competitive strategies (CSs) has become an important research topic in the field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) and information systems (IS). This study intends to find a relationship between HRIS and CSs and the resulting competitive advantages gained from the relationship that impact the organization's overall performance. A semi-structured questionnaire survey based on the face-to-face interview method was conducted among human resource (HR) executives of the selected Bangladeshi business organizations to collect data and find results. The result shows that HRIS implementation has a significant influence on CSs. Again, HRIS contributes to leveraging benefits from these strategies. The statistical findings reveal that HRIS pay-off (36%) is positively correlated (37%) with CSs to a lower-medium extent, but this correlation insignificantly affects business performance in this horizon. Finally, a framework is developed showing how to leverage HRIS pay-off based on findings and literature.
The document discusses the shifting role of human resource management (HRM) from a support function to a strategic partner. Specifically, it explores Dave Ulrich's model of HRM's four roles - strategic partner, change agent, administrative expert, and employee advocate. Recent trends suggest HRM's role is expanding to include participating in strategy development, ensuring employee alignment with organizational goals, facilitating change management, and using metrics to evaluate HR strategies and drive improvement. While this strategic role has benefits, it also faces challenges, such as resistance from management and maintaining operational HR functions.
Innovative Human Resource Practices in Indian Banks: A Study from HR Manager’...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Banking sector is one of the vital financial pillars of
Indian economy is one of the indispensable money related
mainstays of Indian economy. The progression approach has
influenced the intensity of banks because of the worldwide
weights coming about into mix of Human Resource The
board with business approaches. The review by Boston
Consulting Group (BCG) and Indian Bank's Affiliation
(IBA) report that the Indian keeping money industry will
confront two up and coming difficulties that is an monetarily
feasible answer for monetary consideration and HR structure
in next multi decade. While the main test requests bizarre
advancement and experimentation, the second undermines to
injure the capacity of the biggest fragment of the saving
money industry from having the capacity to advance and
remain aggressive. The special complexities of people in
general division make traditional HR arrangements
ineffectual. The activities like "Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan
Yojana" by the Honorable Prime Minister of India, banks
commitment in the budgetary incorporation has helped up,
however the representative's desires from the business have
additionally emerged. This requires a need to advance the
prior HR practices of the banks with the goal that the
representative profitability can be improved. This paper
intends to give an understanding to such advancements,
identified with Human Resource Management with the
assistance of a essential investigation dependent on the
perspectives of HR chiefs of six diverse Indian banks both
from open and private segment. These creative HRM
rehearses have been recorded under seven distinct heads of
HRM to be specific enlistment and determination, preparing
and advancement, execution the executives, pay the
executives, profession improvement, worker inspiration and
representative security. A couple of the prior examinations
have likewise been eluded for the last ends. The dimension of
usage of these advancements may not be tasteful, yet the
usage has been begun and the positive outcomes in the
profitability will make these banks feel how essential these
are for their development. It has been discovered that
intermingling of practices of new and imaginative HR regions
will profit the banks to wind up progressively aggressive.
The nternational Journal of Marketing Management is an journal in English published half yearly. The fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. All submitted research or review articles or Case Studies are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors.
- The document discusses the impact of intellectual capital and social capital on human resource performance in the chemical industry of Pakistan. It provides background on intellectual capital and defines it as the collective knowledge and competencies within an organization.
- Social capital is discussed and defined as the relationships, norms, and values that govern interactions between people and contribute to economic and social development. Strong social networks and relationships within an organization can be considered a form of social capital.
- Human resource practices are argued to influence the development of intellectual capital and social capital within an organization. Effective knowledge management and social relationships are posited to enhance organizational performance. The document reviews relevant literature on these topics.
This document provides an overview of human resource management. It defines HRM and discusses its key dimensions. HRM involves managing employees to increase commitment, flexibility, quality, and integrating HR strategies with business strategies. The document also discusses human capital management and the four types of organizational assets. HR departments aim to facilitate relationships between HR staff and operating managers to jointly achieve organizational goals.
Required Resources
Text
Read Commonsense Talent Management:
· Chapter 10: Improving the World through Strategic HR 349
Articles
Gould, W. I. (2010). Labor law beyond U.S. borders: does what happens outside of America stay outside of America?Stanford Law & Policy Review, (3), 401. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.237533046&site=eds-live
Kuddo, A. (2009, November 1). Labor laws in Eastern European and Central Asian countries: minimum norms and practices (Links to an external site.). Worldbank.org. Retrieved October 8, 2015. From-http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0920.pdf
Discussion 1
BFOQ
Research the term BFOQ. Explain its importance and relevance to HRM. How might not appropriately incorporating well defined BFOQs lead to difficulties for the organization? How would the concept of BFOQ be linked to “disparate treatment” and/or “disparate impact” in respect to staffing? What is the link between the ADA (1990) and BFOQs? Present your views in 200 words or more in your discussion post.
