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A NOVEL THIN CLIENT ARCHITECTURE WITH HYBRID PUSH-PULL MODEL, ADAPTIVE DISPLA...ijasuc
The advent of cloud computing has driven away the notion of having sophisticated hardware devices for
performing computing intensive tasks. This feature is very essential for resource-constrained devices. In
mobile cloud computing, it is sufficient that the device be a thin client i.e. which concentrates solely on
providing a graphical user interface to the end-user and the processing is done in the cloud. We focus on
adaptive display virtualization where the display updates are computed in advance using synchronization
techniques and classifying the job as computationally intensive or not based on the complexity of the
program and the interaction pattern. Based on application, the next possible key-press is identified and
those particular frames are pre-fetched into the local buffer. Based on these two factors, a decision is
then made whether to execute the job locally or in the cloud or whether we must take the next frame from
the local buffer or pull it from server. Jobs requiring greater interaction are executed locally in the
mobile to reduce interaction delay. If a job is to be executed in the cloud, then the results of the
processing alone are sent via the network to the device. The parameters are varied in runtime based on
network conditions and application parameters to minimise the interaction delay.
1) The document discusses route optimization techniques for solving the triangle routing problem in Mobile IPv4, specifically evaluating the performance of the Internet Service Provider Mobile Border Gateway (ISP MBG) scheme.
2) It provides background on Mobile IP, the triangle routing problem, and introduces the ISP MBG technique for optimizing routes.
3) The study evaluates the performance of ISP MBG by varying system parameters like number of nodes and zones, finding it provides shorter transmission times compared to conventional Mobile IP.
This document discusses security issues in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing and describing its service models and deployment models. It then identifies several key security issues in cloud computing, including security, privacy, reliability, lack of open standards, compliance, and concerns about long-term viability of data. Security is identified as the top challenge according to a survey of IT executives. The document argues that more must be done to address security, privacy, and other issues in order to fully realize the potential of cloud computing.
A website application developer struggles to address two mobilespecific variables: the differences in mobile devices’ display and processing capabilities, and the per-session variability in connection throughput.Neither of these variables can be mitigated by legacy CDN services because mobile users receive more dynamic content, which cannot be cached by traditional CDN services.
Mobile Applications on an Elastic and Scalable 2-Tier Cloud ArchitectureReza Rahimi
The document proposes MAPCloud, a mobile application platform that uses a two-tier cloud architecture. The first tier is a public cloud for scalability. The second tier uses local clouds or cloudlets for lower latency. It formulates the resource allocation problem and presents CRAM, a heuristic algorithm that combines simulated annealing and greedy approaches to optimize allocation for quality of service factors like price, power usage, and delay. CRAM also uses R-trees to efficiently retrieve nearby cloud services.
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industryStudying
This document discusses cloud computing and its architecture. It defines cloud computing as using internet and remote servers to maintain data and applications, allowing more efficient computing through centralized resources. The document outlines the three layers of cloud computing: Applications, Platforms, and Infrastructure. Applications are software delivered as a service. Platforms provide computing platforms and tools without managing underlying hardware. Infrastructure provides virtualized computer systems and resources as a utility service.
Introductory Approach on Ad-hoc Networks and its Paradigms IJORCS
This document provides an introductory overview of ad-hoc networks, including:
1) A definition of ad-hoc networks as decentralized wireless networks that self-configure without preexisting infrastructure;
2) A discussion of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks as examples of ad-hoc networks;
3) An overview of challenges in providing quality of service in ad-hoc networks given their dynamic topology.
Cloud Computing for hand-held Devices:Enhancing Smart phones viability with C...IOSR Journals
This document discusses computation offloading from mobile devices to the cloud in order to save energy and extend battery life. It begins by introducing cloud computing and how it can provide shared resources to devices like smartphones. Computation offloading involves moving intensive processes from mobile devices to more powerful servers in the cloud. This reduces the computation done on the mobile device, saving energy. The document analyzes several research papers on computation offloading and mobile cloud computing. It discusses the benefits of offloading like extended battery life and improved reliability. It also examines challenges like low bandwidth, availability issues, and security concerns. Overall, the document argues that computation offloading to the cloud can help minimize mobile energy usage and increase battery life.
