This document contains multiple chemistry questions and problems related to aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. It asks students to write structures, name compounds, predict products of reactions, arrange compounds by property, and describe multi-step synthetic pathways. Sample answers are provided for some questions to demonstrate the types of transformations and reasoning required.
The document provides information about alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes questions about naming compounds, drawing structures, describing reactions involving these functional groups, predicting products, identifying reactants and products, explaining mechanisms, and more. Multiple choice and short answer questions cover topics like relative acidities, distinguishing compounds, synthesis, and determining structures based on reaction sequences.
1. The document discusses various properties and reactions of alcohols and phenols. It provides 20 multiple choice questions with answers about separating nitrophenols, dehydrating alcohols, and reactions of phenol, ethanol, and other alcohols/phenols.
2. Key topics covered include the order of ease of alcohol dehydration (tertiary > secondary > primary), reactions to convert an alkene to an alcohol using B2H6, and reactions to produce benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and other derivatives from phenol.
3. Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be done using the Lucas test,
- Volatility of organic compounds depends on the strength of intermolecular forces present. The compound with the weakest intermolecular forces and simplest structure, methane (CH4), would be the most volatile.
- Propanone reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form butanenitrile (CH3CH2CH(CN)CH3), which contains both an ester and nitrile functional group.
- Infrared spectroscopy analysis of an unknown organic compound with absorptions at 1700 cm-1 and 2800 cm-1 is most consistent with ethanal (CH3CHO), which contains a carbonyl group and C-H stretches.
B.Sc. Sem-II Unit-III (B) Aryl halides by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
The document discusses aryl halides, specifically benzyl chloride and chlorobenzene. It provides methods of synthesizing benzyl chloride from toluene and benzyl alcohol, and discusses its reactions with aqueous KOH, NH3, and sodium ethoxide. It also discusses synthesizing chlorobenzene from benzene, phenol, and benzene diazonium chloride, and the reactions of chlorobenzene with aqueous NaOH, NH3, and sodium ethoxide. The document aims to teach undergraduate chemistry students about the properties and reactions of aryl halides.
This document provides questions and problems related to haloalkanes and haloarenes. It tests understanding of IUPAC naming of haloorganic compounds, drawing their structures, comparing their physical properties and reactivity, identifying reaction mechanisms and products, and distinguishing between different types of organic reactions such as substitution and elimination. Key concepts covered include nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution, SN1 and SN2 pathways, E1 and E2 elimination, isomerism, chirality and stereochemistry.
This document summarizes the synthesis and spectral analysis of a novel benzyl derivative of ciprofloxacin (Cip-D) and its copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes. Cip-D was synthesized by reacting ciprofloxacin with benzyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine to introduce an amide group. Spectral analysis using 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy confirmed the structure of Cip-D and indicated bonding between the metal ions and Cip-D in the complexes. Analysis showed shifts in peaks for the complexes, indicating coordination between the metal ions and Cip-D. The Cip-D and its Cu(II) and Co(II)
This document provides one mark and two mark questions about alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes questions testing the ability to name compounds, write structures, and explain reactions. Key reactions covered are the reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols, hydroboration-oxidation reaction, dehydration of alcohols to alkenes, and the acidic properties of phenol. Multi-step mechanisms like the dehydration of ethanol to ethane are also explained.
This document contains a chemistry test with 45 multiple choice questions covering various topics in organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry. Some of the questions test understanding of fundamental concepts like chemical formulas, reaction mechanisms, spectroscopy techniques and chemical analysis. Other questions require applying this conceptual understanding to solve problems involving stoichiometry, equilibrium, acid-base reactions and other chemical calculations. The test evaluates a wide range of essential chemistry knowledge.
The document provides information about alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes questions about naming compounds, drawing structures, describing reactions involving these functional groups, predicting products, identifying reactants and products, explaining mechanisms, and more. Multiple choice and short answer questions cover topics like relative acidities, distinguishing compounds, synthesis, and determining structures based on reaction sequences.