Discussion 2
Foreign Restrictions on Termination
Research the topic of restrictions on termination of employment in European countries. Assess the different requirements and consider risks, operational requirements for MNCs, modified HRM policies, and any other conditions or restrictions facing a firm operating in such environments. Present your views in 200 words or more in your discussion post.
Week 6 - Final Project
Mark as done
Final Project
You work for a HR consulting company and an organization (the same company you have been writing about during this course) has hired your firm to conduct an HRM analysis and make recommendations to better align HR practices to the key business initiatives of the company. In order to accomplish the goal:
· Analyze the organization and develop a set of HRM practices that help align HR practices to the firm’s strategy. (Keep in mind the firm’s overall strategy in regards to Porter and Snow and White’s theories) Develop a 3200-3500 word research paper (not including the title and reference pages). Your paper should also:
· Identify the firm’s history, strategy, market position, and specific area of alignment.
· Provide job pricing and compensation package for 3-4 key positions in the organization.
· Describe and analyze the current and targeted HR work processes as well as the respective knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required to achieve the organization’s objectives.
· Incorporate a discussion of relevant technology considerations to achieve work output in the context of the organization’s goals.
· Provide a discussion of the labor market and the appropriate labor law context. Identification of companies that are preparing to address any legal or regulatory changes..
· Prescribe a set of HRM recommendations, specifically tailored for the selected firm. Insert a table with deliverables, acc.
HUMAN RESOURCES ACCOUNTING: AN ACCOUNTING TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF OR...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study explores and examines the scope of Human Resource Accounting towards effective management of Human Resources in the organization. As a phenomenon HRA attempts to valuate human resources in the organization, while it’s implemented in several global organizations some organizations have found the process beneficial and on other hand some have given away the concept of HRA in their accounting procedures. This research attempts to find a suitable arrangement to benefit organizations in using this methodology.
An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management and Employee Capabilitiesijtsrd
Human capital management HCM considers employees to be capital, which means that investing in them makes sense now will help the organization grow in the future. Human capital management assists company in hiring the right personnel. This will prevent from hiring employees that are unfit for the company. Workers abilities bring an organisation with an improvement in the forum. When workers progress to expand new abilities and develop on actual ones, this converts into enhanced growth and quality, secure climate company will cultivate the improvement over its challengers. The sensibility of a company is its capability to advance in feedback to consumer interest. Knowledgeable and proficient workers are more likely to feel more confident about their job position in the organisation because not only are they able to provide acquainted aid, they feel their point of view is appreciated.Employees skills, refinement, and involvement in an organisation are referred to as human capital. Because a talented workforce can lead to increased productivity, the talents have a monetary value. The human capital strategy recognises that not everyone possesses the same set of skills or experience. Also, the aspect of work can be enhanced by contributing to people’s discipline. This paper explores totally different aspects of human capital management and worker capabilities within the current state of affairs. Akriti Singh | Dr. Javed Alam "An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management and Employee Capabilities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50318.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50318/an-empirical-study-of-human-capital-management-and-employee-capabilities/akriti-singh
HRA Practises and its Effect on the Business Organisationsijtsrd
Human resource accounting it is the process of identifying, measuring the data about human resource. It is highly complicated in the today's market find well knowledge, coached and highly motivated people. But human resource is most important in any organization for work in efficiency and to effective work of human with the machine efficiency. And it is worth and capital investment. It is helps to invest the investors of the company. The article highlights the significance of human resource valuation and methods to measure the human assets value. The article depicts the advantages of the human resource accounting. Prof. Rekha D. M | Pavithra G R ""HRA Practises and its Effect on the Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23877.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/23877/hra-practises-and-its-effect-on-the-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
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The advantages of implementing the employee benefits plan and tis role in red...AI Publications
The research entitled "Advantages of Implementing Employee Benefits Plan and its Role in decrease the Costs of Human Resource promotion" includes clarifying the benefits and advantages of applying the retirement benefit plan and its role in developing, upgrading, qualifying and utilizing the human resources properly for the establishment and improving its capacity and efficiency effectively, thus demonstrating its impact on reducing production cost. The elimination of waste and wasteful in units.The problem discussed by the study can be presented as follows ((wasteful wastefulness in the possibilities available, and the shortening of human resources in exploiting them)). In order to find solutions and offer treatments to get rid of this problem. The study clarifies and explains the concept and history of the retirement benefit plan and its definition and then the types of the retirement benefits plan and methods of participation The plan of retirement benefits and methods of participation in them as well as factors affecting them, and how to measure the cost of retirement benefits, and investment of retirement benefit funds and disclosed in the financial statements, and then indicate the importance of human resources in the facility and its functions and characteristics, which is characterized by a fundamental and strategic role in the preparation and training of cadres of humanity and training and improve Developing its capabilities and efficiency in the success and achievement of the objectives of the establishment. In order to give clarification on the problem of the study. In order to solve the research problem, the study relies on adopting the following in order to reach the results that represent suggested solutions to the problem at hand, the following basic hypothesis can be formulated: (The adoption and implementation of the retirement benefit plan makes improvement and development ability and efficiency of human resources and reduce costs and eliminate aspects of wastefulness, and waste).The researcher prepared a questionnaire and fact-finding by asking questions and conducting a statistical analysis of the opinions of the members of the research sample. The researcher reached to a number of results displayed in conclusions.
