additional.pptx

Parts of C++ Program
Prepared By
Mr. Hule Kuldeep(ME-CSE)
Unit-O

2
Thursday, December 28, 2023
Fundamentals of Object-Oriented
Programming
Unit Objectives
1. To introduce basic C++ Program.
2. To explain input & output operations.
3. To introduce Tokens
4. To explain Basic Datatypes.
5. To explain Operators
6. To explain Decision Making statements.
7. To explain Looping Control Statements.
8. To explain Branching Statements.
Unit Contents
1. Basic C++ Program
2. Input & Output Operation
3. Tokens
4. Basic Datatypes
5. C++ Operators
6. Decision Making Statements
7. Looping Control Statements
8. Branching Statements

3
Simple C++ Program Continued…
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//This is First C++ Program
cout<<"Welcome to C++!!!";
return 0;
}

4
Simple C++ Program Continued…

5
To explain Basic Input/ Output
 C++ I/O operation is using the stream concept.
 Stream is the sequence of bytes or flow of data. It makes the performance fast.
 If bytes flow from main memory to device like printer, display screen, or a network connection, etc, this is
called as output operation.
 If bytes flow from device like printer, display screen, or a network connection, etc to main memory, this is
called as input operation.

6
I/O Library Header Files
Header File Function and Description
<iostream> It is used to define the cout, cin and cerr objects, which correspond to standard output
stream, standard input stream and standard error stream, respectively.
<iomanip> It is used to declare services useful for performing formatted I/O, such as setprecision
and setw.
<fstream> It is used to declare services for user-controlled file processing.

7
Standard output stream (cout)
 Concept: Use the cout object to display information on the computer’s screen.
 cout is a predefined object of ostream class.
 It is connected with the standard output device, which is usually a display screen.
 The cout is used in conjunction with stream insertion operator (<<) to display the output on a console
 Let's see the simple example of standard output stream (cout):
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
char ary[] = "Welcome to C++";
cout << "Value of ary is: " << ary << endl;
}
Output: Value of ary is: Welcome to C++

8
#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "Your age is: " << age << endl;
}
Output: Enter your age: 22
Your age is: 22
Standard Input stream (cin)
• Standard input stream (cin)
• The cin is a predefined object of istream class. It is connected with the standard input device, which is usually a keyboard.
• The cin is used in conjunction with stream extraction operator (>>) to read the input from a console.
• The cin object may be used to gather multiple values at once.
• Let's see the simple example of standard input stream (cin):
cin >> 22
Object Extraction operator Variable

9
Tokens in C++
 Tokens act as building blocks of a
program.
 Just like a living cell is the smallest
possible unit of life,
 Tokens in C++ are referred to as the
smallest individual units in a
program.

12
Basic Datatypes
 The basic data types are integer-based and floating-
point based.
 C++ language supports both signed and unsigned
literals.
 The memory size of basic data types may change
according to 32 or 64 bit operating system.
Data Types Memory Size Range
Float (single
precision)
4 bytes ±3.4E-38 & ±3.4E38
double(double
precision)
8 bytes ±1.7E-308 & ±1.7E308
long double 8 bytes ±1.7E-308 & ±1.7E308
long int 4 bytes -2,147,483 to
+2,147,483,647
signed long
int
4 bytes 0 to +2,147,483,647

13
C++ Variable
 A variable is a name of memory location. It is used to store data.
 Its value can be changed and it can be reused many times.
 It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily identified.
 Syntax:
type variable_list;
 The example of declaring variable is given below:
int x;
float y;
char z;
 Here, x, y, z are variables and int, float, char are data types.
 Note:
 You must have a definition for every variable you intend to use in a program.
 In C++, variable definitions can appear at any point in the program.
 This line does not print anything on the computer’s screen. It runs silently behind the scenes, storing a value in RAM.
1. Define the type of container
2. Give the container a label
3. Put a value in the container
4. Use that container.

