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1. Organic Farming
Sri. P. Jogarao
Ph.D. 1st Year
Soil Science
Presenting by
P. Jogarao
Ph.D. 1st Year
Soil Science

2. Organic farming in India
 Organic cultivation not new in India
 The term organic farming was first used by lord north
bourne in the book of look of the land
 Organic agriculture in India started long back 1900 by Sir
Albert Howard a British agronomist, in local village of the
north India.
 Organic farming first coined by north Bourne in 1946.
 The state of Sikkim and Uttaranchal declared organic states
 Race less use of this chemical material not alert the
ecosystem but it claim with death to many lives every year
due to their hazardous nature.

3. Religious Documentation of Organic farming
Oldest
practice
10000 years old, dating back to Neolithic age, practiced by ancient
civilization like Mesopotamia, Hwang Ho basin etc.
Ramayana (All dead things – rotting corpse or stinking garbage returned to earth are
transformed into wholesome things that nourish life. Such is the alchemy of
mother earth – as interpreted by C. Rajagopalachari).
Mahabharat
a (5500 BC)
Mention of Kamadhenu, the celestial cow and its role on human life and soil
fertility.
Kauthilya
Arthashastra
(300 BC)
Mentioned several manures like oil cake, excreta, excreta of animals.
Brihad-
sanhita (by
Varahmihir)
Described how to choose manures for different crops and the methods of
manuring.
Rig Veda
(2500-1500
BC)
Mention of organic manure in Rig Veda 1, 161, 10, 2500-1500 BC, is Green
Manure in Atharva Veda 11 8.3, (1000 BC). In Sukra (IV, V, 94, 107-112) it is
stated that to cause healthy growth the plant should be nourished by dungs
of goat, sheep, cow, water as well as meat. A reference of manure is also
made in Vrksayurveda by surpala (manuscript, oxford, No 324 B, Six, 107-
164)
Holy Quran
(590 AD)
At least one third of what you take out from soils must be returned to it
implying recycling or post-harvest residue.

4. Why organic farming is necessary?
 Sustainable and eco-friendly technology.
 It improves quality, shelf and nutritive value of the farm
produce.
 It encourages sustainable livelihood of the producers a
well as safeguards consumers health.
 It improves the physical, chemical and biological health
of the soil.
 Promotes healthy use of the natural resources and
minimizes all forms of the pollution.
 It enhances and sustains biological diversity within the
system.

5. Key characteristics of organic farming
 Relies primarily on local, renewable resources.
 Makes efficient use of solar energy and the production
potential of biological systems.
 Maintains the fertility of the soil.
 Maximizes recycling of plant nutrients and organic matter.
 Does not use organisms or substances foreign to nature.
 Maintains diversity in the production system as well as the
agricultural landscape.
 Gives farm animal’s life conditions that correspond to their
ecological role and allow them a natural behaviour.
 Careful attention to the impact of the farming system on the
wider environment and the conservation of wildlife and natural
habitats.

6. Organic farming is a system which avoids or largely
excludes the use of synthetic inputs (Such as fertilizers,
pesticides, hormones and feed additives etc.) and to the
maximum extent feasible rely upon crop rotations, crop
residues, animal manures, off-farm organic waste
A production system that sustains the health of
soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological
processes, biodiversity and cyclical adaptation to local
conditions rather than using inputs with adverse effects.
Organic agriculture is a holistic production
management system which promotes and enhances
agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological
cycles and soil biological activity.
IFOAM
USDA, 1980
FAO

7.  Scope for bio fertilizer companies
 Bio pesticide and other allied agencies
 Women in Indian agriculture, can perform the following
functions as good as men
 Transplanting of vegetables, rice and bare root plants
 Inter cultivation of vegetable of removal of weeds and
unwanted growth
Scope

8. Major Schemes for Organic Farming
 Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
 Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North-
Eastern Regions (MOVCDNER)
 Capital Investment Subsidy Scheme (CISS) under Soil
Health Management Scheme
 National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP)
 National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

9.  Organic foods are free of harmful pesticides,
antibiotics and additives.
 They have less of any environmental impacts than
conventional farming
 Farmers can reduce their production costs since they
don’t have to spend a lot of money on chemicals and
fertilizers.
 They improve plant growth and physiological activities
of plants.
 In the long term, organic farms save energy and
protect the environment.
 More animals and plant can live in the same place in a
natural way which increases biodiversity.
 Organic farming practices help to reduce water
pollution.
 Food tastes better and is poison-free.
 The nutritional value is higher in organic foods.
Advantages of Organic Farming