1. The document discusses various properties and reactions of alcohols and phenols. It provides 20 multiple choice questions with answers about separating nitrophenols, dehydrating alcohols, and reactions of phenol, ethanol, and other alcohols/phenols.
2. Key topics covered include the order of ease of alcohol dehydration (tertiary > secondary > primary), reactions to convert an alkene to an alcohol using B2H6, and reactions to produce benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and other derivatives from phenol.
3. Distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be done using the Lucas test,
- Volatility of organic compounds depends on the strength of intermolecular forces present. The compound with the weakest intermolecular forces and simplest structure, methane (CH4), would be the most volatile.
- Propanone reacts with hydrogen cyanide to form butanenitrile (CH3CH2CH(CN)CH3), which contains both an ester and nitrile functional group.
- Infrared spectroscopy analysis of an unknown organic compound with absorptions at 1700 cm-1 and 2800 cm-1 is most consistent with ethanal (CH3CHO), which contains a carbonyl group and C-H stretches.
B.Sc. Sem-II Unit-III (B) Aryl halides by Dr Pramod R Padolepramod padole
The document discusses aryl halides, specifically benzyl chloride and chlorobenzene. It provides methods of synthesizing benzyl chloride from toluene and benzyl alcohol, and discusses its reactions with aqueous KOH, NH3, and sodium ethoxide. It also discusses synthesizing chlorobenzene from benzene, phenol, and benzene diazonium chloride, and the reactions of chlorobenzene with aqueous NaOH, NH3, and sodium ethoxide. The document aims to teach undergraduate chemistry students about the properties and reactions of aryl halides.
This document provides questions and problems related to haloalkanes and haloarenes. It tests understanding of IUPAC naming of haloorganic compounds, drawing their structures, comparing their physical properties and reactivity, identifying reaction mechanisms and products, and distinguishing between different types of organic reactions such as substitution and elimination. Key concepts covered include nucleophilic and electrophilic substitution, SN1 and SN2 pathways, E1 and E2 elimination, isomerism, chirality and stereochemistry.
This document summarizes the synthesis and spectral analysis of a novel benzyl derivative of ciprofloxacin (Cip-D) and its copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes. Cip-D was synthesized by reacting ciprofloxacin with benzyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine to introduce an amide group. Spectral analysis using 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopy confirmed the structure of Cip-D and indicated bonding between the metal ions and Cip-D in the complexes. Analysis showed shifts in peaks for the complexes, indicating coordination between the metal ions and Cip-D. The Cip-D and its Cu(II) and Co(II)
This document provides one mark and two mark questions about alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes questions testing the ability to name compounds, write structures, and explain reactions. Key reactions covered are the reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols, hydroboration-oxidation reaction, dehydration of alcohols to alkenes, and the acidic properties of phenol. Multi-step mechanisms like the dehydration of ethanol to ethane are also explained.
This document contains a chemistry test with 45 multiple choice questions covering various topics in organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry. Some of the questions test understanding of fundamental concepts like chemical formulas, reaction mechanisms, spectroscopy techniques and chemical analysis. Other questions require applying this conceptual understanding to solve problems involving stoichiometry, equilibrium, acid-base reactions and other chemical calculations. The test evaluates a wide range of essential chemistry knowledge.
LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar helps you understand and navigate your way through LinkedIn. Topics covered include learning the many elements of your profile, populating your work experience history, and understanding why a profile is more than just a resume. You will be able to identify the different features available on LinkedIn and where to focus your attention. We will teach how to create a job search agent on LinkedIn and explore job applications on LinkedIn.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
LinkedIn for Your Job Search June 17, 2024Bruce Bennett
This webinar helps you understand and navigate your way through LinkedIn. Topics covered include learning the many elements of your profile, populating your work experience history, and understanding why a profile is more than just a resume. You will be able to identify the different features available on LinkedIn and where to focus your attention. We will teach how to create a job search agent on LinkedIn and explore job applications on LinkedIn.
