Ajina
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Taxable capacity refers to the maximum amount of taxes that can be collected from citizens without negatively impacting production. Economists have defined taxable capacity as either reaching the point where taxpayers must borrow to pay taxes, or as the optimum level of public finances indicated by financial principles. Taxable capacity can be absolute, referring to the maximum without unpleasant effects in a community, or relative, comparing the capacities of different communities. Understanding taxable capacity is significant for public finance administration as taxes are a major source of government revenue.
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Taxation is the biggest source of public revenue for modern governments. It is the legal duty of citizens to pay taxes honestly on income, property, and purchases. A good tax system collects the minimum necessary from citizens based on their ability to pay, ensures maximum social benefits, and applies taxes universally without discrimination. It also maintains simplicity, acceptability to the public, and a balance between different types of taxes to fund common welfare.
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Shetal is going on a date to a club and can only take 3 items in her clutch purse. The document discusses annotating what items Shetal should bring and why by summarizing the items, assessing their usefulness, and reflecting on which will be most essential. It then provides an overview of what an annotated bibliography is, including that it is a list of sources with a short explanation of each source and how it will be useful. Sample annotations are shown that summarize the topic, assess the argument, point of view, and references, and reflect on the source's usefulness. The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to inform readers of a source's relevance, accuracy, and quality.
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The document discusses composing the first draft of an essay. It provides tips for writing the first draft, including not taking beginnings too seriously, not criticizing yourself prematurely, prescribing time or pages to focus on the draft, including the thesis in the first paragraph, and letting ideas flow. It also discusses including phrases of emphasis and ensuring the draft is complete and legible. Students are assigned to write the first draft of an essay on "What I Live For" and share it with classmates and the instructor by Tuesday midnight.
Ajina
Taxable capacity refers to the maximum amount of taxes that can be collected from citizens without negatively impacting production. It is defined as the maximum ability of a community to contribute through taxation. Taxable capacity is assessed in both absolute and relative terms. Absolute taxable capacity is the maximum amount that can be collected without causing unpleasant effects, while relative compares capacities between communities. Understanding taxable capacity is significant for governments seeking to mobilize revenue sources and assess how much taxation citizens can bear.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
MEANING
DEFINITION
BASIC OF TAXATION
NATURE
IMPORTANCE
PURPOSE
MEANING OF TAXATION
TAXATION, IMPOSITION OF COMPULSORY LEVIES ON INDIVIDUALS OR ENTITIES BY GOVERNMENT.
TAXES ARE LEVIED IN ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD, PRIMARILY TO RAISE REVENUE FOR GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, ALTHOUGH THEY SERVE OTHER PURPOSE AS WELL.
DEFINITION OF TAXATION
OXFORD DICTIONARY:
CONTRIBUTION LEVIED ON PERSONS, PROPERTY OR BUINESSS FOR THE SUPORT OF GOVERNMENT.
LAW CASES:
A COMPULSORY EXACTION OF MONEY BY A PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES ENFORCABLE BY LAW (MATTHEWS V THE CHICORY MARKETING BOARD, 1938)
IRB TAX GUIDE:
IS AN AMOUNT OF MONEY WHICH IS TAKEN FROM YOUR EARNINGS TO HELP TOWARDS SOME OF THE COST OF SERVICES ARE RECEIVED IN THIS COUNTRY.
BACKGROUND OF TAXATION:
INCOME TAX ORDINANCE 1947 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1948.
REPLACED BY INCOME TAX ACT 1967 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1968.
BASIS OF TAXATION:
NECESSITY:
“TAXATION IS THE LIFE BLOOD OR THE BREAD AND BUTTER OF THE GOVERNMENT AND EVERY CITIZEN MUST PAY HIS TAXES”
RECIPROCAL DUTIES.
NATURE OF TAXATION:
INHERENT POWER OF SOVEREIGHTY.
ESSENTIALLY A LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE.
THE STRONGEST OF ALL THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
TERRITORIAL IN OPERATION.
SUBJECT TO CONSTITUTIONAL AND INHERENTLIMITATIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXATION:
HELPS BUILDING THE NATION:
WITHOUT TAXES, IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO RUN THE COUNTRY.
WELFARE SCHEMES.
IMPROVED HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.
PURPOSE OF TAXATION:
GROWTH :
PROVIDING INCENTIVES WIHEN THE TAX SYSTEM TO PROMOTE GROWTH, ESPECIALLY IN THE PRIVATE SECOR.