A NOVEL THIN CLIENT ARCHITECTURE WITH HYBRID PUSH-PULL MODEL, ADAPTIVE DISPLA...ijasuc
The advent of cloud computing has driven away the notion of having sophisticated hardware devices for
performing computing intensive tasks. This feature is very essential for resource-constrained devices. In
mobile cloud computing, it is sufficient that the device be a thin client i.e. which concentrates solely on
providing a graphical user interface to the end-user and the processing is done in the cloud. We focus on
adaptive display virtualization where the display updates are computed in advance using synchronization
techniques and classifying the job as computationally intensive or not based on the complexity of the
program and the interaction pattern. Based on application, the next possible key-press is identified and
those particular frames are pre-fetched into the local buffer. Based on these two factors, a decision is
then made whether to execute the job locally or in the cloud or whether we must take the next frame from
the local buffer or pull it from server. Jobs requiring greater interaction are executed locally in the
mobile to reduce interaction delay. If a job is to be executed in the cloud, then the results of the
processing alone are sent via the network to the device. The parameters are varied in runtime based on
network conditions and application parameters to minimise the interaction delay.
1) The document discusses route optimization techniques for solving the triangle routing problem in Mobile IPv4, specifically evaluating the performance of the Internet Service Provider Mobile Border Gateway (ISP MBG) scheme.
2) It provides background on Mobile IP, the triangle routing problem, and introduces the ISP MBG technique for optimizing routes.
3) The study evaluates the performance of ISP MBG by varying system parameters like number of nodes and zones, finding it provides shorter transmission times compared to conventional Mobile IP.
This document discusses security issues in cloud computing. It begins by defining cloud computing and describing its service models and deployment models. It then identifies several key security issues in cloud computing, including security, privacy, reliability, lack of open standards, compliance, and concerns about long-term viability of data. Security is identified as the top challenge according to a survey of IT executives. The document argues that more must be done to address security, privacy, and other issues in order to fully realize the potential of cloud computing.
A website application developer struggles to address two mobilespecific variables: the differences in mobile devices’ display and processing capabilities, and the per-session variability in connection throughput.Neither of these variables can be mitigated by legacy CDN services because mobile users receive more dynamic content, which cannot be cached by traditional CDN services.
Mobile Applications on an Elastic and Scalable 2-Tier Cloud ArchitectureReza Rahimi
The document proposes MAPCloud, a mobile application platform that uses a two-tier cloud architecture. The first tier is a public cloud for scalability. The second tier uses local clouds or cloudlets for lower latency. It formulates the resource allocation problem and presents CRAM, a heuristic algorithm that combines simulated annealing and greedy approaches to optimize allocation for quality of service factors like price, power usage, and delay. CRAM also uses R-trees to efficiently retrieve nearby cloud services.
Cloud computing: new challenge to the entire computer industryStudying
This document discusses cloud computing and its architecture. It defines cloud computing as using internet and remote servers to maintain data and applications, allowing more efficient computing through centralized resources. The document outlines the three layers of cloud computing: Applications, Platforms, and Infrastructure. Applications are software delivered as a service. Platforms provide computing platforms and tools without managing underlying hardware. Infrastructure provides virtualized computer systems and resources as a utility service.
Introductory Approach on Ad-hoc Networks and its Paradigms IJORCS
This document provides an introductory overview of ad-hoc networks, including:
1) A definition of ad-hoc networks as decentralized wireless networks that self-configure without preexisting infrastructure;
2) A discussion of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks as examples of ad-hoc networks;
3) An overview of challenges in providing quality of service in ad-hoc networks given their dynamic topology.
Cloud Computing for hand-held Devices:Enhancing Smart phones viability with C...IOSR Journals
This document discusses computation offloading from mobile devices to the cloud in order to save energy and extend battery life. It begins by introducing cloud computing and how it can provide shared resources to devices like smartphones. Computation offloading involves moving intensive processes from mobile devices to more powerful servers in the cloud. This reduces the computation done on the mobile device, saving energy. The document analyzes several research papers on computation offloading and mobile cloud computing. It discusses the benefits of offloading like extended battery life and improved reliability. It also examines challenges like low bandwidth, availability issues, and security concerns. Overall, the document argues that computation offloading to the cloud can help minimize mobile energy usage and increase battery life.
