The General Interpretative Rules (GIRs) establish a compulsory method for classifying goods in the Harmonized System (HS) to promote consistency and predictability. GIR 1 provides that classification shall be determined according to the terms of the relevant heading and any applicable Section or Chapter Notes. If the terms or Notes do not otherwise require, then GIRs 2 through 6 may be used. The document discusses examples of how GIR 1 is applied in practice, including considering whether Notes affect classification and resolving cases where more than one heading is possible.
Presentation is prepared with the object of simplifying the interpretation issues and providing guidelines to read the rate schedules. Methods and mechanism of claiming tax free exports is also explained.
International Classification for Standards (Material Classification and Codif...Divyanshu Dayal
This document provides an introduction to the International Classification for Standards (ICS). The ICS is a hierarchical classification system intended to classify international, regional and national standards. It consists of three levels - fields, groups, and subgroups. There are 40 fields that standards can be classified under. Fields are divided into 392 groups, and 144 groups are further divided into 909 subgroups. The ICS provides rules for how to appropriately classify standards based on their subject matter using this hierarchical system. It also provides an index and systematic table to help identify the correct classification.
Understanding some of the many strategies in determining Tariff Classification.
Legal and non-legal notes were used or not used
Which GIR’s and/or Canadian Rules played an integral role in the decision-making process
Possible tariff treatment(s) and relevant duty rates
Eligibility for preferential tariff treatment
Government controls – e.g. restricted, controlled, prohibited, quotas, or regulated by Other Government Departments (OGD)
1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Manualjksemm etyhd
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the1994 DODGE CARAVAN, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
IN Introduction
IN-C Introduction
0 Lubrication and Maintenance
0-C Lubrication and Maintenance
2 Suspension and Driveshaft
3 Rear Suspension and Driveline
5 Brakes
6 Manual Transaxle Clutch
7 Cooling System
7-C Cooling System
8 Electrical
8-C Electrical
9 Engines
9-C Engines
11 Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
11-C Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
13 Frame and Bumpers
14 Fuel System
14-C Fuel System
19 Steering
21 Transaxle and Power Transfer Unit
22 Wheels and Tires
23 Body Components
23-C Body Components
24 Heating and Air Conditioning
24-C Heating and Air Conditioning
25 Emission Control Systems
25-C Emission Control Systems
Index
Index Supplement
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the1994 DODGE CARAVAN, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
IN Introduction
IN-C Introduction
0 Lubrication and Maintenance
0-C Lubrication and Maintenance
2 Suspension and Driveshaft
3 Rear Suspension and Driveline
5 Brakes
6 Manual Transaxle Clutch
7 Cooling System
7-C Cooling System
8 Electrical
8-C Electrical
9 Engines
9-C Engines
11 Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
11-C Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
13 Frame and Bumpers
14 Fuel System
14-C Fuel System
19 Steering
21 Transaxle and Power Transfer Unit
22 Wheels and Tires
23 Body Components
23-C Body Components
24 Heating and Air Conditioning
24-C Heating and Air Conditioning
25 Emission Control Systems
25-C Emission Control Systems
Index
Index Supplement
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
This document provides an introduction and overview for a supply manual for the M38 1/4 ton 4x4 utility truck. It outlines 10 sections that describe the purpose and organization of the manual, including how to identify parts, find stock numbers, and locate parts within the standard government grouping structure. The manual contains illustrations and part listings organized into groups and subgroups to facilitate identifying and selecting individual parts.
This document provides an overview and sample content from the OSHA Auditing: Federal Compliance Guide – Construction. Specifically, it includes:
1) An introduction explaining the general applicability checklist used to determine which rulebooks and sections apply. It includes a sample applicability checklist for the Fall Protection module.
2) A preview of some of the key features of the guide, including applicability tables, rulebooks, scoresheets, and regular updates.
3) A sample rulebook section from the Fall Protection module outlining the regulatory requirements.
4) Information on the formats and customization options available for the guide.
In summary, the document previews an OSHA compliance guide for construction
Presentation is prepared with the object of simplifying the interpretation issues and providing guidelines to read the rate schedules. Methods and mechanism of claiming tax free exports is also explained.