Align HR with Evolution of Company: An SME PerspectiveBrowne & Mohan
In this paper Ms. Indupriya S brings her insights on how to align your Human resources as your company grows and transforms from a SME to a larger company.
This lecture is prepared for the teaching learning process purpose in Bahir Dar University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Management.
A Framework For Comparative Institutional Research On HRMJames Heller
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An appraisal of HR accounting in banking sectorNiharika Kumar
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1) The document discusses strategic human resource management (SHRM) and how it can be used to create a sustained competitive advantage.
2) It defines SHRM as linking human resource management strategies to business strategies in order to improve organizational performance.
3) The document argues that for organizations to deal with a changing global business environment, they need to reconsider their HRM strategies and implement SHRM practices to build capabilities that allow them to adapt and maintain competitiveness.
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contemporary organizations are blurring; information technologies are allowing
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triggering new forms of collaborations between individuals and corporations. The
main purpose of this research is to find out the main causes which increase the
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methodology was used in this study. For analysis purpose chi-square, Rank
correlation and percentage method has been used.
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Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Information System: A Comp...Samsul Alam
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Innovative Human Resource Practices in Indian Banks: A Study from HR Manager’...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Banking sector is one of the vital financial pillars of
Indian economy is one of the indispensable money related
mainstays of Indian economy. The progression approach has
influenced the intensity of banks because of the worldwide
weights coming about into mix of Human Resource The
board with business approaches. The review by Boston
Consulting Group (BCG) and Indian Bank's Affiliation
(IBA) report that the Indian keeping money industry will
confront two up and coming difficulties that is an monetarily
feasible answer for monetary consideration and HR structure
in next multi decade. While the main test requests bizarre
advancement and experimentation, the second undermines to
injure the capacity of the biggest fragment of the saving
money industry from having the capacity to advance and
remain aggressive. The special complexities of people in
general division make traditional HR arrangements
ineffectual. The activities like "Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan
Yojana" by the Honorable Prime Minister of India, banks
commitment in the budgetary incorporation has helped up,
however the representative's desires from the business have
additionally emerged. This requires a need to advance the
prior HR practices of the banks with the goal that the
representative profitability can be improved. This paper
intends to give an understanding to such advancements,
identified with Human Resource Management with the
assistance of a essential investigation dependent on the
perspectives of HR chiefs of six diverse Indian banks both
from open and private segment. These creative HRM
rehearses have been recorded under seven distinct heads of
HRM to be specific enlistment and determination, preparing
and advancement, execution the executives, pay the
executives, profession improvement, worker inspiration and
representative security. A couple of the prior examinations
have likewise been eluded for the last ends. The dimension of
usage of these advancements may not be tasteful, yet the
usage has been begun and the positive outcomes in the
profitability will make these banks feel how essential these
are for their development. It has been discovered that
intermingling of practices of new and imaginative HR regions
will profit the banks to wind up progressively aggressive.
The nternational Journal of Marketing Management is an journal in English published half yearly. The fast publication schedule whilst maintaining rigorous peer review the use of recommended electronic formats for article delivery expedites the process. All submitted research or review articles or Case Studies are subjected to immediate rapid screening by the editors.
- The document discusses the impact of intellectual capital and social capital on human resource performance in the chemical industry of Pakistan. It provides background on intellectual capital and defines it as the collective knowledge and competencies within an organization.
- Social capital is discussed and defined as the relationships, norms, and values that govern interactions between people and contribute to economic and social development. Strong social networks and relationships within an organization can be considered a form of social capital.