14
C++ Operators
 An operator is simply a symbol that is used to
perform operations.
 There are following 3 major types of operators
to perform different types of operations in C++
 These terms/types reflect the number of
operands an operator requires.
 Values used with operators to form expressions
are called “operands” – in the expression 2 + 3
the numerical values 2 and 3 are the operands

15
Unary Operators
 Concept: Unary operators only require a single operand. For example, consider the following expression:
−5
 The literal 5 is preceded by the minus sign. The minus sign, when used this way, is called the negation operator. Since it
only requires one operand, it is a unary operator.
 Table lists all of C++’s Unary operators:
 Increment operator(++) increases the value of its operand by 1
 Decrement operator(--) decreases the value of its operand by 1
Operator Meaning Example
+ Plus b=+a
- Minus b=-a
++ Increment b=a++
-- Decrement b=a--
Increment/
Decrement
Operator
Prefix
• Example:
b=++a
Postfix
• Example:
b=a++

16
Arithmetic Operators
 Concept: There are many operators for manipulating numeric values and performing arithmetic operations.
 Arithmetic operations are very common in programming. Table shows a common arithmetic operators in C++:
 Each of these operators works as you probably expect.
 Note: It is important to note that when both of the division operator’s operands are integers, the result of the division
will also be an integer. If the result has a fractional part, it will be thrown away.
 For example, suppose we need to write a program that calculates and displays an employee’s total wages for the week.

17
Relational Operators
 Concept: Relational operators allow you to compare numeric and char values and determine whether one is greater than, less than,
equal to, or not equal to another.
 Numeric data is compared in C++ by using relational operators. Each relational operator determines whether a specific relationship
exists between two values.
 Table lists all of C++’s relational operators:
 All of the relational operators are binary, which means they use two operands. Here is an example of an expression using the
greater-than operator: x > y
 This expression is called a relational expression .
 Note: All the relational operators have left-to-right associativity. Recall that associativity is the order in which an operator works
with its operands.

18
Relational Operators
 As relational expression gives value either true or false.
 In C++, relational expressions represent true states with the number 1 and false states with the number 0.
 Table shows examples some of statements using relational expressions and their outcomes.
Que. Assuming x is 5, y is 6, and z is 8,
indicate by circling the T or F whether each of
the following relational expressions is true or
false:
A) x == 5 T F
B) 7 <= (x + 2) T F
C) z < 4 T F
D) (2 + x) != y T F
E) z != 4 T F
F) x >= 9 T F
G) x <= (y * 2) T F

19
Logical Operators
 Concept: Logical operators connect two or more relational expressions into one or reverse the logic of an
expression.
 Tables lists C++’s logical operators & its truth table:

20
Logical Operators
Que: Assume the variables a = 2 , b = 4 , and c = 6 . Indicate by circling the T or F if each of the
following conditions is true or false:
1. a == 4 || b > 2 T F
2. 6 <= c && a > 3 T F
3. 1 != b && c != 3 T F
4. a >= -1 || a <= b T F
5. !(a > 2) T F

21
Ternary or Conditional Operator
 Concept: This operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false condition then returns one of two specified values
depending on the result of the evaluation.
 It provides a shorthand method of expressing a simple if/else statement.
 The operator consists of the question-mark (?) and the colon (:). Its format is:
expression ? expression : expression;
 Example:
x < 0 ? y = 10 : z = 20;
 The statement above is called a conditional expression and consists of three sub-expressions separated by the ? and :
symbols. The expressions are x < 0 , y = 10 , and z = 20 , as illustrated here:
x < 0 ? y = 10 : z = 20;
 NOTE: Since it takes three operands, the conditional operator is considered a ternary operator.
1st Expression:
Expression to be tested.
3rd Expression:
Executes if the 1st expression is false.
2nd Expression: Executes if the 1st expression is true.
Programming Example

22
Assignment Operators
 Concept: : You can use the assignment operator to assign value to variable or constant.
 All except the simple = assignment operator are a shorthand form of a longer expression so each
equivalent is given for clarity:

23
Special Assignment Expressions
Type Example Descrption
Chained Assignment X=(y=10);
Or
X=y=10;
First 10 assigned to y & then X. Cannot be used to initialize
variables at the time of declaration. For example:
float a=b=12.34; //Invalid
float a=12.34,b=12.34; //valid
Embedded Assignment X=(y=50)+10; (y=50) is assignment expression known as embedded
assignment. Here value 50 is assigned to y & then result
50+10=60 is assigned to x.
Compound Assignment x=x+10
may written as
x+=10;
Combination of assignment operator with a binary arithmetic
operator.
The += is known as compound/ short hand assignment
operator.