10.  Organic foods are more expensive because farmers
do not get much out of their farms as much as
conventional farmers.
 Marketing and distribution are not efficient because
organic foods are prepared in a smaller amount.
 Organic foods have shorter shelves life because they
are not treated with waxes or preservatives.
 Organic Farming cannot produce enough food that the
world’s population needs to survive.
Disadvantages of Organic Farming

11. Land area of major countries under organic agriculture
S.No Name of the
Country
Area under
organic (ha)
Share % of total
agricultural area
1 Australia 35’687’799 26.1
2 Argentina 3’672’350 2.5
3 SPAIN 2’354’916 9.7
4 USA 2’326’551 0.6
5 India 2’299’222 1.3
6 France 2’240’797 11.3
7 China 2’216’000 0.4
8 Uruguay 2’143’640 15.3
9 Italy 1’993’225 15.2
10 Germany 1’993’225 9.7
Source : FIBL & IFOAM, 2019

12. Top ten state area under organic farming for the year 2022-23
S.N
o
State Name
Organic
Production
(In MT)
Conversion
Production
(In MT)
Total
Production
(MT)
1 MP 738,201.84 87,424.57 825,626.41
2 Maharashtra 724,946.90 65,380.40 790,327.30
3 Rajasthan 311,170.77 11,802.18 322,972.95
4 Karnataka 237,090.18 1.25 237,091.43
5 Uttar Pradesh 215,506.50 2,013.01 217,519.51
6 Gujarat 89,978.28 49,750.40 139,728.68
7 Odisha 64,976.16 65,100.84 130,077.00
8 J&K 50,230.38 0.00 50,230.38
9 Uttarakhand 43,954.51 0.00 43,954.51
10 Kerala 42,729.09 5.16 42,734.25
Source: APEDA, 2022-23

13. Main crops organically grown in India
Group Crops
Cereals Paddy, Wheat, Maize
Pulses Redgram, Blackgrm, Green gram and
Bengalgram
Spices Cardamom, Blackpepper, Ginger, Turmeric,
Clove and Vanila
Vegetables Okra, Brinjal, Tomato, Potato, onion, Garlic
Fruits Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Grape, Orange,
Cashew nut
Commodity Tea, Coffee
Cash crops Cotton

14. Difference between conventional farming and organic farming
Conventional Farming Organic Farming
 It is based on economical
orientation.
 Supplementing nutrients
through chemical fertilizers
 Weed control by herbicide
 Pest control by pesticide
 Livestock rarely combined
 Low input: output ratio with
pollution
 Using up soil fertility often
resulting in erosion and soil
loss
 It is based on ecological
orientation.
 Cycle of nutrients within the
farms; predominantly farm
produced materials
 Weed control by crop rotation
and cultural practices
 Pest control based on non
polluting substances
 Livestock for production and
health
 Optimum input: output ratio with
No pollution
 Maximum conservation of soils,
water quality and wild life

15. Four Principle

16. Four principles
 Principle of health
 Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the
health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and
indivisible.
 Healthy soils produce healthy crops that improve the
health of animals and people.
 Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems.
 Principle of ecology
 Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological
systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and
help sustain them
 This principle roots organic agriculture within living
ecological systems.

17.  Principle of fairness
 Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that
ensure fairness with regard to the common environment
and life opportunities.
 Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and
stewardship of the shared world, both among people and
in their relations to other living being
 Principle of care
 Organic Agriculture should be managed in a
precautionary and responsible manner to protect the
health and well-being of current and future generations
and the environment.
 This principle states that precaution and responsibility
are the key concerns in management, development and
technology choices in organic agriculture.

18. Types of organic farming
 Pure organic farming : It includes use of organic manures
and bio-pesticides with complete avoidance of inorganic
chemicals and pesticides.
 Integrated Farming : It involves Integrated Nutrient
Management (INM) and Integrated Pest Management
(IPM).
 Integrated Farming Systems : In this type, local resources
are effectively recycled by involving other components
such as poultry, fish pond, mushroom, goat rearing etc.
apart from crop components. It is a low input organic
farming.

19. Objective of organic farming
Objectives of
Organic Farming
1. Produce food
with nutritional
quality
7. Allow
satisfaction
to agricultural
producer
2. Work with
natural system
4. Use renewable
resources as
far as possible
3. Maintain and
increase soil
fertility
6. Wider social and
ecological impact
of farming system
5. Avoid
Pollution

20. Benefits of organic farming
 Increase long-term fertility of the soil
 It helps in maintaining environment health by reducing the
level of pollution
 It reduces human and animal health hazards by reducing the
level of residues in the product.
 It helps in keeping agricultural production at a higher level and
makes it sustainable.
 It reduces the cost of agricultural production and also improves
the soil health.
 It ensures optimum utilization of natural resources for short
term benefit and helps in conserving them for future
generation.
 It not only saves energy for both animal and machine, but also
reduces risk of crop failure.