International Classification for Standards (Material Classification and Codif...Divyanshu Dayal
This document provides an introduction to the International Classification for Standards (ICS). The ICS is a hierarchical classification system intended to classify international, regional and national standards. It consists of three levels - fields, groups, and subgroups. There are 40 fields that standards can be classified under. Fields are divided into 392 groups, and 144 groups are further divided into 909 subgroups. The ICS provides rules for how to appropriately classify standards based on their subject matter using this hierarchical system. It also provides an index and systematic table to help identify the correct classification.
Understanding some of the many strategies in determining Tariff Classification.
Legal and non-legal notes were used or not used
Which GIR’s and/or Canadian Rules played an integral role in the decision-making process
Possible tariff treatment(s) and relevant duty rates
Eligibility for preferential tariff treatment
Government controls – e.g. restricted, controlled, prohibited, quotas, or regulated by Other Government Departments (OGD)
1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Manualjksemm etyhd
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the1994 DODGE CARAVAN, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
IN Introduction
IN-C Introduction
0 Lubrication and Maintenance
0-C Lubrication and Maintenance
2 Suspension and Driveshaft
3 Rear Suspension and Driveline
5 Brakes
6 Manual Transaxle Clutch
7 Cooling System
7-C Cooling System
8 Electrical
8-C Electrical
9 Engines
9-C Engines
11 Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
11-C Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
13 Frame and Bumpers
14 Fuel System
14-C Fuel System
19 Steering
21 Transaxle and Power Transfer Unit
22 Wheels and Tires
23 Body Components
23-C Body Components
24 Heating and Air Conditioning
24-C Heating and Air Conditioning
25 Emission Control Systems
25-C Emission Control Systems
Index
Index Supplement
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
8
This is the Highly Detailed factory service repair manual for the1994 DODGE CARAVAN, this Service Manual has detailed illustrations as well as step by step instructions,It is 100 percents complete and intact. they are specifically written for the do-it-yourself-er as well as the experienced mechanic.1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual provides step-by-step instructions based on the complete dis-assembly of the machine. It is this level of detail, along with hundreds of photos and illustrations, that guide the reader through each service and repair procedure. Complete download comes in pdf format which can work under all PC based windows operating system and Mac also, All pages are printable. Using this repair manual is an inexpensive way to keep your vehicle working properly.
Service Repair Manual Covers:
IN Introduction
IN-C Introduction
0 Lubrication and Maintenance
0-C Lubrication and Maintenance
2 Suspension and Driveshaft
3 Rear Suspension and Driveline
5 Brakes
6 Manual Transaxle Clutch
7 Cooling System
7-C Cooling System
8 Electrical
8-C Electrical
9 Engines
9-C Engines
11 Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
11-C Exhaust System and Intake Manifold
13 Frame and Bumpers
14 Fuel System
14-C Fuel System
19 Steering
21 Transaxle and Power Transfer Unit
22 Wheels and Tires
23 Body Components
23-C Body Components
24 Heating and Air Conditioning
24-C Heating and Air Conditioning
25 Emission Control Systems
25-C Emission Control Systems
Index
Index Supplement
File Format: PDF
Compatible: All Versions of Windows & Mac
Language: English
Requirements: Adobe PDF Reader
NO waiting, Buy from responsible seller and get INSTANT DOWNLOAD, Without wasting your hard-owned money on uncertainty or surprise! All pages are is great to have1994 DODGE CARAVAN Service Repair Workshop Manual.
Looking for some other Service Repair Manual,please check:
https://www.aservicemanualpdf.com/
Thanks for visiting!
This document provides an introduction and overview for a supply manual for the M38 1/4 ton 4x4 utility truck. It outlines 10 sections that describe the purpose and organization of the manual, including how to identify parts, find stock numbers, and locate parts within the standard government grouping structure. The manual contains illustrations and part listings organized into groups and subgroups to facilitate identifying and selecting individual parts.
This document provides an overview and sample content from the OSHA Auditing: Federal Compliance Guide – Construction. Specifically, it includes:
1) An introduction explaining the general applicability checklist used to determine which rulebooks and sections apply. It includes a sample applicability checklist for the Fall Protection module.
2) A preview of some of the key features of the guide, including applicability tables, rulebooks, scoresheets, and regular updates.
3) A sample rulebook section from the Fall Protection module outlining the regulatory requirements.
4) Information on the formats and customization options available for the guide.
