This document summarizes research on the commonalities between airline and sea hijacking. It finds that as aviation security increased, reducing airline hijackings, sea hijackings have risen using similar tactics. Statistics show peaks in both forms of hijacking correlate with political events. Case studies of the 1985 TWA Flight 847 hijacking and 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking are described to illustrate the tactics. The document discusses rational choice and deterrence theories in relation to preventing hijackings and concludes more must be done to improve transportation security universally against this threat.

1. Hijacking: In the Air and On the SeaBy: Sam Rozenberg

2. IntroductionPurposeTo find commonalities between two deadly methods used by terrorists and criminals.Airline HijackingSea HijackingTo show that the groups that carry out these attacks are for the most part the same.How can we prevent these two major means of transportation from being terrorist tools?

3. Introduction Ctd.Sources of LiteratureBooks on each topicHistorical articles on specific attacksRAND Corp. Theoretical ArticlesScholarly Journal articles on preventing hijackingLimited amount of published research linking these two crimes, as the research is progress as terrorists groups increase Sea Hijacking and decrease Airline Hijacking.

4. General Trends and MagnitudeAirline hijackingStatisticsUS High: 39 hijackings in 1969International High: 70 hijackings in 1970TrendsTrend is like a heartbeat, spikes up and down with various political situations.We are in a lull right now, which if no more action taken, we will see a spike in coming years.Sea hijacking and piracyStatisticsInternational Maritime Bureau: Live Piracy Maphttp://www.icc-ccs.org/extra/display.php?yr=2008

5. Description of ProblemsAirline hijackingHistoryUS: Used by regular run of the mill criminals and psychotics in early days of hijacking.International: Used as a way of escaping country. Used many times and still today to escape Cuba for political asylum in the United States. Used to escape other communist countries..USSR.Sea hijackingHistoryBegan as a tactic used in pirate attacks.Has been adopted by terrorist organizations and used just as airline hijacking.As you saw from graph, Africa and Southern Asia have tremendous hijacking and piracy issues.

6. Description of ProblemsAirline hijackingCase of TWA Flight 847June 1985Hijacked out of Athens, Greece by Hezbollah.Flew between Beirut and Algiers for 2 weeks.Hijacked to negotiate the release of 18 Hezbollah members in Kuwaiti prison.Sea hijackingCase of AchilleLauroHijacked by PFLP terrorists posing as passengers on Mediterranean cruise.Original plan to run cruise ship into Israeli oil refinery.Aborted plan, when crewmember spotted weapons and proceed to hijack ship.Demanded release of Prisoners in IsraelLasted for 2 days with 1 casualty.

7. Theoretical IssuesRational Choice Theory in HijackingIncrease Certainty of ApprehensionIncrease in Security Screening, Police Patrols, Metal DetectorsIncrease Punishment SeverityIncreased prison time, no reduced sentences, etc.Decrease Benefits of HijackingAgain, no reduced sentences, restrict media portrayal as a success.Useful in NON-TERRORIST RELATED HIJACKINGS

8. Theoretical Issues Ctd.Deterrence Theory in Hijacking State Sponsored Hijacking can be deterredMAD=Mutually Assured DestructionNon-State Sponsored HijackingCannot be deterred Less Powerful Terrorist Groups

9. DiscussionMajor findingsThe increase in Aviation Security has led to the decrease in airline hijacking attemptsThe decrease in airline hijacking attempts has increased sea hijacking attemptsTo prevent hijacking of any kind, transportation security must be improved universally in all means of transportation.

10. ConclusionRemember September 11th, 2001.Remember Mr. Leon Klinghoffer of the AchilleLauroRemember anyone injured or killed in a hijacking As you move on to your career in ICJ, remember that we are trying to fix the world’s problems!Congrats all ICJ 2008 Grads

11. SourcesClarke, H. (2006). When does deterrence work?. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from Henry Clarke Web site: http://kalimna.blogspot.com/2006/07/when-does-deterrence-work.htmlDugan, L., Lafree, G., & Piquero, A. (2005). Testing a rational choice model of airline hijackings. RAND Corp.Jenkins, B., Wilkinson, P. (Eds.). (1999). Aviation terrorism and security. London, England: Frank Cass.Lehr, P. (2007). Violence at sea. New York, NY: Routledge.(2008). Piracy attacks map. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from International maritime bureau Web site: http://www.icc-ccs.org/extra/display.php?yr=2008