REVENUE;
TAXES RAISE MONEY TO SPEND ON ARMIES, ROADS, SCHOOL AND HOSPITALS AND ON MORE INDIRECT GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS LIKE MARKET REGULATION OR LEGAL SYSEMS.
REDISTRIBUTION:
NORMALLY, THIS MEANS TRSFERRING WEALTH FROM THE RICHER SECTION OF SOCIETY TO POWER SECTIONS..
RE - PRICING:
TAXES ARE LEVIED TO ADDRESS EXTERNILITIES.
FOR EXAMPLE: ALCOHOL IS TAXED TO DISCOURAGE ALCOHOLISM, AND A CARBON TAX DISCOURAGE USE OF CARBON BASED FUELS.
REPRESENTATION:
THE GOVERNMENT TAX CITIZENS, AND CITIZENS DEMAND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THEIR RULERS AS THE OTHER PART OF THIS BARGAIN.
CONCEPT OF TAXATION:
TAXATION IS THE INHERENT POWER OF THE STATE TO IMPOSE AND DEMAND CONTRIBUTION UPON PERRSONS, PROPERTISE OR RIGHTS FOR THE PERSONS OF GENERATING REVENUES FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES.
THE POWER OF TAXATION UPON NECESSITY AND ITS INHERENT IN EVERY GOVERNMENT OR SOVEREIGHNTY.
THANK YOU
SEMINAR BY PRIYANKA SRINIVASULU REDDY
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This document provides an overview of taxation, including definitions, purposes, characteristics, principles, classifications, and key government agencies involved. Some main points:
1. Taxation is the means by which the government raises funds to support public services and expenditures. Taxes are enforced contributions paid by citizens.
2. The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) is the government agency responsible for tax collection. It is headed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed by the President.
3. There are various ways taxpayers can legally reduce their tax burden, such as shifting, capitalization, transformation, or claiming exemptions defined by law. Tax evasion is illegal.
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Taxation is the biggest source of public revenue for modern governments. It is the legal duty of citizens to pay taxes honestly on income, property, and purchases. A good tax system collects the minimum necessary from citizens based on their ability to pay, ensures maximum social benefits, and applies taxes universally without discrimination. It also maintains simplicity, acceptability to the public, and a balance between different types of taxes to fund common welfare.
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This document provides an outline for writing the first draft of a controversial issue paper. It includes sections for the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The introduction would contain an attention-getter and background on the topic. The body paragraphs would present both sides of the issue fairly and objectively. The conclusion would restate the thesis and summarize the body.
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Shetal is going on a date to a club and can only take 3 items in her clutch purse. The document discusses annotating what items Shetal should bring and why by summarizing the items, assessing their usefulness, and reflecting on which will be most essential. It then provides an overview of what an annotated bibliography is, including that it is a list of sources with a short explanation of each source and how it will be useful. Sample annotations are shown that summarize the topic, assess the argument, point of view, and references, and reflect on the source's usefulness. The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to inform readers of a source's relevance, accuracy, and quality.
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The document discusses composing the first draft of an essay. It provides tips for writing the first draft, including not taking beginnings too seriously, not criticizing yourself prematurely, prescribing time or pages to focus on the draft, including the thesis in the first paragraph, and letting ideas flow. It also discusses including phrases of emphasis and ensuring the draft is complete and legible. Students are assigned to write the first draft of an essay on "What I Live For" and share it with classmates and the instructor by Tuesday midnight.
Ajina
Taxable capacity refers to the maximum amount of taxes that can be collected from citizens without negatively impacting production. It is defined as the maximum ability of a community to contribute through taxation. Taxable capacity is assessed in both absolute and relative terms. Absolute taxable capacity is the maximum amount that can be collected without causing unpleasant effects, while relative compares capacities between communities. Understanding taxable capacity is significant for governments seeking to mobilize revenue sources and assess how much taxation citizens can bear.
INTRODUCTION OF TAXATION - indirect taxation
TABLE OF CONTENT
MEANING
DEFINITION
BASIC OF TAXATION
NATURE
IMPORTANCE
PURPOSE
MEANING OF TAXATION
TAXATION, IMPOSITION OF COMPULSORY LEVIES ON INDIVIDUALS OR ENTITIES BY GOVERNMENT.
TAXES ARE LEVIED IN ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD, PRIMARILY TO RAISE REVENUE FOR GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES, ALTHOUGH THEY SERVE OTHER PURPOSE AS WELL.