LinkedIn Strategic Guidelines for June 2024Bruce Bennett
LinkedIn is a powerful tool for networking, researching, and marketing yourself to clients and employers. This session teaches strategic practices for building your LinkedIn internet presence and marketing yourself. The use of # and @ symbols is covered as well as going mobile with the LinkedIn app.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. :ij
- .., ·- ...-------...._
Give na1nes of the reagents to bring about the foll . ....__
transformations: owing
• & I ► # •
le 12.I
(i) Hexan-1-ol to hexanal (HJ Cyclohexanol to cyclohe
(iii) p-Fluorotoluene to (iv) Ethanenitrile to ethana1Xanone
p-fluorobenzaldehyde
Solution
lntext
(v) Ally! alcohol to propenal
(i) C5H5NH·cr03c1-(PCC)
(iii) Cr03
in the presence
ofacetic anhydride/
I. cr02c½ 2. HOH
(v) PCC
(vi)
(ii)
(iv)
(vi)
But-2-ene to ethanaI
Anhydrous CrO3
(Diisobutyl)aluminium
hydride (DIBAL-H)
O3
/H2
O-Zn dust
--
, 12.2 Write the structures ofproducts ofthe following reactions;
0
II
- /c,
+ C H CI
Anhyd. AIC13
2 5
(l)o
(iv)
.
J
3. Arrange the follO:ing compounds in the increasing order of their £xam le 12.2
botllng points:
CH3
CH2
CH.zCHO. CH3 CI-4CH2 CH20H. H5C2 -0 -C2H5 , CH3C~CH2 CH:,
TI1e molecular n1asses of these con1pounds are in the range of 72 to
. 74. Since only butan- 1-ol n1olecules are associated due to extensive
! tntcnnolecular hydrogen bonding. therefore. the boiling point of
; butan-1-ol would be the highest. Butanal is more polar than
· ethox-ycthane. Therefore. the intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction
is stronger in the former. n-Pentane molecules have only weak van
der W•al• forces. Hence increasing order of boiling points of the
gt,·en compow1ds is as follows: ;
1 CH_
,CHlCH'lCHl < H?iCZ-O-CZH5 < CH3Cf½CH2CHO < CH3CH2CH2CH20H
' - ...-..-...__.. __
_
.,.___~
Sol"tion
5. Would you expectbenzaldehyde to be more reactive or less reactivein ,
nucleophilic addition reactions than propanal? Explain your answer. ,
Solutiott The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde is less
electrophilic than carbon atom of the carbonyl group present in ·.
co 6 propanal. The polarity ofthe carbonyl :
~ group is reduced in benzaldehydedue ;
'H to resonance as shown below and ·
< > H hence it is less reactive than propanal.
0tl
6. _,,_ •~,.. ....n._, _.._.,,..,- ._. ·• •
·· -~;.--,------- ---·· ~-··' ~-~· mpound (A) with 1nolt>-c ttlar fo nnul·i C 11
An
organic co · 1 o
d Prc
cipttatc Vith 2.4-DNP reagent nrld
~ " fon11,
orange-re •
0
tv ., a11
Solution
•
11 1
on )lcatlng with 1odlnc m t h e prcsenc" es y,11
preci~-~d
-a e It netther reduces Tollens· or Fchlings· rcag·e of sod1,ow,
hydro.'U e. B . e11t 11 urn
It ctecolourtse broJillnc watcr or a_cycr s 1-c'.1g~n t. On <lrast1~ o,or d
°" 1
with chromic acid. It gives a cai boi..-yllc a cid (Bl having 111 ><ldo11on :
,
1
'"'Ii o Identify the con1pounds (A) a n d (B) "lll d olecu1a_. ·
,onnu a '--
✓ u 2· • explain '
reactions 11wolved. lh,
(A) fomls
2
,4-DNP derivative. :11crcfore. it is an alrlchycle or a krt
Since It does not reduce Tollens or Fehling rea&
ren t. (A) musl be . k OJ1t
(A)
responds to 1odoform test. 'n1ereJorc. it s hould b e a meth ~
1
1
ketone. 1
d h h
Y t·ton ·
n,.e molecular formula of (Al In lcatcs lg degree of unsaturau '· j
it does not decolourtse bromine water or Baeyer·s reagent. ·n,tsln~;:;J'
1
i
the presence of w1saturaUon due to an aromatic rlng. "' j
con
1
pound (B). being an oxidation produc t of a kelone should bea :
c.arbo~-ylic acid. The molecular formula of (B) indicates that tt should
be benzoic acid and cornpound {A) should. th e refore, be a .
