3. Intelligence
⚫The ability to solve complex problem
⚫The ability to think, plan and schedule
⚫Memory and information manipulation
⚫Ability to tackle ambiguous and fuzzy problems
⚫The ability to learn and recognize
⚫The ability to understand and perceive.
Artificial intelligence 3
4. Artificial intelligence 4
What is AI?
• Views of AI fall into four categories
Human Rational
Thinking
Humanly
Thinking
Rationally
Acting
Humanly
Acting
Rationally
Thought Oriented
Action Oriented
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1. Acting Humanly:
⚫ “The study of how to make computers do
things at which moment the people are better"
⚫ In this case computer need to possess natural
language processing, knowledge
representation, automated reasoning,
machine learning, computer vision, robotics
⚫ Testing criteria is “Turing test”
Approaches of AI
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Systems that act like humans
⚫You enter a room which has a computer terminal. You
have a fixed period of time to type what you want into
the terminal, and study the replies. At the other end of
the line is either a human being or a computer
system.
⚫If it is a computer system, and at the end of the period
you cannot reliably determine whether it is a system
or a human, then the system is deemed to be
intelligent.
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2. Thinking Humanly:
⚫ The automation of activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision
making, problem solving, learning (Bellman)
⚫ How human think ?
⚫ Psychological experiments
⚫ Interdisciplinary field of cognitive science
(Science of mind and its processes)
Approaches of AI
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Systems that think like
humans
⚫ These cognitive tasks include:
⚫ Natural language processing
⚫ for communication with human
⚫ Knowledge representation
⚫ to store information effectively & efficiently
⚫ Automated reasoning
⚫ to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information
⚫Machine learning
⚫ to adapt to new circumstances
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3. Thinking rationally:
⚫ “the study of the computation that makes it
possible to perceive ,reason and act”
⚫ Aristotle was first to codify “right thinking”
syllogisms (logic)
⚫ Start of the field of Logic
Approaches of AI
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4. Acting Rationally: Agent based approach
⚫ “computational intelligence is the study of the
design of intelligent agents.”
⚫ Rational behavior: doing the right thing
⚫ The right thing: that which is expected to
maximize goal achievement, given the
available information
Approaches of AI
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Watson
⚫ “The goal is to have computers start to interact in natural human terms
across a range of applications and processes, understanding the questions
that humans ask and providing answers that humans can understand and
justify” - IBM
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Artificial Intelligence
⚫“The branch of computer science that is concerned
with the automation of intelligent behavior” (Luger and
Stubblefield, 1993)
⚫“The art of creating machines that perform functions
that require intelligence when performed by people”
(Kurzweil 1990)
⚫Artificial Intelligence is an effort to create systems that
can learn, think, perceive, analyze and act in the same
manner as real humans.
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⚫To what extend the computer should demonstrate the
simulation of human mind
⚫This raised the idea of strong AI and weak AI
Strong and Weak AI
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Artificial Intelligence
⚫Strong AI
⚫Strong AI means that machines act intelligently and they
have real conscious minds.
⚫Strong AI actually tries to recreate the functions of the inside of the brain
as opposed to simply emulating behavior.
⚫Strong AI states that a computer with the right program
can in fact be mental (like a human being)
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Eliza
Men are all alike
IN WHAT WAY
They’re always bugging us about something or other.
CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE
Well, my boyfriend made me come here.
YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE
He says I am depressed much of the time.
I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED
It’s true. I am unhappy.
DO YOU THINK COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY
I need some help, that much seems certain.
WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT SOME HELP
Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother.
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Weak AI
⚫A lot of it was based on rules
⚫Rule-based expert systems:
⚫ If (Smoker) and (Age x > 60) then (Chance of Lung Cancer)
⚫Rule-based categorization
⚫ If news story mentions baseball or hockey or … at least three times, then it should be
categorized under Sports
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Difference B/w Strong & Weak AI
⚫Algorithm is stored in Strong AI to help them act in
different situations but in Weak AI all the actions are
entered by a human being.
⚫There are no proper examples for Strong AI since it is
still in the initial stage, but there are several examples
for Weak AI since it has been performed several times.
⚫In Strong AI the machine actually has a mind of its own
and can take decisions but in Weak AI, the machine can
just simulate the human behavior.
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⚫Solve a problem and also tell computer the procedure
(algorithm)
⚫In AI we tell the problem but not how to solve it
⚫In ordinary computer we give data and steps to solve
but in AI computer is given knowledge and inference
capability
Conventional vs. AI Systems
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1. Game Playing:
⚫ IBM’s Deep Blue defeat the world champion
Garry Kasparov, score 3.5 to 2.5 in 1997
⚫ Kasparov said “I observed strange intelligence
on board”
Application Areas