DEFINITION OF TAXATION
OXFORD DICTIONARY:
CONTRIBUTION LEVIED ON PERSONS, PROPERTY OR BUINESSS FOR THE SUPORT OF GOVERNMENT.
LAW CASES:
A COMPULSORY EXACTION OF MONEY BY A PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES ENFORCABLE BY LAW (MATTHEWS V THE CHICORY MARKETING BOARD, 1938)
IRB TAX GUIDE:
IS AN AMOUNT OF MONEY WHICH IS TAKEN FROM YOUR EARNINGS TO HELP TOWARDS SOME OF THE COST OF SERVICES ARE RECEIVED IN THIS COUNTRY.
BACKGROUND OF TAXATION:
INCOME TAX ORDINANCE 1947 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1948.
REPLACED BY INCOME TAX ACT 1967 WITH EFFECT FROM 1 JANUARY 1968.
BASIS OF TAXATION:
NECESSITY:
“TAXATION IS THE LIFE BLOOD OR THE BREAD AND BUTTER OF THE GOVERNMENT AND EVERY CITIZEN MUST PAY HIS TAXES”
RECIPROCAL DUTIES.
NATURE OF TAXATION:
INHERENT POWER OF SOVEREIGHTY.
ESSENTIALLY A LEGISLATIVE FUNCTION FOR PUBLIC PURPOSE.
THE STRONGEST OF ALL THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
TERRITORIAL IN OPERATION.
SUBJECT TO CONSTITUTIONAL AND INHERENTLIMITATIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF TAXATION:
HELPS BUILDING THE NATION:
WITHOUT TAXES, IT WOULD BE IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO RUN THE COUNTRY.
WELFARE SCHEMES.
IMPROVED HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION.
PURPOSE OF TAXATION:
GROWTH :
PROVIDING INCENTIVES WIHEN THE TAX SYSTEM TO PROMOTE GROWTH, ESPECIALLY IN THE PRIVATE SECOR.
REVENUE;
TAXES RAISE MONEY TO SPEND ON ARMIES, ROADS, SCHOOL AND HOSPITALS AND ON MORE INDIRECT GOVERNMENT FUNCTIONS LIKE MARKET REGULATION OR LEGAL SYSEMS.
REDISTRIBUTION:
NORMALLY, THIS MEANS TRSFERRING WEALTH FROM THE RICHER SECTION OF SOCIETY TO POWER SECTIONS..
RE - PRICING:
TAXES ARE LEVIED TO ADDRESS EXTERNILITIES.
FOR EXAMPLE: ALCOHOL IS TAXED TO DISCOURAGE ALCOHOLISM, AND A CARBON TAX DISCOURAGE USE OF CARBON BASED FUELS.
REPRESENTATION:
THE GOVERNMENT TAX CITIZENS, AND CITIZENS DEMAND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THEIR RULERS AS THE OTHER PART OF THIS BARGAIN.
CONCEPT OF TAXATION:
TAXATION IS THE INHERENT POWER OF THE STATE TO IMPOSE AND DEMAND CONTRIBUTION UPON PERRSONS, PROPERTISE OR RIGHTS FOR THE PERSONS OF GENERATING REVENUES FOR PUBLIC PURPOSES.
THE POWER OF TAXATION UPON NECESSITY AND ITS INHERENT IN EVERY GOVERNMENT OR SOVEREIGHNTY.
THANK YOU
SEMINAR BY PRIYANKA SRINIVASULU REDDY
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This document provides an overview of taxation, including definitions, purposes, characteristics, principles, classifications, and key government agencies involved. Some main points:
1. Taxation is the means by which the government raises funds to support public services and expenditures. Taxes are enforced contributions paid by citizens.
2. The Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) is the government agency responsible for tax collection. It is headed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed by the President.
3. There are various ways taxpayers can legally reduce their tax burden, such as shifting, capitalization, transformation, or claiming exemptions defined by law. Tax evasion is illegal.
4. A sound tax system
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The document then examines the concepts around double taxation avoidance agreements in more detail. It notes that the need for such agreements arises from conflicting tax rules and definitions in different countries. The agreements benefit citizens and help facilitate international economic relations by preventing double taxation. They can provide unilateral or bilateral/reciprocal relief from double taxation.
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Taxable capacity refers to the maximum amount citizens can contribute to public authorities through taxes without undue strain. Estimating taxable capacity allows governments to determine how much revenue can be raised, mobilize resources for development, and avoid imposing unnecessary taxes that hurt production and consumption. However, pushing taxes too far can curb consumption, cripple industry, and reach a point where additional taxation brings diminishing returns as taxpayers sell assets or take on debt to pay.