- Human resource practices are argued to influence the development of intellectual capital and social capital within an organization. Effective knowledge management and social relationships are posited to enhance organizational performance. The document reviews relevant literature on these topics.
This document provides an overview of human resource management. It defines HRM and discusses its key dimensions. HRM involves managing employees to increase commitment, flexibility, quality, and integrating HR strategies with business strategies. The document also discusses human capital management and the four types of organizational assets. HR departments aim to facilitate relationships between HR staff and operating managers to jointly achieve organizational goals.
Required Resources
Text
Read Commonsense Talent Management:
· Chapter 10: Improving the World through Strategic HR 349
Articles
Gould, W. I. (2010). Labor law beyond U.S. borders: does what happens outside of America stay outside of America?Stanford Law & Policy Review, (3), 401. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.237533046&site=eds-live
Kuddo, A. (2009, November 1). Labor laws in Eastern European and Central Asian countries: minimum norms and practices (Links to an external site.). Worldbank.org. Retrieved October 8, 2015. From-http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOCIALPROTECTION/Resources/SP-Discussion-papers/Labor-Market-DP/0920.pdf
Discussion 1
BFOQ
Research the term BFOQ. Explain its importance and relevance to HRM. How might not appropriately incorporating well defined BFOQs lead to difficulties for the organization? How would the concept of BFOQ be linked to “disparate treatment” and/or “disparate impact” in respect to staffing? What is the link between the ADA (1990) and BFOQs? Present your views in 200 words or more in your discussion post.
Discussion 2
Foreign Restrictions on Termination
Research the topic of restrictions on termination of employment in European countries. Assess the different requirements and consider risks, operational requirements for MNCs, modified HRM policies, and any other conditions or restrictions facing a firm operating in such environments. Present your views in 200 words or more in your discussion post.
Week 6 - Final Project
Mark as done
Final Project
You work for a HR consulting company and an organization (the same company you have been writing about during this course) has hired your firm to conduct an HRM analysis and make recommendations to better align HR practices to the key business initiatives of the company. In order to accomplish the goal:
· Analyze the organization and develop a set of HRM practices that help align HR practices to the firm’s strategy. (Keep in mind the firm’s overall strategy in regards to Porter and Snow and White’s theories) Develop a 3200-3500 word research paper (not including the title and reference pages). Your paper should also:
· Identify the firm’s history, strategy, market position, and specific area of alignment.
· Provide job pricing and compensation package for 3-4 key positions in the organization.
· Describe and analyze the current and targeted HR work processes as well as the respective knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required to achieve the organization’s objectives.
· Incorporate a discussion of relevant technology considerations to achieve work output in the context of the organization’s goals.
· Provide a discussion of the labor market and the appropriate labor law context. Identification of companies that are preparing to address any legal or regulatory changes..
· Prescribe a set of HRM recommendations, specifically tailored for the selected firm. Insert a table with deliverables, acc.
HUMAN RESOURCES ACCOUNTING: AN ACCOUNTING TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF OR...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study explores and examines the scope of Human Resource Accounting towards effective management of Human Resources in the organization. As a phenomenon HRA attempts to valuate human resources in the organization, while it’s implemented in several global organizations some organizations have found the process beneficial and on other hand some have given away the concept of HRA in their accounting procedures. This research attempts to find a suitable arrangement to benefit organizations in using this methodology.