In summary, the document previews an OSHA compliance guide for construction
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Open Source Contributions to Postgres: The Basics POSETTE 2024ElizabethGarrettChri
Postgres is the most advanced open-source database in the world and it's supported by a community, not a single company. So how does this work? How does code actually get into Postgres? I recently had a patch submitted and committed and I want to share what I learned in that process. I’ll give you an overview of Postgres versions and how the underlying project codebase functions. I’ll also show you the process for submitting a patch and getting that tested and committed.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Beyond the Basics of A/B Tests: Highly Innovative Experimentation Tactics You...Aggregage
This webinar will explore cutting-edge, less familiar but powerful experimentation methodologies which address well-known limitations of standard A/B Testing. Designed for data and product leaders, this session aims to inspire the embrace of innovative approaches and provide insights into the frontiers of experimentation!
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Predictably Improve Your B2B Tech Company's Performance by Leveraging DataKiwi Creative
Harness the power of AI-backed reports, benchmarking and data analysis to predict trends and detect anomalies in your marketing efforts.
Peter Caputa, CEO at Databox, reveals how you can discover the strategies and tools to increase your growth rate (and margins!).
From metrics to track to data habits to pick up, enhance your reporting for powerful insights to improve your B2B tech company's marketing.
- - -
This is the webinar recording from the June 2024 HubSpot User Group (HUG) for B2B Technology USA.
Watch the video recording at https://youtu.be/5vjwGfPN9lw
Sign up for future HUG events at https://events.hubspot.com/b2b-technology-usa/
Open Source Contributions to Postgres: The Basics POSETTE 2024ElizabethGarrettChri
Postgres is the most advanced open-source database in the world and it's supported by a community, not a single company. So how does this work? How does code actually get into Postgres? I recently had a patch submitted and committed and I want to share what I learned in that process. I’ll give you an overview of Postgres versions and how the underlying project codebase functions. I’ll also show you the process for submitting a patch and getting that tested and committed.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
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AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
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Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
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A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
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All GIRS.pdf
1. V
www.wcoomd.org
HS - General rules for interpretation
Understanding the legal basis of classification
The HS and its GIRs 1
2. www.wcoomd.org 2
The HS and its GIRs
The General Interpretative Rules (GIRs)
A major goal of the HS was to establish a global
classification system that facilitated consistency
and predictability in classification.
However, a nomenclature covering all possible
goods is invariably a complex system with
multiple possibilities for classifying many goods.
So a set of rules that give a compulsory method of
classification is essential to facilitate consistency
and predictability.
3. www.wcoomd.org 3
The HS and its GIRs
Rules on resolving ambiguity in
classification are needed for consistent
results in classification systems.
Cats
With blue eyes
With green
eyes
With yellow,
brown or gold
eyes
4. www.wcoomd.org 4
The HS and its GIRs
Six GIRs
Establishes the legal basis for classification (terms, Notes
and other GIRs) and establishes the priority given to the
terms of headings and Notes over the remaining GIRs.
Extension of the scope of the headings to cover
mixtures, composites, unassembled, unfinished or
incomplete goods
Resolution of classification when two or more headings are
possible
GIR 1
GIR 2
GIR 3
5. www.wcoomd.org 5
The HS and its GIRs
Six GIRs
Provides for completely unforeseen goods that are
not otherwise covered
Covers the treatment of packaging materials
and containers
Provides that the same process is independently
followed at each subheading level
GIR 4
GIR 5
GIR 6
6. www.wcoomd.org 6
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1
The titles of Sections, Chapters and
sub-Chapters are provided for ease of
reference only; for legal purposes,
classification shall be determined
according to the terms of the headings and
any relative Section or Chapter Notes and,
provided such headings or Notes do not
otherwise require, according to the
following provisions :
7. www.wcoomd.org 7
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1 – Main Points
• The titles of Sections, Chapters or Sub-Chapters
are provided for ease of reference only (no legal
value).
• Legal classification at heading level must be made
according to:
• the terms of headings (the wording) and any
relative Section or Chapter Notes; and
• only if the headings or Notes do not otherwise
require, according to Rules 2 to 5.
8. www.wcoomd.org 8
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1 fully resolves the heading classification
when:
• there is only one heading whose terms
encompass the whole good; or
• the terms or Notes direct the classification
to a specific heading; or
• the terms or Notes direct the method of
classification
Under these circumstances, the headings or
Notes “otherwise require” and GIRs 2, 3 and 4
are not usable at heading level.
