AMBLYOPIA

1. V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Presented by :- Mohammad Ezhaiman
Teacher
Group 201

2. Defination :-
Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a vision development disorder in which
an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity, even with prescription eyeglasses
or contact lenses.
Amblyopia begins during infancy and early childhood. In most cases, only
one eye is affected. But in some cases, reduced visual acuity can occur in
both eyes.
The main idea of Amblyobia is that the brain ignores signals from one of the
eyes due to unequal visiual acuty or clearnce cuased by disorder or
malfunction in this eye .

3. causes :-
1) Strabismic amblyopia :- Strabismus is the most common cause of
amblyopia. To avoid double vision caused by poorly aligned eyes the brain
ignores the visual input from the misaligned eye, leading to amblyopia in that
eye (the "lazy eye").
2) Refractive amplyopia :- Sometimes amblyopia is caused by unequal
refractive errors in the two eyes, despite perfect eye alignment. For example,
one eye may have significant uncorrected nearsightedness or farsightedness,
while the other eye does not. Or one eye may have significant astigmatism -
defect in the eye or in a lens - and the other eye does not. In such cases, the
brain relies on the eye that has less uncorrected refractive error and "tunes
out" the blurred vision from the other eye. It is called also Anisometropic
amblyopia.

4. Deprivation amblyopia:- This is lazy eye caused by something that
obstructs light from entering and being focused in a baby's eye, such as a
congenital cataract - the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque - .
Prompt treatment of congenital cataracts is necessary to allow normal visual
development to occur.
Symptoms and signs :-
 blurred vision.
 eye wanders inward or outward.
 Eyes that appear to not work together.
 Poor depth perception.
 Squinting or shutting an eye.
 Head tilting.

5. Treatment :-
Patching :-
This is the most common treatment for amblyopia. Patching the good eye
forces the brain to start using the weaker eye. If the patch is worn for a few
hours every day, the weaker eye will eventually become stronger. This will
force the brain to use the image from the lazy eye, eventually making the
weaker eye stronger. Vision improvement could take a few months to several
years, depending on the severity of amblyopia and the diligence of patching
the eye.
Glasses :-
Glasses are used when amblyopia is caused by severe refractive errors.
Glasses will allow the brain to use the eyes together and eventually develop
normal vision. Glasses must be worn all day, except during bathing,
swimming, or sleeping.

6. Eye drops :-
Sometimes, a doctor may prescribe eye drops that blur vision instead of
patching the good eye. Atropine eye drops blur the child's vision in the good
eye, forcing the brain to use the weaker eye.
Surgery :-
Eye muscle surgery is sometimes an option if other treatments fail to improve
vision. Surgery is often performed if the amblyopia is caused by a cataract.

7. Conclusion :-
It is very important to treat amblyopia at a young
age. If amblyopia is detected early and promptly
treated, a child has a good chance of regaining
normal vision. However, treating an older child for
amblyopia is much more difficult.

8. References :-
 https://www.verywellhealth.com/amblyopia-lazy-eye-overview-4175206
 https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amblyopia.htm
 http://www.strabismus.org/amblyopia_lazy_eye.html
 https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/amblyopia.html
 https://medlineplus.gov/amblyopia.html