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Taxable capacity refers to the maximum amount citizens can contribute to public authorities through taxes without undue strain. Estimating taxable capacity allows governments to determine how much revenue can be raised, mobilize resources for development, and avoid imposing unnecessary taxes that hurt production and consumption. However, pushing taxes too far can curb consumption, cripple industry, and reach a point where additional taxation brings diminishing returns as taxpayers sell assets or take on debt to pay.
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Taxation is the biggest source of public revenue for modern governments. The equity principle of taxation refers to fairness and justice in distributing the tax burden. Equity has two aspects: horizontal equity means persons equally well-off economically should pay equal taxes, while vertical equity means those better off should pay more taxes than others.
Meera
This document discusses the merits and demerits of indirect taxes. Indirect taxes are imposed on one person but paid by another, usually the consumer. The merits of indirect taxes include convenience of collection, elasticity to respond to economic changes, equity, promotion of social welfare, and progressiveness. However, the demerits are that indirect taxes can be regressive in nature, create uncertainty, discourage saving, be uneconomical, inequitable, and have no direct link to the government collecting the taxes.
Joby
British rule in India imposed various taxes on the traditional agricultural economy including import duties, customs duties, and export duties. The Sea Customs Act of 1878 and the Tariff Act of 1934 further established taxation policies during this time. Overall, British rule saw the imposition of new taxes on India's economy and trade.
Greeshma direct tax
Direct taxes are taxes imposed directly on individuals and corporations. In India, direct taxes are managed by the Central Board of Direct Tax. Examples of direct taxes include income tax, capital gains tax, and corporate tax. Direct taxes have merits like being easy to collect directly from the source and promoting personal responsibility, but they also have demerits like being unpopular due to reducing purchasing power and being easier to evade than indirect taxes.
Copy of salini
Taxation is the biggest source of public revenue for modern governments. The equity principle of taxation refers to fairness and justice in distributing the tax burden. Horizontal equity means people who are equally well-off economically should pay equal taxes, while vertical equity means those who are better off should pay more taxes than others.
Vidhya tax
A tax is a compulsory payment made by taxpayers to the government without expectation of direct benefits. A good tax system is compulsory, has multiple dimensions like rates and collection methods, is convenient to administer, considers taxpayer attitudes, and changes gradually over time in response to economic shifts. It should also support national goals, generate sufficient revenue, and remain flexible.
Divya taxation during mugal period
Taxes during the Mughal period were collected primarily as land revenue, which was the most important source of income for Mughal rulers. The tax system is documented in contemporary court chronicles like Ain-i-Akbari. Rates of the zazia tax, imposed on non-Muslims, varied based on annual income levels from exempted for those earning less than 52 rupees to 480 dirhams (13 rupees) for those earning over 2,500 rupees annually. The discriminatory tax policies based on religion implemented by some later Mughal rulers contributed to the decline of the Mughal Empire after Aurangzeb's death in 1707.
Sabitha.
The document outlines the characteristics of an ideal tax system. An ideal system should:
1) Observe the fundamental principles or canons of taxation, such as being equitable, convenient, certain, and economical.
2) Be based on the ability-to-pay principle where taxes are allocated according to least sacrifice.
3) Ensure maximum social advantage by having a combination of different tax types, not just one tax.
4) Maintain a balanced mix of various tax types.
5) Apply universally to all individuals without discrimination.
Aswathy.c.s
Jizya was a poll tax charged to non-Muslims in Islamic states, with exemptions for those engaged in military service, women, children, monks, beggars, blind and crippled. The Hindu population was divided into three groups for taxation purposes, with zakat being a fortieth on imports and later abolished on gains by Sikander Lodi, who distributed booty with one-fifth going to the state and the rest to soldiers.
Asha.a.s
Several factors determine a nation's taxable capacity including the size of national income, population size and growth rate, distribution of income and wealth, administrative efficiency, stability and growth of income, purpose and pattern of taxation, economic situations, standard of living, price levels, and political conditions.
Arya
A single tax system levies taxes on only one subject and would be difficult to administer, not producing adequate revenue or a satisfactory distribution of the tax burden. A multiple tax system instead taxes various items, increasing government tax income in a more flexible way while checking tax evasion, but it involves higher collection costs.