9. www.wcoomd.org 9
The HS and its GIRs
Notes may “otherwise require” by dictating
the place of classification
Surgical Catgut – Note 4 (a) to Chapter 30
“4.- Heading 30.06 applies only to the following, which are to
be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the
Nomenclature
(a) Sterile surgical catgut, similar sterile suture materials
(including sterile absorbable surgical or dental yarns)
and sterile tissue adhesives for surgical wound
closure;”
This Note directs the place of classification and hence it
“otherwise requires”. GIR 3 cannot be used in classification.
Classification at heading level is fully resolved by GIR 1.
10. www.wcoomd.org 10
The HS and its GIRs
Notes may “otherwise require” by dictating a
method of classification
Section XVI Note 2 gives a complete set of rules for
classifying parts of machines of Section XVI,
including precedence when there are multiple
possibilities for their classification.
By directing the method of classification, Note 2 to
Section XVI requires that GIR 3 is not used for the
goods it covers.
11. www.wcoomd.org 11
The HS and its GIRs
Terms may “otherwise require” by making
classification intent explicit in their coverage
“Travel sewing kit”
Heading 96.05 : Travel sets for personal toilet,
sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning.
Heading 96.05 encompasses the entire set by name
and is the only heading where the full set is covered.
As such it clearly indicates the intent of coverage and
“otherwise requires”, therefore GIR 3 cannot be
invoked to classify it to a component.
It is classified by GIR 1 at heading level.
12. www.wcoomd.org 12
The HS and its GIRs
Terms may otherwise require by directing
between headings
Heading 4601 reads as follows.
PLAITS AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS OF PLAITING MATERIALS,
WHETHER OR NOT ASSEMBLED INTO STRIPS; PLAITING
MATERIALS, PLAITS AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS OF PLAITING
MATERIALS, BOUND TOGETHER IN PARALLEL STRANDS OR
WOVEN, IN SHEET FORM, WHETHER OR NOT BEING
FINISHED ARTICLES (FOR EXAMPLE, MATS, MATTING,
SCREENS).
The phrase “whether or not being finished articles” directs that
sheets of plating material processed as per the terms are included
even if they have the character of finished articles. This heading
otherwise requires and prevents the use of GIR (3) to send these
articles to a finished article classification.
13. www.wcoomd.org 13
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1
GIR 1 is the primary rule for classification.
On the face of it, it is quite simple. Just read the
terms and any Notes to find the heading.
So we will look at how this might work in practice.
14. www.wcoomd.org 14
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1 – three examples
Consider:
• an ignition wiring harness for a
car;
• a side-view mirror for a car,
and
• a seat belt for a car
These items’ only commercial use is as car parts.
15. www.wcoomd.org 15
The HS and its GIRs
GIR 1
Heading 87.08 reads:
- Parts and accessories of the motor
vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05.
The ignition wiring harness, the rear-view mirror
and the seat belt are all for vehicles of heading
87.03. So the terms fit the goods.
However, you also need to read the Notes and
consider if there are any other headings that
might also be relevant.
16. www.wcoomd.org 16
The HS and its GIRs
Notes and Terms are read together
GIR 1 gives equal status to terms and Notes.
There are two Notes relevant to heading 87.08
at Section level we need to consider.
(There are actually others as well, like the Note
sitting in the metals Section which defines
‘parts of general use’ and various exclusion
Notes to Chapters, but we will only look at two
Notes in the transport Section for this example.)
17. www.wcoomd.org 17
The HS and its GIRs
Section XVII
2.- The expressions “parts” and “parts and accessories” do not apply to the following articles, whether or not they
are identifiable as for the goods of this Section :
(a) Joints, washers or the like of any material (classified according to their constituent material or in
heading 84.84) or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (heading 40.16);
(b) Parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV), or similar goods of
plastics (Chapter 39);
(c) Articles of Chapter 82 (tools);
(d) Articles of heading 83.06;
(e) Machines or apparatus of headings 84.01 to 84.79, or parts thereof, other than the radiators for the articles
of this Section; articles of heading 84.81 or 84.82 or, provided they constitute integral parts of engines or
motors, articles of heading 84.83;
(f) Electrical machinery or equipment (Chapter 85);
(g) Articles of Chapter 90;
(h) Articles of Chapter 91;
(ij) Arms (Chapter 93);
(k) Lamps or lighting fittings of heading 94.05; or
(l) Brushes of a kind used as parts of vehicles (heading 96.03).