M2C2: A Mobility Management System For Mobile Cloud ComputingKaran Mitra
Mobile devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. Applications
running on these devices may avail storage and compute resources from
the cloud(s). Further, a mobile device may also connect to heterogeneous
access networks (HANs) such as WiFi and LTE to provide ubiquitous
network connectivity to mobile applications. These devices have limited
resources (compute, storage and battery) that may lead to service
disruptions. In this context, mobile cloud computing enables offloading
of computing and storage to the cloud. However, applications running
on mobile devices using clouds and HANs are prone to unpredictable
cloud workloads, network congestion and handoffs. To run these applications
efficiently the mobile device requires the best possible cloud and
network resources while roaming in HANs. This paper proposes, develops
and validates a novel system called M2C2 which supports mechanisms
for: i.) multihoming, ii.) cloud and network probing, and iii.) cloud
and network selection. We built a prototype system and performed extensive
experimentation to validate our proposed M2C2. Our results
analysis shows that the proposed system supports mobility efficiently
in mobile cloud computing.
Paper can be downloaded from: http://karanmitra.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/MitraetalLTUWCNC_Preprint2015.pdf
The document summarizes an online business management system implemented using a hybrid cloud architecture. Key points:
1. The system uses a hybrid cloud to provide faster access to business transactions and management. This allows small, large, B2B and B2C businesses to use e-commerce for management.
2. A hybrid cloud combines internal private cloud services with external public cloud services, enhancing capabilities for secure, managed and governed cloud services.
3. The system was implemented using PHP for the application and SQL Azure for backend database connectivity. It provides modules for registration, dashboards, customer management, billing, organizing, and generating reports.
With a rapid growth of the mobile applications and development of cloud computing concept, mobile cloud
computing (MCC) has been introduced to be a potential technology for mobile services. MCC integrates the cloud
computing into the mobile environment and overcomes obstacles related to the performance, security etc discussed in
mobile computing. This paper gives an overview of the MCC including the definition, architecture, and applications. The
issues, existing solutions and approaches are presented.
The document discusses how datacenter networks are evolving from fixed, hierarchical designs optimized for client/server transactions to dynamic networks better suited to cloud computing and big data needs. This requires flattening network topologies, converging server and storage networks onto high-speed Ethernet fabrics, and introducing more intelligence and flexibility at the network edge to support virtualized, application-driven workloads. The network must be able to quickly and reliably handle increased server-to-server traffic within the datacenter in order to enable real-time analytics across massive and diverse data sources.
This document provides an overview of grid computing. It discusses that grid computing enables sharing, selection, and aggregation of distributed resources like supercomputers, storage, and data sources. Grid computing allows for these resources to be used as a unified virtual machine. The document then discusses the services offered by grids including computational, data, application, information, and knowledge services. It also discusses the types of grids like computational grids, data grids, and scavenging grids. Finally, it discusses some of the key advantages of grid computing like making better use of available hardware and idle computing resources.
This document discusses usability engineering and its activities. It defines usability engineering as a user-centered process that ensures systems are effective, efficient, and safe. The key activities discussed are:
1) Domain analysis to understand users and tasks
2) Expert evaluation where usability experts evaluate designs against guidelines
3) Formative usability evaluation where representative users perform tasks while being observed to identify usability problems
This document proposes a solution called CloudVision to help cloud providers troubleshoot problems reported by users. CloudVision would automatically track configuration changes to virtual machine instances and store this information in a database. When users report problems, CloudVision analyzes the configuration history to identify potential causes. It then takes predefined actions to check and solve problems by interacting with the configuration of VM instances. The goal is to help providers address user problems more quickly through automated problem reasoning and interactive troubleshooting based on visibility into VM configuration events and lifecycles.
This document discusses how cities can become more resilient by gathering data from various systems and devices, using machine learning to develop knowledge representations, and employing reasoning algorithms to decide the best actions in response to unexpected events. The goal is for cities to respond to events effectively by coordinating public services and resources through interoperable systems informed by sophisticated event analysis.
Efficient Local Resource management for Wireless Devices integrationEditor Jacotech
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an architecture for integrating mobile devices into grid computing. The key points are:
- It presents a layered architecture to address the heterogeneity of different mobile technologies and allow independent development of layers.
- Layer 2 requires an efficient local resource scheduling algorithm to schedule tasks to mobile devices. The paper proposes using an ABC algorithm for this.
- It describes an implementation of the architecture that uses Java-enabled mobile devices and Globus Toolkit-based grid services. This includes components for the mobile client, interface to grid services, and deployed grid services.