monosubstituted aromaUc n1ethyl ketone . The n10IccuJar formulaof :
(A) indicates that jt should be phenyl n1cthyl ketone (ac-ctophenonr). ;
Reactions are as foJlows: ·
0
II
C
a 'cH, +
(A)
2, 4-Dinltrophenylhydraztnc
2. 4 -0NP denvaUV~
1~mis try ,... .....fl
8. lnt<!xt l uestwtts
12.4 Arrange the following con1pounds in increasing order of their reactivity in
nucleophilic addition reactions.
(i) Ethanal. Propanal. Propanone, Butanone.
::.:, S.::-'..za}dehyde. p-Tolualdrhydr . p-Nitrobenzaldehyde. Acetophenone.
Hine: Consider steric effect and electronic effect.
12.5 Predict the products of the follo,vin~ reactions:
~+o
(i) _J ~ HO- NHl H' )
(U) r"l'70 0,)-=
V + NHi-NH ~ N OJ
)
0
II 1r
(ill) R-CH=CH-CHO + NH.,-C-NH-NH1
)
0
II
(i·)
~'Clll + Cl CCIl:.1NlIJ
1r )
9. .. ~ ,
l ~.•; r ; : l ,
l'h
, t r I ,t"
1 f ,
'. I
~
/ _
,/
,t
~ 11 q
(
, f ,.
·
:?'
I
, I
/
,,
.,,
J
10. Write chemical reactions to affect the following transformations:
(i) Butan-1-ol to butanoic acid
, (ii) Benzyl alcohol to phenylethanoic acid
lI (iii) ;3-Nitrobromobenzene to 3-nitrobenzoic acid
(iv) 4-Methylacetophenone to benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
1 (v) Cyclohexene to hexane- I,6-dioic acid
; (vi) Butanal to butanoic acid.
f.
&n!"Ple •~
11. Chemistry
(i)
Cr0 ,- 11,SO,
CH,CH,CHlCll,Oll Joni's reagrnt
Butan-1-ol
M~
ether
3-Nltrobromobenzene
0-
~o
C
"-
0 2
N OH
3-Nttrobenzot
cactd
COCH ,VCOOK
.
,v, > ctU.H
1
so
1
I .,.
(._. ' KMnO.fKOH j ~ j}COOlf
H,C KOOC ~ Jooc ~
(v)
4-Methylacetophenone
0
Cyclohexenc
Butanal
KMnO,-H2SO,
Heat
esticm
Dlpotasslum benzene-
! . 4-dicarboxylate
OOOH
OOH
Benzene- I, 4-dlcarboxylic
acid
[ferephthallc acid)
Hexane- I. 6-dlolc acid (Adtplc acid)
Butanolc acid
Show how each of the following compounds can be i
converted to benzoic acid. I
(i) Ethylbenzene (11) Acetophenone
(lli) Bromobenzene (iv) Ph~nylethene (Styrentl
12. Itttext
12.8
uestio»
Which acid of each pair shown here would you expect to be stranger?
(i) CH
3
CO2
H or C~FCO2
H (ii) CH2FCO2H or CH ClCO H .