3.- References in Chapters 86 to 88 to “parts” or “accessories” do not apply to parts or accessories which are not
suitable for use solely or principally with the articles of those Chapters. A part or accessory which answers to a
description in two or more of the headings of those Chapters is to be classified under that heading which
corresponds to the principal use of that part or accessory.
For GIR 1, these
must be to see if
they affect our
wiring harness,
windscreen or
seatbelt.
18. www.wcoomd.org 18
The HS and its GIRs
Section XVII Note 2 (f) excludes “Electrical
machinery or equipment” from being covered by
the term “parts” in Section XVII and directs such
goods to Chapter 85.
So although the ignition wiring harness is a part, it
is not a part for classification.
(Classified in heading 85.44 instead)
If the Notes for vehicle parts seem complex and
daunting, that is because they are. It is an
extremely difficult area of classification.
19. www.wcoomd.org 19
The HS and its GIRs
More than one heading
There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of mirrors as parts in
heading 87.08.
So the rear-view mirror could be classified under “Parts and
accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05 …
… however, it could also be covered by heading 70.09.
Glass mirrors, whether or not framed, including rear-view
mirrors.
In this case, neither the terms or Notes
direct the classification to a specific heading. This is a
case where you need to consult the other GIRs as well.
It cannot be classified to a heading by GIR 1 alone.
20. www.wcoomd.org 20
The HS and its GIRs
Finally a ‘simple’ classification …
There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of seatbelts as
parts in heading 87.08.
So the seat belt can be classified under “Parts and
accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to
87.05 …
You have carefully read all possibly relevant Notes and checked
the chapters relevant to textiles, metals, plastics, straps and
clasps! There is no other heading that covers a made-up
seatbelt.
It is classified, at heading level, to 87.08 by GIR 1.
21. www.wcoomd.org 21
The HS and its GIRs
Classifying by the terms (the wording of the headings)
and Notes is often complex.
Usually the terms are construed by considering their
“ordinary meaning” (an imprecise concept) or their
trade meaning (also sometimes imprecise and
whether the meaning encompasses a specific
product: “does the product fall within the scope?”.
It is not unknown to find oneself considering deep
philosophical questions, such as …
Legal interpretation of the meaning of
words is often not ‘simple’
22. www.wcoomd.org
… are mutants, or other
people with super-human
powers, actually human?
22
The HS and its GIRs
“to be properly classifiable as a
“doll” under the HTSUS, a toy
figure must clearly represent a human
being”
“The task of the court is to ascertain which
meaning the words “representing” and
“only” were intended to carry in the phrase
“dolls representing only human beings” in
heading 9502 of the HTSUS” (Toy Biz v. US,
CIT (2003) Slip Op. 03-2)
(Heading 95.02 was deleted in the 2007 edition.)
23. www.wcoomd.org 23
The HS and its GIRs
The next GIR, GIR 2, is different in that is does NOT
direct the classification of goods.
• GIR 2 (a) and GIR 2 (b) only extend the scope of
classifications to allow incomplete, unfinished,
unassembled, disassembled, mixed, combined
and multi-material goods coverage.
• GIR 2 does not direct which, if any, of the
classifications opened by GIR 2 should be used.
• GIR2 is used with GIR 1 or with GIR 1 and 3
What about the other GIRs?
24. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 2 (a)
24
The HS and its GIRs
(a) Any reference in a heading to an article shall
be taken to include a reference to that article
incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as
presented, the incomplete or unfinished
article has the essential character of the
complete or finished article. It shall also be
taken to include a reference to that article
complete or finished (or falling to be
classified as complete or finished by virtue of
this Rule), presented unassembled or
disassembled.
25. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 2 (a)
25
The HS and its GIRs
• Only extends references to articles in
headings
• Applies to goods “as presented”, i.e. in the
state they are presented at the border
• Has an “essential character” test
• Subject to the essential character test, it
allows for a combination of an incomplete or
unfinished condition with an unassembled or
disassembled condition.
26. www.wcoomd.org
Essential character in GIR 2 (a)
26
The HS and its GIRs
• The “essential character” provision is aimed at
separating goods that have acquired the
essential character of the final good from parts
or assemblies of parts.