21. Basic Steps of Organic Farming
 Organic farming approach involves following five
principles:
 Conversion of land from conventional management to
organic management
 Management of the entire surrounding system to ensure
biodiversity and sustainability of the system
 Crop production with the use of alternative sources of
nutrients such as crop rotation, residue management,
organic manures and biological inputs.
 Management of weeds and pests by better management
practices, physical and cultural means and by biological
control system
 Maintenance of live stock in tandem with organic concept
and make them an integral part of the entire system

22. Limitations of organic farming in India
 Small land holding
 Poor infrastructure facilities
 Lack of technology knowledge
 Convert inorganic farm
 Neighbouring farmer not well co-operate
 Organic material such as animal dung and other crop
waste used for fuel purpose
 Organic material are bulky in nature very difficult store and
high price
 City garbage contain heavy metal, plastic bags, stones and
needles.
 Bio control agent are available only few selected insect
pest.
 Complicated organic certification process and high fees
cost
 Higher human population of India.

23. Components of organic farming

24. Weed management
1. Preventive methods
 Weed free crop seed
 Weed free manure
 Clean harvesting and ploughing equipment.
 2. Cultural method
 Smother crop
 Cover crop
 Crop rotation
 Optimum plant density and line sowing
 Drip irrigation

25. • 3. Mechanical method
 Tillage
 Stale seed bed
 Hand weeding
 Hoeing
 Moving
 Mulching
 Burning
 4. Soil solrization
 5. Allelopathy
 ex : marigold :congress grass

26. Biological control
Insect Weed control
Crocidosema lantana busck moth Lantana camara
Cochineal scale Prickly pear
Flea beetle larva Alligator weed
Mexican gall fly Congress grass
Mycoherbicides
Product Content Weed control
De-Vine Phytophrhora
plamivora
Milk weed vine
Collego Colletotrichum
gloeosporiodes
Joint vetch
Bipolaris Bipolaris sorghicola Johnsongrass
Biolophos Streptomyces
hygroscopicus
General vegetation

27. Pest management
• 1. Physical method
 Mechanical control
 Light trap
 Pheromone trap
• 2. Cultural method
 Crop rotation
 Trap cropping
 Ex : cabbage: mustard (diamondback moth)
 Water management
 Adjusting time of sowing

28. Multiple effects of duck-azolla-rice farming system
Duck in Rice field (China) Duck in Rice field (China)

29. Fertilizer management
• 1. Bulky organic manures
 FYM
 Compost
 Biogas slurry
 Night soil
 Sheep and goat manure
 Poultry manure
 Green manure
 Vermicompost

30. • 2. Concentrated organic manure
 Oil cakes
 Fish meal
 Meat meal
 Blood meal
 Horn and hoof meal
 Bird guano
 Row bone meal
Fertilizer management

31. Bio-fertilizer
No. Group Example
N2 Fixing Bio fertilizer
1. Free-living Azotobacter , Beijerinka, Clostridium,
Anabanea
2 Symbiotic Rhizobium, Azolla, Frankia
3. Associtave symbiotic Azospirrlum
P Solubilising Bio fertilizer
1 Bacteria Bacillus sp, pseudomonus sp
2 Fungai Penicillum sp, Aspergillus awamori
P Mobilizing Bio fertilizer
1 Arbuscular mycorrhiza Gloumus sp, Gigaspora sp,
2 Ectomycorrhiza Laccaria Laccaria sp, Amanita sp.
3 Ericoid mycorrhizae Pezizella ericae
4 Orchid mycorrhizae Rhizoctonia solani

32. Seed treatment technique popular amongst
farmer in organic farming
• a) With cow urine
 cow urine + water (1:10)
 soak the seed in solution for 15 minutes
 dry the seed in shade and sowing.
 If better germination and prevent seed borne disease
• b) with cow milk
 Cow milk + water (1:5)
 Soak the seed in solution for 30 minutes
 Dry the seed in shade and sowing.
 It prevent yellowing of leaves and leaf spot diseases

33. • C) With wood ash
 Wood ash + water (10 gram + one litter
 Dip vegetable seed in solution for 15-30 minutes
 Dry in shade and sow immediately
 It prevent seedling root
 D) Hot water treatment
 Boil water till it reaches 550c.
 Soak the seed for 15 – 30 minutes.
 Dry seed first in shade and after in sun and stored in insect
proof container.
 It control pathogens which develop seeds when they are
stored for a long time period.

35. AGNIHOTRA

36. Thank you