2 2
(ill) CH2
FCH2
CH2
CO2
H or CH3CHFCH2CO2H
[iv) F3
C -0-COOH or H3C O COOH
13. 12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
t ~~rciscs
What is meant by the folloWing tem1s ? Give a n exa mple of the rea ction in
each case.
(ii) Acetal
(i) Cyanohydrin
(iv) Aldol (v) Hemiacetal
(iii) Semicarbazone
(vi) Oxime
(vii) Ketal (vii) lmine (ix) 2,4-DNP-derivative
(x) Schiff's base
Name the following compounds
(i} CH3 CH(CH:JCH2 CH2CHO
according to IUPAC system of nomenclature:
(ii) CH3 CH2COCH(C2H5)CH2CH2Cl
(ill) CH3 CH=CHCHO
(v) CH3 CH(CH:JCH2C(CH3 bCOCH3
(vii) OHCC6 H4 CHO-p
Draw the structures of the following
(i) 3-Methylbutanal
(ill) p-Methylbenzaldehyde
(v) 4-Chloropentan-2-one
(vii} p,p'-Dihydroxybenzophenone
(iv) CH3 COCH2 COCH3
(vi) (CH3) 3CCH2COOH
compounds.
(ii) p-Nitropropiophenone
(iv) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
(vi) 3-Bromo-4-phenylpentanoic acid
(viii) Hex-2-en-4-ynoic acid
Write the IUPAC names of the following ketones and aldehydes. Wherever
possible, give also common names.
(i) CH3 CO(CHJ4CH3
(iii) CH3 (CHJ5 CHO
~CHO
(v) _J
...
(ii) CH3 CH2CHBrCH2CH(CH3)CHO
(iv) Ph-CH=CH-CHO
(vi) PhCOPh
12.5 Draw structures of the following derivatives.
(i) The 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of benzaldehyde
(ii) Cyclopropanone oxime
(iii) Acetaldehydedimethylacetal
(iv) The semicarbazone of cyclobutanone
(v) The ethylene ketal of hexan-3-one
(vi) The methyl hemiacetal of formaldehyde
Aldehydes. Ketones and Carboxvl
14. Predict the products formed when cyclohexanera rbaJcteh
Y
derea
following reagmts. • e1
sI·
(I) PhMgBr and then HJO (II) Tollcns· r 1
1h
(Ill) Semlcarbazlde and weak acid Iv) Excrss C
lhano1
( eagen1
(v) Zinc amalgam and dllute hydrochloric acid and aetQ
Which of the follo1ng compo~nds would undergo aldol condensatt
the Cannizzaro reaction and wluch neither? Write the structures of t 0n, rlue
products of aldol condensation and Cannizzaro reactton. he e)(J)eet~~
(
I) Methanal (II) 2-Methylpentanal (Iii) BenzaJct h .
(iv) Benzophenone (v) Cyc o exanone vi) l-Pheny1
I h ( e Yde
(vii) Phenylacetaldehyde (viii) Butan-l-ol (ix) 2,2•Dirne~~0Panone
12.8 How will you convert ethanal Into the following compounds? Ylbutanai
(!) Butane 1.3-diol (Ill But-2-enal (ill) But-2-enoic acict t
Write structural formulas and names of four possible aldol co d
products from propanal and butanal. In each case, indicate Whtc~ ensatton
acts as nucleophile and which as electrophlle. aldehyde
1
. d C<>nnl-~- tl ' enva0v
12 10 An organic compound with the molecular formula CJI100 fonns 2 4-DNp d
1
reduces Tollens' reagent and un ergoes "-'UULJ..d.10 reac on. On vigorous OlCld e,
It gives 1,2-benzeneclicarboxylic acid. Identify the compound. atlon, !