An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management and Employee Capabilitiesijtsrd
Human capital management HCM considers employees to be capital, which means that investing in them makes sense now will help the organization grow in the future. Human capital management assists company in hiring the right personnel. This will prevent from hiring employees that are unfit for the company. Workers abilities bring an organisation with an improvement in the forum. When workers progress to expand new abilities and develop on actual ones, this converts into enhanced growth and quality, secure climate company will cultivate the improvement over its challengers. The sensibility of a company is its capability to advance in feedback to consumer interest. Knowledgeable and proficient workers are more likely to feel more confident about their job position in the organisation because not only are they able to provide acquainted aid, they feel their point of view is appreciated.Employees skills, refinement, and involvement in an organisation are referred to as human capital. Because a talented workforce can lead to increased productivity, the talents have a monetary value. The human capital strategy recognises that not everyone possesses the same set of skills or experience. Also, the aspect of work can be enhanced by contributing to people’s discipline. This paper explores totally different aspects of human capital management and worker capabilities within the current state of affairs. Akriti Singh | Dr. Javed Alam "An Empirical Study of Human Capital Management and Employee Capabilities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50318.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/50318/an-empirical-study-of-human-capital-management-and-employee-capabilities/akriti-singh
HRA Practises and its Effect on the Business Organisationsijtsrd
Human resource accounting it is the process of identifying, measuring the data about human resource. It is highly complicated in the today's market find well knowledge, coached and highly motivated people. But human resource is most important in any organization for work in efficiency and to effective work of human with the machine efficiency. And it is worth and capital investment. It is helps to invest the investors of the company. The article highlights the significance of human resource valuation and methods to measure the human assets value. The article depicts the advantages of the human resource accounting. Prof. Rekha D. M | Pavithra G R ""HRA Practises and its Effect on the Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23877.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/23877/hra-practises-and-its-effect-on-the-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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An Analysis of Human Resource Management for Knowledge Workers Using the Three Axes of Target Employee, Lifecycle Stage, and Human Resource Flow.pdf
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2. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1 140
Copyright 2020 GMP Press and Printing (http://buscompress.com/journal-home.html)
ISSN: 2304-1013 (Online); 2304-1269 (CDROM); 2414-6722 (Print)
An Analysis of Human Resource Management
for Knowledge Workers: Using the Three Axes
of Target Employee, Lifecycle Stage, and
Human Resource Flow
Yusuke Sato*
Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio
University, Kanagawa, Japan
Nobuyuki Kobayashi
The System Design and Management Research Institute of Graduate School of
System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
Seiko Shirasaka
Graduate School of System Design and Management, Keio University, Kanagawa,
Japan
ABSTRACT
It is more important for companies to manage knowledge workers in the 21st century.
However, most organizations give employees little control over their careers,
preferring to make placement and promotion decisions without consultation. If
companies do not improve the process of human resource flow for knowledge
workers, most firms will lose their competitive advantage. Therefore, firms should
construct an appropriate human resource flow to attract knowledge workers and
improve corporate performance while considering flow patterns. In this paper, we
clarify research areas to advance human resource flow management, which is a
competitive advantage amongst companies. We created a new matrix to use the three
axes of target employee, lifecycle stage, and human resource flow. As a result, the
matrix reveals the relevance between areas of research on existing human resource
theory and domains that have not yet been studied. We identify areas in the
Production Stage of Human Resource Flow, areas in the Retirement Stage of Human
Resource Flow, and areas ranging from the Production to Retirement Stage of Internal
Flow for Temporary Employees.
Keywords: HRM, Harvard Model, Human Resource Flow, Knowledge Workers.
Received 23 October 2018 | Revised 15 January 2019 | Accepted 8 February 2019.
1. INTRODUCTION
Drucker states that the most important, and indeed truly unique, contribution of
management in the 20th century was the fifty-fold increase in the productivity of the
manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs
to make in the 21st century is similarly to increase the productivity of skilled work
and knowledge workers. (Drucker, 1999) Most organizations gave employees little
control over their careers, preferring to make placement and promotion decisions
without consultation. (Beer, 1984)
3. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1 141
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ISSN: 2304-1013 (Online); 2304-1269 (CDROM); 2414-6722 (Print)
Meanwhile, in a questionnaire survey conducted by Miwa, the more companies that
utilize HRM as a way to emphasize individual achievements, utilize the external labor
market, and to invest human resources development, the more knowledge workers
continue to work for these companies. (Miwa, 2015) Abdullah describes that there is a
positive correlation relationship between effective HRM practices and financial
performance. (Abdullah, 2014) Therefore, it is important to construct an appropriate
human resource flow as a way to attract knowledge workers and improve corporate
performance in the future. Boxall divides competitive advantage into "Human Capital
Advantage" and "Human Process Advantage". He also explains that "Human Process
Advantage" is more difficult for other companies to imitate. (Boxall, 1999) In other
words, improving the process of human resource flow for knowledge workers is a
factor that increases the competitive advantage of companies.
Therefore, we have clarified research areas to advance human resource flow
management, which is a competitive advantage amongst companies. We created a
new matrix that uses the three axes of target employee, lifecycle stage, and human
resource flow. As a result, the matrix revealed the relevance between areas of research
on existing human resource theory and domains that have not yet been studied. We
separate target employee into permanent employee and temporary employee because
it is known that companies may change the flow pattern according to the external
environment and the type of employees. (Beer, 1984)
In the following, first, in Chapter 2, we outline the Human Resource Management
studies, especially the Human Resource Flow of the Harvard Model. We also refer to
Human Resource Planning (HRP), Human Resource Development (HRD), and
Human Resource Utilization (HRU). Then, in Chapter 3, we structure and show the
relationship between the areas of these previous studies and clarify areas that have not
yet been studied. Finally, in Chapter 4, we summarize what we indicated and explain
the direction of future research as a conclusion.