- The paper evaluates using an emulator to test the mobile client interface and access sample grid services developed using the Globus Toolkit
The document discusses offloading in mobile cloud computing. It defines offloading as migrating data storage and computations from a mobile device to a remote cloud to improve performance and save energy. This is done to address limitations of mobile devices like poor battery life, limited storage, and resources. Offloading can take full or partial forms. Factors like bandwidth, amount of data, and computation are considered to determine if offloading improves performance or saves energy. Different types and topologies of offloading are also discussed.
Slides of our paper titled "An Eco-friendly Hybrid Urban Computing Network Combining Community-based Wireless LAN Access and Wireless Sensor Networking". The paper was presented at the CPSCom 2012 conference.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes integrating mobile devices with grid computing using an efficient scheduling algorithm. The paper presents a layered architecture with four layers - mobile devices, a mobile device interface, an interface to grid services, and grid services. It focuses on the local resource scheduling problem in the second layer. The paper describes implementing the architecture using Java-enabled mobile devices and Globus Toolkit-based grid services. It also proposes using an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm for local resource scheduling to address issues like unreliable connectivity and battery power in mobile environments. The paper evaluates the performance of the traditional and new ABC scheduling algorithms.
This document discusses distance evaluation using mobile agent technology. It begins by explaining client-server technology and some of its limitations for distance evaluation, including lack of support for subjective questions, delivery of dynamic content, and offline examinations. It then introduces mobile agent technology as an alternative that can address these limitations. Mobile agents are software processes that can migrate between machines to access resources and services. The document proposes using a mobile agent approach to design and implement a computer assisted testing and evaluation system for distance education that considers the full examination process from paper setting to evaluation. Key advantages of mobile agents for this application include reduced network traffic, asynchronous autonomous interaction, and support for heterogeneous environments.
Technology Challenges in the Networked SocietyEricsson Labs
The document discusses technology challenges in the networked society presented at Mobile World Congress 2013. It addresses challenges related to devices, data/information, services, networks, clouds, management, security, and sustainability in an increasingly connected world. Key issues include supporting a wide range of devices and connectivity methods, ensuring coverage and scalability, managing large amounts of data, and maintaining security, privacy, and trust across complex cloud and network infrastructures.
Michigan Consolidated Gas Company implemented a mobile computing solution to improve productivity and customer service for its 1,000 field workers spread across a large geographic area. The solution included mobile computers, a wireless data network, and work management software. This allowed schedules and work updates to be shared in real-time between field workers and dispatchers. As a result, MichCon saw improved customer response times and greater flexibility in assigning workers. The project was successful due to commitment from employees and leadership across the company.
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to optimize Wi-Fi offloading in heterogeneous networks. The paper begins by explaining that existing Wi-Fi offloading approaches have limitations. It then proposes formulating the offloading problem as an FHMDP to minimize costs while meeting delay constraints. The paper describes the FHMDP model and algorithm, and argues it can improve offloading performance by reducing user contention and prioritizing high data rates. Simulation results show the FHMDP approach achieves lower communication costs compared to existing algorithms. In conclusion, the FHMDP is presented as an effective method for optimizing Wi-Fi offloading across cellular and Wi-Fi
Ensuring Privacy & Transparency within Hybrid Clouds Marcin Kotlarski
• Allowing portability of data across any device without compromising security
• Establishing security benchmarks and tackling concerns over transparency
• Moving from private Ethernet clouds to the public domain: where is the data?
Towards Pervasive Computing Environments With Cloud Servicesijsptm
The document proposes an infrastructure called UbiCloud that incorporates pervasive computing environments with cloud services. UbiCloud has two main components: 1) a cloud computing component that provides scalable services through models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, and 2) a ubiquitous computing component that includes a service directory, user agents, and mobile users. The infrastructure aims to address limitations of pervasive computing like limited resources and availability by utilizing the on-demand resources and services of the cloud. It describes a protocol for interaction between entities, such as cloud services registering with the service directory and user agents requesting services on behalf of mobile users.
Research Seminar Presentation - A framework for partitioning and execution of...malinga2009
This is a presentation slide-set which presented at Research Seminar Series in UCSC on 12th of August 2013. Two new research papers will be presented and discussed in each week and audience will be motivated to ask questions regarding those two papers. Altogether 40 papers will be presented within an academic year.