• The essential character test (also used in GIR
3 (b)) is one of the most legally challenging
aspects of classification.
27. www.wcoomd.org 27
The HS and its GIRs
Are these unfinished dolls … or just parts or
assemblies of parts?
28. www.wcoomd.org
Blanks
28
The HS and its GIRs
The Harmonized System Committee has applied the
unfinished provision to blanks, defining a blank in the ENs as:
“an article, not ready for direct use, having the approximate
shape or outline of the finished article or part, and which can
only be used, other than in exceptional cases, for completion
into the finished article or part (e.g., bottle preforms of plastics
being intermediate products having tubular shape, with one
closed end and one open end threaded to secure a screw
type closure, the portion below the threaded end being
intended to be expanded to a desired size and shape).”
29. www.wcoomd.org
Blanks
29
The HS and its GIRs
39.23 – Articles for the
conveyance or packing of
goods, of plastics;
stoppers, lids, caps and
other closures, of plastics.
30. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 2 (b)
30
The HS and its GIRs
(b) Any reference in a heading to a material or
substance shall be taken to include a
reference to mixtures or combinations of that
material or substance with other materials or
substances. Any reference to goods of a
given material or substance shall be taken to
include a reference to goods consisting
wholly or partly of such material or
substance. The classification of goods
consisting of more than one material or
substance shall be according to the
principles of Rule 3.
31. www.wcoomd.org 31
The HS and its GIRs
Example:
73.23 -Table, kitchen or other household articles and
parts thereof, of iron or steel; iron or steel
wool; pot scourers and scouring or polishing
pads, gloves and the like, of iron or steel.
74.18 - Table, kitchen or other household articles and
parts thereof, of copper; pot scourers and
scouring or polishing pads, gloves and the
like, of copper; sanitary ware and parts
thereof, of copper.
Under GIR 2 (b), heading 73.23 can cover kitchen
articles of steel and copper, and heading 74.18
can cover kitchen articles of copper and steel.
Without GIR 2 (b) these steel and
copper pans would not be covered.
With GIR 2 (b), there is a choice of
two headings for them.
32. www.wcoomd.org
Precedence of GIR 1 over GIR 2
32
The HS and its GIRs
The provisions of GIR 2 apply only in the
absence of specific provisions in the
Nomenclature covering goods consisting of
more than one material or substance.
Example: heading 33.02 covers
“Mixtures of odoriferous substances”.
This “otherwise requires” and
GIR 2 (b) is not used.
33. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 2 to GIR 3
33
The HS and its GIRs
2 (b) (…) The classification of goods consisting
of more than one material or substance
shall be according to the principles of Rule
3.
GIR 2 (b) leads us into GIR 3.
3. When by application of Rule 2 (b) or for
any other reason, goods are, prima facie,
classifiable under two or more headings,
classification shall be effected as follows :
34. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (a)
34
The HS and its GIRs
(a) The heading which provides the most
specific description shall be preferred to
headings providing a more general
description. However, when two or more
headings each refer to part only of the
materials or substances contained in mixed
or composite goods or to part only of the
items in a set put up for retail sale, those
headings are to be regarded as equally
specific in relation to those goods, even if
one of them gives a more complete or
precise description of the goods.
35. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 3 (a)
35
The HS and its GIRs
• Has a “most specific” test
• Qualifies the test to stop it being used for
mixtures, composite goods or sets unless
candidate headings reference the whole
mixture, composite good or set.
36. www.wcoomd.org
What is the “most specific” description
of an object?
36
The HS and its GIRs
There is no definition of “most specific” in the
Nomenclature. The Explanatory Notes (ENs) give
some limited guidance.
Generally (but not always) accepted principles in
practice:
• a description by name is taken as more specific
than a description by class
• a description which more narrowly defines the
goods or which is covers more of the goods
characteristics is generally taken as more
specific than a broader description or one which
covers fewer characteristics.
37. www.wcoomd.org
An example from the ENs:
Least specific to most specific for
an electric shaver
37
The HS and its GIRs
84.67 - Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic,
hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-
electric motor.
85.09 - Electro-mechanical domestic appliances,
with self-contained electric motor, other than
vacuum cleaners of heading 85.08.