2. PREVIOUS STUDIES
2.1. Definition of HRM (Human Resource Management)
In Beer defines HRM as “all management decisions and actions that affect the nature
of the relationship between the organization and employees-its human resources.”
(Beer, 1984) In this paper, we use Beer’s definition because we created the matrix
based on the Harvard Model proposed by him.
2.2. Features of Harvard Model
Beer offers the “Map of the HRM Theory” for diagnosing not only the impact of
management decisions on the human resources of the firm, but also whether or not the
policies that guide those decisions continue to make sense and what changes might be
considered in them. (Beer, 1984) Beer shows the analytical approach in Figure 1
which is a broad causal mapping of the determinants and consequences of HRM
Policies.
4. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1 142
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Figure 1. Map of the HRM Theory (Beer, 1984)
Beer proposes that many diverse personnel and labor relations activities may be
subsumed under four human resource policy areas, which are Employee Influence,
Human Resource Flow, Reward Systems, and Work Systems. (Beer, 1984) Beer
depicts these four areas as “Human Resource Systems” in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Human Resource Systems (Beer, 1984)
Beer describes that “this policy area has to do with the responsibility shared by all
managers in an organization for managing the flow of people (at all levels) into,
5. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1 143
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through and out of the organization. Beer divides human resource flow in to three
areas, which are Inflow, Internal flow, and Outflow. (Beer, 1984)
Inflow includes Recruitment, Assessment and selection, as well as Orientation and
socialization. Internal flow consists of Evaluation of performance and potential,
Career development, Internal placement, Promotion and demotion, as well as
Education and training. Outflow is composed of Termination, Outplacement, and
Retirement. We show these three areas in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Three Human Resource Flows
Beer explains that there are three basic types of human resource flow patterns that
may exist in an organization, and a fourth type that is a mix of the first three. Each of
the patterns has different effects on employee well-being, organizational effectiveness,
and the role of the corporation in society. (Beer, 1984)
The first pattern is the “Lifelong employment system”. People usually enter the
organization at the bottom and stay with the organization throughout their career. The
bottom may be defined differently for different employee groups. No one is laid off as
a result of economic cycles, but people may be asked to leave because of poor
performance, depending on the company and on national practices. Large companies
in Japan operate under this system. A select group of their employees are not
discharged because of poor performance; instead, they may be sidetracked to less
important jobs. (Beer, 1984)
The second pattern is the “Up-or-out system”. Employees enter at the bottom and
move up through the organization through predetermined tracks until they reach the
top rank, which offers full partnership in the organization and usually tenure. Inability
to be promoted through any of the ranks along the way or to the highest rank usually
means that the person must leave. This system has high levels of turnover at the
bottom and relative stability at the top. (Beer, 1984)
The third pattern is the “Unstable in-and-out system”. Employees enter at any level
in the organization, depending on the organization’s need and may be asked to leave
at any level or point in their career due to economic conditions, poor performance, or
a bad fit with new management. Sometimes, employment contracts exist for given
periods to ensure individual performance (rather than group) and is highly variable
(often due to factors outside the control of the individual). (Beer, 1984)
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The last pattern is a mix of patterns. There are few corporations that are clear-cut
examples of any one of the above. Large Japanese companies have lifelong
employment for their core employees while using an in-and-out system for temporary
workers and women. Some companies operate a lifelong employment system for top
management, but an in-and-out system for middle and lower management. (Beer,
1984) We depict this in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Application of Different Flow Pattern in Large Japanese Companies
Furthermore, flow patterns shift over the life cycle of an organization. In the United
States, mature companies under competitive pressure from Japan have moved from
de-facto lifelong employment for management to an in-and-out pattern in an effort to
revitalize the firm. (Beer, 1984) When the economy got worse in the late 1990s, large
Japanese companies changed flow patterns from previously lifelong employment
systems to in-and-out systems. We separate target employee into permanent employee
and temporary employee because it is known that companies may change the flow
pattern according to the external environment and the type of employees. (Beer, 1984)
Regarding flow patterns, Takahashi introduced "Natural Selection", "Work
Separated", "Integrated Career Path" type. (Takahashi, 1998) Miwa extracted four
types of "Strong Result / Ability Principle", "Process-Oriented”, "Market-Oriented",
"Non-Competitive" from a questionnaire survey of companies. (Miwa, 2015) We can
develop patterns of human resource flow in the future.
2.3. The Definition of HRP, HRD, and HRU
In this chapter, we confirm the definitions of HRP (Human Resource Planning),
HRD (Human Resource Development) and HRU (Human Resource Utilization),
which are subordinate concepts of HRM.
