1. Annotated Bibliography
Alejandra M. De Jesús Soto
BIOL 3095: Scientific Literature
1. Parbery-Clark A, Strait DL, Anderson S, Hittner E, Kraus N. 2011. Musical Experience and the
Aging Auditory System: Implications for Cognitive Abilities and Hearing Speech in Noise. Plos
one.
6(5):
e180182.
[cited
on
2013
September
30].
Available
from:
http://web.ebscohost.com.uprcdb.cayey.upr.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=45
7a8ec4-6ca7-4f7f-81d3-2446ce1d8781%40sessionmgr111&vid=8&hid=28
Auditory-perceptual and cognitive measures reveal that musicians showed greater
competition than non-musicians. The sample included thirty-seven subjects, mostly between the
ages of 45 to 65 years of age. All subjects had normal hearing, were native English speakers and
did not have neurological or learning disorders. Nineteen of them were musicians, whereas
eighteen were not. Compared to non-musicians, the musicians developed more the cognitive skill
of verbal memory and the auditory-perceptual skill of paying attention while listening in noise.
This was demonstrated after exposing the subjects to different tests that measured the auditory
working memory, words and speech perception in noise. Therefore, it is necessary to continue
investigating the impact of musical training in aging processes. Also, researchers expressed that
musical training during developmental years can reduce the impact of hearing loss related with
age. The relationship between music and its effects on the maintenance and development of
human skills is positive. This article mentions and demonstrates skills that the study of music
develops. Thus, this information is useful to my review paper.
2. Cabanac A, Perlovsky L, Bonniot-
Cabanac MC, Cabanac M. 2013. Music and academic
performance. Behavioral Brain Research. 256: 257-260. [cited on 2013 October 2]. Available
from:http://www.sciencedirect.com.uprcdb.cayey.pr.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S01664328
1005093?np=y
This study confirmed that music is related to cognitive skills. Music helps us to overcome
stress due to cognitive dissonance. Thus, it is possible to accumulate more knowledge and
facilitate learning. The subjects of the study were a group of students from a high school in

2. Canada. Students were from three different school years, corresponding to the third year (196
students), the fourth (184 students) and the senior class of the secondary school (180 students).
All of them belonged to the Honor’s Program and were between the ages of 14 and 17.
Investigators evaluated the academic achievement of the subjects taking music courses and those
students who chose another elective. Results confirm that students taking music courses achieved
better academic grades in all subjects. These results demonstrate that learning of students taking
courses in music is better. Music has played a key role in the evolution of man. Philosophers like
Aristotle wondered why sounds had a greater impact on human psyche or conscience. This paper
is important for the realization of my review paper, because it demonstrates the role of music in
learning and the accumulation of knowledge.
3. Mattar J. 2013. The effect of Mozart’s
music on child development in a Jordanian
Kindergarten. Education. 133(3): 370-377. [cited on 2013 September 30]. Available from:
http://web.ebscohost.com.uprcdb.cayey.upr.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=457a8e
c4-6ca7-4 f7f-81d3-2446ce1d8781%40session mgr111&vid=6&hid=28
This study shows the impact of music in social, cognitive and physical activities of
kindergarten students. The study sample consisted of 42 Jordanian kindergarten children divided
into two groups: the experimental group was exposed to Mozart’s music, while the control group
was not exposed to any kind of music. Both groups had the same curriculum. To demonstrate the
impact of music, they used "The preschool and kindergarten children's performance scale”. The
experimental group showed higher capacity than the control group. The results showed that
Mozart’s music included in the school curriculum of kindergarten children directly affected their
social, cognitive and physical development. Music helped children to relax (reduce
impulsiveness), invigorate, focus their attention or ease transitions. It also allows children to
listen to others, communicate more effectively, understand their emotions and express their
feelings, leading to the improvement of social skills. Music has physiological effects on the
body. Listening to music has been shown to slow the listener's heart rate and activate higherorder thinking. I will include this research in my review paper, because it demonstrates the
importance of including music in different learning activities. According to the study, it creates a
positive, relaxed and receptive state of mind that is ideal for learning.