Abstract : This paper addresses the problem of automatic temporal annotation of realistic human actions in video using minimal manual supervision. To this end we consider two associated problems: (a) weakly-supervised learning of action models from readily available annotations, and (b) temporal localization of human actions in test videos. To avoid the prohibitive cost of manual annotation for training, we use movie scripts as a means of weak supervision. Scripts, however, provide only implicit, noisy, and imprecise information about the type and location of actions in video. We address this problem with a kernel-based discriminative clustering algorithm that locates actions in the weakly-labeled training data. Using the obtained action samples, we train temporal action detectors and apply them to locate actions in the raw video data. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method for weakly-supervised learning of action models leads to significant improvement in action detection. We present detection results for three action classes in four feature length movies with challenging and realistic video data.
Link to paper :
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2479946
We investigate how to build secure yet easy-to-use and cost-effective systems. Our research focuses on areas like improving security usability with contextual data, ensuring privacy in cloud services, and designing secure software-defined networking. We evaluate and optimize mobile and distributed systems to save energy and improve user experience of mobile cloud services and applications like crowdsensing, multimedia streaming, and edge/cloud computing. We also research topics in areas like mobile cloud gaming, internet of things, big data analytics, and verification of distributed systems.
Mobile Computing - Research Survey May 05 2012Joseph Hennawy
This document summarizes research challenges in mobile computing. It discusses fields like data management, security, data mining, and distributed databases. For each area, it identifies challenges like limited resources, dynamic connectivity, and lack of centralization. It proposes solutions like context-aware and collaborative systems, distributed intrusion detection, and algorithms for trust and authentication in mobile environments. The goal is to develop intelligent systems that can adapt to challenges in mobile and pervasive computing domains.
M2C2: A Mobility Management System For Mobile Cloud ComputingKaran Mitra
Mobile devices have become an integral part of our daily lives. Applications
running on these devices may avail storage and compute resources from
the cloud(s). Further, a mobile device may also connect to heterogeneous
access networks (HANs) such as WiFi and LTE to provide ubiquitous
network connectivity to mobile applications. These devices have limited
resources (compute, storage and battery) that may lead to service
disruptions. In this context, mobile cloud computing enables offloading
of computing and storage to the cloud. However, applications running
on mobile devices using clouds and HANs are prone to unpredictable
cloud workloads, network congestion and handoffs. To run these applications
efficiently the mobile device requires the best possible cloud and
network resources while roaming in HANs. This paper proposes, develops
and validates a novel system called M2C2 which supports mechanisms
for: i.) multihoming, ii.) cloud and network probing, and iii.) cloud
and network selection. We built a prototype system and performed extensive
experimentation to validate our proposed M2C2. Our results
analysis shows that the proposed system supports mobility efficiently
in mobile cloud computing.
Paper can be downloaded from: http://karanmitra.me/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/MitraetalLTUWCNC_Preprint2015.pdf
The document summarizes an online business management system implemented using a hybrid cloud architecture. Key points:
1. The system uses a hybrid cloud to provide faster access to business transactions and management. This allows small, large, B2B and B2C businesses to use e-commerce for management.
2. A hybrid cloud combines internal private cloud services with external public cloud services, enhancing capabilities for secure, managed and governed cloud services.
3. The system was implemented using PHP for the application and SQL Azure for backend database connectivity. It provides modules for registration, dashboards, customer management, billing, organizing, and generating reports.
With a rapid growth of the mobile applications and development of cloud computing concept, mobile cloud
computing (MCC) has been introduced to be a potential technology for mobile services. MCC integrates the cloud
computing into the mobile environment and overcomes obstacles related to the performance, security etc discussed in
mobile computing. This paper gives an overview of the MCC including the definition, architecture, and applications. The
issues, existing solutions and approaches are presented.
The document discusses how datacenter networks are evolving from fixed, hierarchical designs optimized for client/server transactions to dynamic networks better suited to cloud computing and big data needs. This requires flattening network topologies, converging server and storage networks onto high-speed Ethernet fabrics, and introducing more intelligence and flexibility at the network edge to support virtualized, application-driven workloads. The network must be able to quickly and reliably handle increased server-to-server traffic within the datacenter in order to enable real-time analytics across massive and diverse data sources.