24
Bitwise Operators
 Concept: : You can perform manipulations of data at bit level.
 These operators are also perform shifting of bits from right to left.
 Tip: These operators are not applied to float or double.
Operator Description Explanation
& Bitwise AND It take pair of bits from each position, and if only both bit is 1, result
on that position will be 1.
| Bitwise OR It will take pair of bits from each position & if any one of the bit is 1
the result on that position will be 1 else 0.
^ Bitwise XOR It will take pair of bits from each position, & if both bits are different,
result on that position will be 1. else 0.
<< Left shift It will shift the bits towards left for the given number of times.
>> Right shift It will shift the bits towards right for the given number of times.

25
Session 4: Control Structure
Contents:
1. Decision Making Structure
2. Looping Structure
3. Loop Control / Branching Statements in C++

26
Decision Making Structure
 Conditional statement or decision making statement allows to make a decision, based on a condition.
 It specifies one or more conditions to be tested or evaluated by the programmer.
 Following are the types of decision making statements:
1. if Statement
2. if . . . else Statement
3. Nested if Statements
4. switch Statement:
 NOTE:
 In most editors, each time you press the tab key, you are indenting one level.
 Indentation and spacing are for the human readers of a program, not the compiler. Even though the cout
statement following the if statement, the semicolon still terminates the if statement.
 Don’t Confuse with == and =

27
1. if Statement
 If statement is the simplest way to modify the control
flow of program.
 It is a conditional branching statement.
 This statement consists of a boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
 Syntax:
if (condition)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
….
….
….
}
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
cout<<“Enter 2 numbers:”;
cin>>num1>>num2;
if(num1 < num2)
{
cout<<"Num2 is greater";
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter 2 numbers:25 52
Num2 is greater

28
2. if… else Statement
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
cout<<"Enter two numbers:";
cin>>num1>>num2;
if(num1<num2)
cout<<"Num2 is greater”;
else
cout<<"Num1 is greater “;
return 0;
}
Output:
Num2 is greater
Syntax:
if(Condition)
{
Statements;
}
else
{
Statements;
}

29
3. Nested If . . . Else Statement
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
cout<<"Enter two numbers:";
cin>>num1>>num2;
if(num1 > num2)
cout<<"Num1 is greater ";
else if(num2> num1)
cout<<"Num2 is greater”;
else
cout<<"Both nums are
same.";
return 0;
} Output:
Both nums are same.
Syntax:
if(Condition)
{
Statements;
}
else if (Condition n)
{
Statements;
}
else
{
Statements;
}

30
4. switch Statement
• Rules for Switch statement:
1. Switch case should have at most one default
label.
2. Default case is optional.
3. Case labels must be unique, end with colon,
integral type and have constant expression.
4.Break statement takes control out of the
switch and two or more cases may share one
break statement.
5. Relational operators are not allowed in
Switch statement.
6.Macro identifier and Const variable are
allowed in switch case statement.
7.Empty switch case is allowed.
8.Nesting switch is allowed.
9.Default case can be placed anywhere in the
Switch statement.
Syntax:
switch (Expression)
{
case condition1:
//Statements;
break;
case condition2:
//Statements;
break;
….
….
case condition n;
//Statements;
break;
default:
//Statement;
}
Example

31
Looping Structure
 Looping structure allows to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.
 It provides the following types of loops to handle the looping requirements:
1. while Loop
2. do . . . While Loop
3. For Loop
 Concept of Counter: a counter is variable that is regularly incremented or decremented each
time a loop iterate.