Mondy defines HRP as “Workforce Planning”. Human Resource Planning(HRP) is
the process of systematically reviewing human resource requirements to ensure the
required numbers of employees with the required skills, are available when needed.
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(Mondy, 2012) In this paper, we use the definition of "Workforce Planning" named
by Mondy.
Kusano explains that HRD is an approach to learning, performance, change at the
individual level, group level, and organization level in order to increase the
effectiveness of human resources towards achieving the goals of the organization.
(Kusano, 2007) In this paper, we adopt the definition of HRD that Kusano describes.
Sanno University Research Institute indicates that HRU is to utilize human resources
such as the placement and treatment of employees and to operate the personal system.
(Sanno University Research Institute, 1995) In this paper, we use the definition of
HRU that Sanno University Research Institute shows.
3. STRUCTURE OF HUMAN RESOURCE FLOW MANAGEMENT
3.1. Explanation of Three-axes Matrix
In Chapter 2, we explained about Human Resource Flow of Harvard model. We also
referred to the definitions of HRP, HRD, HRU. In this chapter, we describe human
resource management of knowledge workers through the use of a matrix. We created
a matrix with 3 axes to organize prior studies. We express it in Figure 5. The
horizontal axis shows three human resource flows. The vertical axis represents Target
Employees. We divided Target Employees into Permanent Employees and Temporary
Employees. A Permanent Employee are employees who have a full-time labor
contract with no fixed period. A Temporary Employee are employees who have a
part-time labor contract or have a full-time labor contract with a fixed period. We
classify each human resource flow into Concept, Development, Production,
Utilization / Support, and retirement based on the lifecycle stage of ISO/IEC/IEEE
15288 in Figure 6. (INCOSE, 2015) The concept stage is to study new ideas or enable
technologies and capabilities, which then mature into the initiation stage of a new
project. The development stage defines and realizes a system that meets stakeholder
requirements. The production stage is where the system is produced or manufactured.
The utilization stage is where the system is operated in its intended environment to
deliver its intended services. The support stage is where the system is provided
services that enable continued operation. The retirement stage is where the system and
its related services are removed from operation. (INCOSE, 2015).
We divide papers referring to any of the three systems -Lifelong employment system,
Up-or-out system, and Unstable in-and-out system- into the matrix. We demonstrate
the mapping matrix in Table 1 and the list in Table 2.
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Figure 5. Explanation of the Component Three-axes Matrix
Figure 6. Generic life cycle (ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015)
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Table 1. Mapping Matrix of Previous Studies
Target
Lifecycle
Stage
Inflow
Internal
Flow
Outflow
Concept
01,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,11,13,
14,16,17,18,21,23,24,25,28,29,
30,31
01,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11,
13,14,17,18,24,25,28,29,30,31
01,03,04,05,06,07,08,09,11,13,
14,24,25,28,29,30,31
Development
01,05,16,23,29
01,05,29
01,05,29
Production
Utilization/
Support
02,05,16,18,23
02,05,18
02,05
Retirement
Concept
01,03,05,24
01,24
01,05,24
Development
01,05
01,05
01,05
Production
Utilization/
Support
01,05
01,05
Retirement
Temporary
Employment
Permanent
Employment
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Table 2. The List of Previous Studies
3.2. The Positioning of HRM
Figure 7 shows the positioning of HRM in Figure 5 because HRM is a conceptual
framework. HRM corresponds to the whole Concept area in the Lifecycle Stage. In
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fact, most of the previous studies refer to the conceptual flamework of HRM. In
addition, they describe both Permanent Employees and Temporary Employees.
Figure 7. The Positioning of HRM
3.3. The Positioning of HRP
Figure 8 demonstrates the positioning of HRP in Figure 5. We can state that HRP
falls under the whole Design area in the Lifecycle Stage because HRP means
Workforce Planning as mentioned in section 2-3 of this paper. Some previous studies
indicate personnel planning based on talent portfolios as HRP. Therefore, we believe
that HRP covers the development stage because it is meant to define and realize a
system that meets stakeholder requirements. They also describe both Permanent
Employees and Temporary Employees.
Figure 8. The Positioning of HRP
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3.4. The Positioning of HRD
Figure 9 reveals the positioning of HRD in Figure 5 because HRD applies to internal
flow. We can find papers corresponding to the Concept, Development, Utilization /
Support domains for Permanent Employees. However, we cannot find papers
referring to the Utilization / Support domains of HRD for Temporary Employees.