Lavanya
After independence in 1947, India's tax system underwent major reforms to mobilize resources for development activities. In 1953, the Taxation Enquiry Commission studied India's central and state indirect taxes and found high levels of tax evasion. In the 1950s, following recommendations from economist Nicholas Kaldor, India introduced an integrated direct tax system along with new taxes like wealth tax and expenditure tax. Recent tax reforms focused on simplification and rationalization through committees and task forces. The 2006-2007 budget aimed to introduce a unified Goods and Services Tax by 2010.
Suresh tax
The document discusses four canons of taxation: productivity, elasticity, expediency, and coordination. The canon of productivity states that taxes should not interfere with production and maximize income. The canon of elasticity means taxes should be flexible. The canon of expediency refers to considering sound principles like people's views when designing the tax system. The canon of coordination notes that tax collection is difficult, so central and state governments coordinate agencies to collect taxes.
Sudheesh tax
This document discusses the impact and incidents of taxation. It notes that the tax incidence is highest for residents and lower for non-residents. It outlines the total income scope for residents as including income received or deemed received in India, as well as income accruing or arising outside India during the previous year. The scope for non-residents includes income received in India and income deemed received or accruing in India.
Salini
Taxation is the biggest source of public revenue for modern governments. The equity principle of taxation refers to fairness and justice in distributing the tax burden. Equity has two aspects: horizontal equity means those equally well-off should pay equal taxes, while vertical equity means those better off should pay more taxes than others.
Rigil
India has a long history of taxation dating back to 1922 when the country saw a major shift in its taxation system. The current system has a well-developed structure that clearly divides tax authority between the central government, state governments, and local bodies. In 1991, India's tax system underwent radical reforms including reducing customs and excise duties, lowering corporate tax rates, widening the tax base, and improving tax administration. Most state governments also replaced sales taxes with value-added tax starting in 2005. The central government levies both direct and indirect taxes.
Nandu copy
India has low tax rates due to several factors including a large non-monetized sector, lack of administrative efficiency in tax collection, unstable political conditions, psychology of taxpayers who do not want to pay taxes, and a lower volume of international trade compared to other countries. Unemployment, lack of quality education, and standard of living also contribute to India's low tax rates.
Mukhil
This document discusses different types of taxes. A progressive tax has increasing tax rates as the amount earned increases, so higher incomes are taxed at a higher percentage. A proportional tax has a fixed tax rate so the amount of tax is directly proportional to the amount earned, with the marginal tax rate equal to the average rate. Progressive taxes describe a distribution where the tax rate increases from low to high amounts, while proportional taxes have a consistent rate.
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Ajina
- 1. WELCOME
- 2. TAXABLE CAPACITY-MEANING THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT THAT CAN BE COLLECTED BY THE GOVERNMENT FROM A CITIZEN ,WITH OUT AFFECTING PRODUCTION.
- 3. DEFINITIONS THE CONCEPT OF TAXABLE CAPACITY HAS BEING DIFINED IN DIFFERENT MANNER BY DIFFERENT ECONOMIST ARE; SOME ECONOMIST DEFINED TAXABLE CAPACITY AS: DR.FRASER:THE TAXABLE CAPACITY OF A NATION IS SURELY REACHED WHEN TAX PAYERS ARE FORCED TO BORROW FROM THE BANKS TO PAY THEIR TAXES R.N BHARGAVA:THE LIMIT OF TAXATION AS ALSO OF EXPENDITURE,IS INDICATED BY THE PRINCIPAL OF THE PUBLIC FINANCE AND SHOULD BE CALLED THE OPTIMUM OF PUBLIC FINANCE
- 4. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE TAXABLE CAPACITY NORMALLY,TAXABLE CAPACITY IS USED IN TWO SENSES NAMED AS; ABSOLUTE TAXABLE CAPASITY RELATIVE TAXABLE CAPACITY THE ABSOLUTE TAXABLE CAPACITY REFERS TO THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT THAT CAN BE COLLECTED FROM A COMMUNITY WITHOUT CAUSING ANY UNPLEASENT EFFECT WHERE AS RELATIVE TAXABLE CAPACITY IMPLIES TO ONE COMMUNITY AS COMPARE TO ANOTHER.
- 5. conclusion TAX IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF PUBLIC INCOME OR REVENUE AND HIGH TAXATION LEAD TO INCREASE IN THE REVENUE OF THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY.SO TAXABLE CAPACITY IS A GREAT SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN DAYS FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PUBLIC FINANCE.
- 6. THANK YOU