85.10 - Shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing
appliances, with self-contained electric motor.
38. www.wcoomd.org
Back to our side-mirror …
38
The HS and its GIRs
We noted two possible headings for the side-
mirror:
87.08 - Parts and accessories of the motor
vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05 …
70.09 - Glass mirrors, whether or not
framed, including rear-view mirrors.
“Glass mirrors, whether or not framed” is
considered to be more specific than parts of
motor vehicles. So the side-mirror is classified
in heading 70.09 vide GIR 1 and 3 (a).
39. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (b)
39
The HS and its GIRs
(b) Mixtures, composite goods consisting of
different materials or made up of different
components, and goods put up in sets for
retail sale, which cannot be classified by
reference to 3 (a), shall be classified as if
they consisted of the material or
component which gives them their essential
character, insofar as this criterion is
applicable.
40. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 3 (b)
40
The HS and its GIRs
• Only for:
• mixtures;
• composite goods consisting of
different materials or made up of
different components; and
• goods put up in sets for retail sale
• Sets under this rule must be “put up” for
retail sale
41. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 3 (b) cont.
41
The HS and its GIRs
• Has an “essential character” test which
requires that the “essential character” of the
whole can be identified as provided by a
material in or a component of the goods
• Has an undefined rider “insofar as this
criterion is applicable”
42. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (b) : Essential character
42
The HS and its GIRs
“The factor determining the essential character
will vary as between different kinds of goods.”
The Explanatory Notes mention:
• nature of the material,
• nature of the component,
• bulk,
• quantity,
• weight or value,
• role of a constituent material in relation to use
of the goods.
43. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (b) : Essential character
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The HS and its GIRs
The question to ask is what gives the goods their
identity, their character?
What gives the character may vary widely
between goods.
44. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (b) : Essential character
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The HS and its GIRs
Consider a pair of gloves made of leather and textiles.
Most of the palm, the lower side of the fingers and
almost all of the thumb and index finger are of leather.
Everything else is textile.
There are headings for leather gloves and textile gloves,
but each of these covers only part of the materials, so
under GIR 3 (a) are equally specific.
As composite goods, they can be
classified under GIR 3 (b), but does
the leather or textile give the essential
character?
45. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (b) : Essential character
45
The HS and its GIRs
Brush, mirror and comb set put up for retail sale.
Which component gives
the essential character?
Essential character is not
an easy test.
46. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (c)
46
The HS and its GIRs
(c) When goods cannot be classified by
reference to 3 (a) or 3 (b), they shall be
classified under the heading which
occurs last in numerical order among
those which equally merit
consideration.
47. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 3 (c)
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The HS and its GIRs
• Only used when GIR 3 (a) and (b) cannot be
used.
• Resolves the deadlock between headings
mechanically (last occurring).
• Has an undefined rider “those which equally
merit consideration”
48. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 3 (c): last occurring
48
INTRODUCTION TO THE HS
Do you remember the brush, mirror and comb
set put up for retail sale?
If none of the items gives
the set its essential character,
then GIR 3(c) would rule
classification to the item
classified last in the HS. In
this case, the comb.
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The HS and its GIRs
The remaining rules are just as vital,
but as we have limited time, we will go
even quicker over these!
50. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 4
50
The HS and its GIRs
4. Goods which cannot be classified in
accordance with the above Rules shall be
classified under the heading appropriate to
the goods to which they are most akin.
51. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 4
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The HS and its GIRs
• Only used when:
• there is no heading which is able to
cover the goods through its terms or
notes (GIR 1); and
• GIR 2 is not able to expand
references to allow coverage of the
goods.
• Requires a “most akin” test
52. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 5
52
The HS and its GIRs
5. In addition to the foregoing provisions, the
following Rules shall apply in respect of the
goods referred to therein :
53. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 5 (a)
53
The HS and its GIRs
(a) Camera cases, musical instrument cases,
gun cases, drawing instrument cases,
necklace cases and similar containers,
specially shaped or fitted to contain a
specific article or set of articles, suitable for
long-term use and presented with the
articles for which they are intended, shall be
classified with such articles when of a kind
normally sold therewith. This Rule does not,
however, apply to containers which give the
whole its essential character ;
54. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 5 (a)
54
The HS and its GIRs
• The containers must be presented with the
goods (the goods do not have to be in the
container)
• The container must be shaped or fitted to
contain the article or set of articles it is
presented with
• The container must be suitable for long-term
use, so of a similar durability to the goods
• The container must be of a kind normally sold
with the goods it is presented with
55. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 5 (a) (cont.)