This implies that HRD prioritizes Permanent Employees.
Figure 9. The Positioning of HRD
3.5. The Positioning of HRU
Figure 10 depicts the positioning of HRU in Figure 5 because HRU exactly presents
the Utilization stage of the Lifecycle. HRU corresponds to the whole Utilization /
Support domain of the Lifecycle Stage. Previous studies state both Permanent
Employees and Temporary Employees.
Figure 10. The Positioning of HRU
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3.6. Explanation of the Remaining Areas
We have clarified areas that HRM, HRP, HRD, and HRU do not touch. Figure 11
demonstrates the positioning of the Production Stage of Human Resource Flow. There
are no previous studies to create a concrete human resource flow for achieving a
personnel plan. We believe that there are three reasons for this.
Firstly, it is not enough to use the standard of making a human resource flow. For
example, we usually set channels, selection criteria, interviewer, and offer conditions
to hire employees in Inflow as part of the Recruiting process from an independent
standpoint. We do not arrange recruiting processes not based on standards. If we use
the standard of Systems Engineering that INCOSE provides, we will be able to create
the best process to recruit people by achieving Quality, Cost, and Delivery at a certain
level. The creating process of personnel system is often created by relying on the
experience and intuition of each personnel manager. Therefore, the standard process
of Systems Engineering will support to the creating process of personnel system to
achieve Quality, Cost, and Delivery at a certain level. However, it is necessary to
evaluate the creating process of personnel system using the standard process of
Systems Engineering, as a research topic in the future.
Secondly, best practices are seldom released. Human resource departments usually
do not disclose their corporate human resource flow as the information in the human
resource area is highly confidential. However, some companies disclose their human
resource flow, which attracts the attention of the market, and allows them to hire
excellent people. We presume that the best practices are released, the more companies
use them and make the best process in human resource flow.
Thirdly, a lot of choices cause complexity in constructing human resource flow. For
instance, companies decide to use various channels to attract people based on their
own thoughts which leads to complexity in human resource flow. As we mentioned
earlier, it is possible to choose some patterns based on best practices and to build a
highly effective human resource flow.
Figure 11. Production Stage of Human Resource Flow
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Figure 12 shows the positioning of the Retirement Stage of Human Resource Flow
that HRM, HRP, HRD, and HRD do not refer to. We assume that there are three
reasons for this. Firstly, companies make human resource flow by the waterfall model,
which is not an agile model. It takes a lot of effort and cost to retire some human
resource processes. Most companies try to examine their existing processes only after
they realize their flows are obsolete. Secondly, human resource departments tends to
make conservative decisions as they need to work without mistakes and keep fairness
among employees. Therefore, human resource departments do not attempt to retire
existing flows and rebuild new ones. Finally, most companies do not set KPI's (Key
Performance Indicators) to check the performance of their human resource flows. If
they monitor it, they can decide to change or abolish existing human resource flows.
Figure 12. Retirement Stage of Human Resource Flow
Figure 13 depicts the positioning of areas from the Production to the Retirement
Stage of Internal Flow for Temporary Employees. As we mentioned, most companies
train Permanent Employees because they are the source of a company's
competitiveness. On the other hand, firms ask temporary employees to carry out low
value work. Therefore, companies tend not to invest money on the development of
temporary employees. However, in recent years, knowledge workers have become
independent workers and they work with a company as a temporary employee.
(Daniel H. Pink, 2003) As acquiring knowledge workers become harder, firms need to
provide attractive environments and conditions for them. It is important to invest
more money into the development of temporary employees because HRD increases
the length of service. (Miwa, 2015)
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Figure 13. Areas from Production to Retirement Stage of Internal Flow for Temporary
Employee
It is ambiguous who is going to be the leader in each area of the matrix. Especially,
the position of the human resources department is unclear. (Tanaka, 2008)
4. CONCLUSION
4.1. Summary
In this paper, we elucidated areas to develop human resource flow management. We
made a new matrix using the three axes of target employee, lifecycle stage, and
human resource flow. Consequently, the matrix shows the relevance between areas of
research on existing human resource theory and domains that have not yet been
studied. We identify areas in the Production Stage of Human Resource Flow, areas in
the Retirement Stage of Human Resource Flow, and areas ranging from the
Production to the Retirement Stage of Internal Flow for Temporary Employees.
4.2. Evolution of Future Research
As we mentioned, the areas that previous studies have not researched need some
improvement and the position of the human resources department is also ambiguous.
On the other hand, no paper referring to human resource flow shows detailed drawing
of the four Human Resource Systems. In addition, we can research flow patterns more
than the three systems Beer states.
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