12.11 An organic compound (Al (molecular formula CsH1sO:J was hydrolysed ,
dilute sulphuric acid to give a carboxylic acid (Bl and an alcohol (CJ. OXJcta~~ i
of (C) with chromic acid produced (B). (C) on dehydration gives but-I-en: ·
Write equations for the reactions involved. · ,
12.12 Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their property as Indicated: r
(I) Acetaldehyde, Acetone. Di -tert-butyl ketone, Methyl tert-butyl ket I
)
one .
(reactivity towards HCN t
(ill CH3
CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH, (CH:ihCHCOOH, .
CH3CH2CH2
COOH (acid strength)
(ill) Benzotc acid, 4-Nltrobenzoic acid, 3,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid,
4-Methoxybenzoic acid (acid strength)
12.13 Give simple chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs ofcompounds.I
(1) Propanal and Propanone (ii) Acetophenone and Benzophenone !
(ill) Phenol and Benzolc acid (iv) Benzoic acid and Ethyl benwate
(v) Pentan-2-one and Pentan-3-one (vi) Benzaldehyde and Acetophenone
(vU) Ethanal and Propanal
12.14 How will you prepare the following compounds from benzene? You may use:
any inorganic reagent and any organic reagent having not more than ont
carbon atom
• (1) Methyl benzoate
(ill) p-Nttrobenzoic acid (11) m-Nitrobenzotc actd
(Iv) Phenylacetic acid
(v) p-Nltrobenzaldehyde.
12.15 How will you bring about the folllJwtng conversions 1n not more than two steps?
(1) Propanone to Propene (U) Benzotc acid to Ben:zaldehyde
UH) Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal (iv) Benzene to m-Nltroacetophenonr
(v) Benzaldehyde to Benzophenone (vt) Bromobenzene to 1-Phenytethano
{vii) Benzaldehyde to 3-Phenylpropan-1-ol
(vlU) Benazatdehyde to a-Hydroxyphenylacettc acid
(ix) Benzotc acid to m- NitrobenzyI alcohol
12.16 Descrtbe the followtng:
~ (1) AcetylaUon
(ill) Cross aldol condensatton (U) CannJzzaro reaction
(tv) Decarboxylauon
15. each synthesis b y giving missin g s t arting mat<:rl.l, n·.i~n1 or µ, 1J<l11c1"'
1ete
coit'P cH Cl-l3 ( XCOOH
J,.,1 ~ ' KMnO. (ii) I ✓.:::, ~OCI,
(I} u KOH. heat COOH heat
H~CONHNH,
dil.NaOH
b.
0~
(iv) .,,~
O CHO NaCN / HCI
(vi)
COOH
(1) NaBH ,
(viii) CH3COCH2COOC,H.
{ii) H
Q-cHO
8 Gtve plausible explanation for each of the following:
12
'
1
(l) Cyclohexanone forms cyanohydrtn in good yield but 2.2.6-trtmethylcyclo-
hexanone does not. .
(ii) There are two -NH2 groups in sernicarbazide. However. only one is involved
in the formation of semicarbazones.
(iii) During the preparation of esters from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in
the presence of an acid catalyst, the water or the ester should be removed
as soon as tt is formed
12.19 An organic compound contains 69.77% carbon. 11.63% hydrogen and rest oxygen.
The molecular mass of the compound is 86. It does not reduce Tollens· reagent
but forms an addition compound with sodium hydrogensulphite and give positive
iodofonn test. On vigorous oxidation it gives ethanoic and propanoic acid. Wrtte
the possible structure of the compound.
12
·20 Although phenoxide ion has more number of resonating structures than
carboxylate ton carboxylic acid is a stronger acid than phenol. Why?
12.1
Answers to Some lnten Questions
CHsO 0
I 11 ·
(i) HsC-CH-C-H
OH O
(U) li,C~H-C"2-1!-H
WI) Q-cHo
OH
0
II
(iv) CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CHO
CH3 0 CH3
(v) CH3CH}:ttJLtH-CH2CH,
0
-0-
11
(vij F C-CH3