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The HS and its GIRs
• GIR 5 (a) is not applicable to containers
which are the component providing the
essential character to the “whole” (that is, to
the combination of the container and its
intended contents).
56. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 5 (b)
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The HS and its GIRs
(b) Subject to the provisions of Rule 5 (a)
above, packing materials and packing
containers presented with the goods therein
shall be classified with the goods if they are
of a kind normally used for packing such
goods. However, this provision is not
binding when such packing materials or
packing containers are clearly suitable for
repetitive use.
57. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 5 (b)
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The HS and its GIRs
• The packing materials or packing containers
must contain the goods when presented at
the border
• The packing materials or containers are of a
kind normally used to pack the type of goods
they contain
• For packing materials or packing containers
that are suitable for reuse as packing
materials or packing containers for
international trade, countries can choose
whether or not to apply GIR 5 (b)
58. www.wcoomd.org
Suitable for repetitive use
58
The HS and its GIRs
Countries are free to choose how
to treat containers that are for
repetitive use in the transport of
goods.
59. www.wcoomd.org
Last but far from least …
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The HS and its GIRs
There is one final rule.
You have hopefully noticed that in the GIRs so
far, we have talked about headings.
But a heading is only four digits and an
international classification is six digits ... so …
60. www.wcoomd.org
GIR 6
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The HS and its GIRs
6. For legal purposes, the classification of
goods in the subheadings of a heading shall
be determined according to the terms of
those subheadings and any related
Subheading Notes and, mutatis mutandis, to
the above Rules, on the understanding that
only subheadings at the same level are
comparable. For the purposes of this Rule
the relative Section and Chapter Notes also
apply, unless the context otherwise requires.
61. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 6
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The HS and its GIRs
• Classification at subheading level is based on
the terms of the subheadings and related
Subheading Notes
• GIRs 1 to 5 can be used with the required
changes, e.g. changing heading to
subheading
• Each level of subheadings is considered
separately, that is all the five digit
subheadings that fall under the chosen
heading are examined first, without
consideration of any six digit subheadings
62. www.wcoomd.org
Important points in GIR 6 cont.
62
INTRODUCTION TO THE HS
• The procedures outlined in GIR 6 are applied
at each applicable level
• Relevant Section and Chapter Notes also
apply unless the context prevents them doing
so
63. www.wcoomd.org
Sections and Chapter Notes with GIR 6
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The HS and its GIRs
Note 2 to Chapter 8: Chilled fruits and
nuts are to be classified in the same
headings as the corresponding fresh fruits
and nuts.
There is no context to “otherwise require”,
so Note 2 to Chapter 8 also applies at
subheading level.
64. www.wcoomd.org 64
The HS and its GIRs
Note 3 to Chapter 29: “Goods which could be
included in two or more of the headings of this
Chapter are to be classified in that one of those
headings which occurs last in numerical order.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 29: “Note 3 to
Chapter 29 does not apply to the subheadings
of this Chapter.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 29 provides the
context that “otherwise requires” and Note 3 to
Chapter 29 does not apply to subheadings.
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The HS and its GIRs
Note 4 (B) to Chapter 71: “The expression “platinum”
means platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium
and ruthenium.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 71: “Notwithstanding
the provisions of Chapter Note 4(B), for the purposes
of subheadings 7110.11 and 7110.19, the expression
“platinum” does not include iridium, osmium,
palladium, rhodium or ruthenium.”
Note 4 (B) to Chapter 71 applies to all subheadings
of the Chapter except 7110.11 and 7110.19
66. www.wcoomd.org
The purpose of GIR 6
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The HS and its GIRs
So what GIR 6 actually does, is it tells you to go
through the whole process you used for the
heading again to find the correct 5-digit
subheading …
… and then go through it again to find the
correct 6-digit subheading.
67. www.wcoomd.org
A brief introduction only
67
The HS and its GIRs
This has been a very brief introduction that has
covered only a few of the interesting aspects of
the General Rules of Interpretation.
I hope that your further journeys into the HS
Rules will give you a better appreciation of the
complexities and importance of this single page
of Customs’ law!