The document discusses different types of powers: - Expressed/enumerated powers are those specifically named in a constitution like the power to declare war. - Implied powers are those necessary to fulfill duties but not explicitly mentioned like regulating interstate commerce. - Incident powers are those not expressly granted but exist to accomplish express purposes. It also discusses the legislative, executive, and judicial branches and their different powers like the judiciary's power to interpret laws. Quasi-judicial bodies are also discussed and compared to courts. Examples like tribunals are provided. Finally, administrative decision making in organizations is outlined as decisions made by leaders to balance competing stakeholder interests.

1. presentation

2.  A)Expressed powers are those specifically
named in the Constitution. They are sometimes
called delegated powers or enumerated powers
 Expressed powers are the powers EXPRESSED
in the constitution and granted to the Federal
Government..or are powers that are expressly
provided for by the statutory provisions
for example, the power to declare war and
negotiate treaties lies with the federal
government as granted by the constitution.
example in Somali constitution article 90(A-Q)

3.  B)Implied powers are authoritative actions
that aren't specifically granted to Congress in
the Constitution but are considered necessary
to fulfill governmental duties Implied powers
are everything else.. Any powers NOT
mentioned in the constitution. It can be
IMPLIED that these powers are left to the
states.

4.  C)Incident power means a power that is not
expressly granted but which exists for the
accomplishment of an express purpose. It is
also called as incidental power.
 Apart from the above definition, the term
incident power is commonly referred as the
product of the outgoing current and voltage,
from a transmitter, traveling down a
transmission line to the antenna.

5.  A)Legislative poweris the power of The
legislative branch of government that is
responsible for enacting the laws of the state
and appropriating the money necessary to
operate the government. And has ability to
make laws


6.  Is power of The executive branch of
government that is responsible for
implementing and administering the public
policy enacted and funded by the legislative
branch.

7.  is the power of The judicial branch that is
responsible for interpreting the constitution
and laws and applying their interpretations to
controversies brought before it.
 The constitutional authority vested in courts
and judges to hear and decide justifiable cases,
and to interpret, and enforce or void, statutes
when disputes arise over their scope or
constitutionality.

8.  A)There are some key differences between
judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, in that:

 Judicial decisions are bound by precedent in
common law, whereas quasi-judicial decisions
usually are not so bound;
 In the absence of precedent in common law,
judicial decisions may create new law, whereas
quasi-judicial decisions must be based on
conclusions of existing law;

9.  Quasi-judicial bodies need not follow strict
judicial rules of evidence and procedure;
 Quasi-judicial bodies must hold formal
hearings only if mandated to do so under their
governing laws or regulations
 A court may not be a judge in its own cause,
but a quasi-judicial body may both be a party
in a matter and also issue a decision thereon;

10.  Some examples of quasi-judicial bodies are :-
 1.National Human Rights Commission
2.State Human Rights Commission (established
at each state)
3.Central Information Commission
4.State Information Commission (established at
each state)
5.National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission
6.StateConsumer Disputes Redressal
Commission (established at each state)

11.  7.Competition Commission of India
8.Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
9.Railway Claims Tribunal
10.Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
11.Intellectual Property Appellate Tribunal
12.Central Excise and Service Tax Appellate
Tribunal
13.Banking Ombudsman
14.Income tax Ombudsman


12.  is any legal opinion published according to law
that is not a rule promulgated by a court. Judicial
decisions comprise the common law
 Judicial decision used in common parlance would
mean any determination involving application of
judicial mind. Application of judicial mind would
mean the presence of legal reasoning. A judicial
mind means a court or any body authorised to
decide on the matter/issue at hand.

13.  The terms associated with judicial decisions are
as follows.
 Decree/order are the 'formal expression of an
adjudication' or conclusive determination of
rights.
 Judgement is 'statement of the grounds of a
decree or order'. It is the reasoning behind
passing the decree or order

14.  In organizations, administrative decision making refers to
the process used to make key or strategic decisions by a
single individual or a small group. In democratic systems,
these decision makers are usually expected to get advice
from affected parties and then to make a decision that
advances the interests of the whole organization. Such
decisions are also expected to resolve the interests of
competing stakeholders. Administrative decision makers
may be business owners, department heads, government
officials, mayors, or governors. While administrative
decision making processes are widely used and can be very
efficient, the effectiveness of the processes depend upon the
skill, wisdom and altruism of the decision maker(s).

15. End