32
1. while Loop
 While loop allows to repeatedly run
the same block of code, until a given
condition becomes true.
 It is called an entry-controlled loop
statement and used for repetitive
execution of the statements.
 The loop iterates while the condition
is true. If the condition becomes
false, the program control passes to
the next line of the code.
 Syntax:
while (Condition)
{
//Statements;
}
Fibonacci series program
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int num1 = 0, num2 = 1, num3 = 0;
cout<<"Fibonacci Series:"<<endl;
while(num2 <= 10)
{
num3 = num1 + num2;
num1 = num2;
num2 = num3;
cout<<num3<<“ “;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Fibonacci Series: 1 2 3 5 8 13

33
2. do __while Loop
 It is executed at least once, even if the
condition is false.
 It is called as an exit-controlled loop
statement.
 This loop does not test the condition
before going into the loop. The
condition will be checked after the
execution of the body that means at
the time of exit.
 It is guaranteed to execute the
program at least one time.
 Syntax:
do
{
//Statements;
} while (Condition);
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int a,b;
double ave;
char again;
do {
cout<<"Enter the value of a & b";
cin>>a>>b;
ave=(a+b)/2;
cout<<"Average of Both is "<<ave;
cout<<"n Want another set(Y/N):";
fflush(stdin);
cin>>again;
}while(again=='y'||again=='Y’);
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the value of a & b55 22
Average of Both is 38
Do you want another set(Y/N):y
Enter the value of a & b11 22
Average of Both is 16
Do you want another set(Y/N):n

34
3. for Loop
 For loop is a compact form of looping.
 It is used to execute some statements repetitively
for a fixed number of times.
 It is also called as entry-controlled loop.
 It is similar to while loop with only difference that
it continues to process block of code until a given
condition becomes false and it is defined in a
single line.
 It includes three important parts:
1. Loop Initialization
2. Test Condition
3. Iteration: increment/decrement
 All the above parts come in a single line separated
by semicolon (;).
 Syntax:
for(initialization; test-condition; iteration)
{
//Statements;
}
#include<iostream>
int main()
{
int num;
cout<<"Enter the number:";
cin>>num;
cout<<"nTable for "<<num<<“is:";
for(int i=1;i<=10;i++)
cout<<" "<<i*num;
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the number:5
Table for 5 is:
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

35
Loop Control / Branching Statements in C++
 These control statements are used to change the normal sequence of execution of loop.
 It provides the following types of loop Control/branching structures:
1. break Statement
2. continue Statement
3. goto Statemen
 Concept of flag: A flag is a Boolean or integer variable that signals when a condition exists.
 When the flag variable is set to false , it indicates that the condition does not exist. When the
flag variable is set to true , it means the condition does exist.

36
1. break Statement
 Break statement is
used to terminate loop
or switch statements.
 It is used to exit a loop
early, breaking out of
the enclosing curly
braces.
 Syntax: break;
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int cnt = 0,num;
cout<<"Where U want to stop bet. 0-10:";
cin>>num;
cout<<"Value: ";
do
{
cout<<" "<<cnt;
cnt++;
if(cnt==num)
break; //terminate the loop
}while(cnt<10);
return 0;
}
Output:
Where U want to stop bet. 0- 10:8
Value: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

37
1. break Statement
 Continue statement skips the
remaining code block.
 This statement causes the loop to
continue with the next iteration.
 It is used to suspend the
execution of current loop
iteration and transfer control to
the loop for the next iteration.
 Syntax: continue;
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int cnt = 0,num;
cout<<"Enter the Range:";
cin>>num;
cout<<"All Odd Numbers:";
for(;cnt<=num;cnt++)
{
if(cnt%2!=0)
cout<<" "<<cnt;
else
continue; //continue the loop
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Enter the Range:11
All Odd Numbers: 1 3 5 7 9 11

38
1. goto Statement
 Goto statement transfers the current
execution of program to some other
part.
 It provides an unconditional jump
from goto to a labeled statement in
the same function.
 It makes difficult to trace the control
flow of program and should be
avoided in order to make smoother
program.
 Syntax:
goto label;
.
label: Statement;
Label is an identifier that identifies a
labeled statement, followed by a colon (:).
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{
int no = 0;
label1:do
{
if( no == 4)
{
no = no + 1; //Skip the iteration
goto label1;
}
cout << "Value : " << no << endl;
no = no + 1;
}while( no < 5 );
return 0;
}
Output:
Values Are : 0 1 2 3 5

For any query: Email: kuldeephule@aitpune.edu.in
Contact No:8668277166
Web portal: www.hulekuldeep.weebly.com

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