This document provides an overview of grid computing. It discusses that grid computing enables sharing, selection, and aggregation of distributed resources like supercomputers, storage, and data sources. Grid computing allows for these resources to be used as a unified virtual machine. The document then discusses the services offered by grids including computational, data, application, information, and knowledge services. It also discusses the types of grids like computational grids, data grids, and scavenging grids. Finally, it discusses some of the key advantages of grid computing like making better use of available hardware and idle computing resources.
This document discusses usability engineering and its activities. It defines usability engineering as a user-centered process that ensures systems are effective, efficient, and safe. The key activities discussed are:
1) Domain analysis to understand users and tasks
2) Expert evaluation where usability experts evaluate designs against guidelines
3) Formative usability evaluation where representative users perform tasks while being observed to identify usability problems
This document proposes a solution called CloudVision to help cloud providers troubleshoot problems reported by users. CloudVision would automatically track configuration changes to virtual machine instances and store this information in a database. When users report problems, CloudVision analyzes the configuration history to identify potential causes. It then takes predefined actions to check and solve problems by interacting with the configuration of VM instances. The goal is to help providers address user problems more quickly through automated problem reasoning and interactive troubleshooting based on visibility into VM configuration events and lifecycles.
This document discusses how cities can become more resilient by gathering data from various systems and devices, using machine learning to develop knowledge representations, and employing reasoning algorithms to decide the best actions in response to unexpected events. The goal is for cities to respond to events effectively by coordinating public services and resources through interoperable systems informed by sophisticated event analysis.
Efficient Local Resource management for Wireless Devices integrationEditor Jacotech
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an architecture for integrating mobile devices into grid computing. The key points are:
- It presents a layered architecture to address the heterogeneity of different mobile technologies and allow independent development of layers.
- Layer 2 requires an efficient local resource scheduling algorithm to schedule tasks to mobile devices. The paper proposes using an ABC algorithm for this.
- It describes an implementation of the architecture that uses Java-enabled mobile devices and Globus Toolkit-based grid services. This includes components for the mobile client, interface to grid services, and deployed grid services.
- The paper evaluates using an emulator to test the mobile client interface and access sample grid services developed using the Globus Toolkit
The document discusses offloading in mobile cloud computing. It defines offloading as migrating data storage and computations from a mobile device to a remote cloud to improve performance and save energy. This is done to address limitations of mobile devices like poor battery life, limited storage, and resources. Offloading can take full or partial forms. Factors like bandwidth, amount of data, and computation are considered to determine if offloading improves performance or saves energy. Different types and topologies of offloading are also discussed.
Slides of our paper titled "An Eco-friendly Hybrid Urban Computing Network Combining Community-based Wireless LAN Access and Wireless Sensor Networking". The paper was presented at the CPSCom 2012 conference.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes integrating mobile devices with grid computing using an efficient scheduling algorithm. The paper presents a layered architecture with four layers - mobile devices, a mobile device interface, an interface to grid services, and grid services. It focuses on the local resource scheduling problem in the second layer. The paper describes implementing the architecture using Java-enabled mobile devices and Globus Toolkit-based grid services. It also proposes using an Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm for local resource scheduling to address issues like unreliable connectivity and battery power in mobile environments. The paper evaluates the performance of the traditional and new ABC scheduling algorithms.
This document discusses distance evaluation using mobile agent technology. It begins by explaining client-server technology and some of its limitations for distance evaluation, including lack of support for subjective questions, delivery of dynamic content, and offline examinations. It then introduces mobile agent technology as an alternative that can address these limitations. Mobile agents are software processes that can migrate between machines to access resources and services. The document proposes using a mobile agent approach to design and implement a computer assisted testing and evaluation system for distance education that considers the full examination process from paper setting to evaluation. Key advantages of mobile agents for this application include reduced network traffic, asynchronous autonomous interaction, and support for heterogeneous environments.
Technology Challenges in the Networked SocietyEricsson Labs
The document discusses technology challenges in the networked society presented at Mobile World Congress 2013. It addresses challenges related to devices, data/information, services, networks, clouds, management, security, and sustainability in an increasingly connected world. Key issues include supporting a wide range of devices and connectivity methods, ensuring coverage and scalability, managing large amounts of data, and maintaining security, privacy, and trust across complex cloud and network infrastructures.
Michigan Consolidated Gas Company implemented a mobile computing solution to improve productivity and customer service for its 1,000 field workers spread across a large geographic area. The solution included mobile computers, a wireless data network, and work management software. This allowed schedules and work updates to be shared in real-time between field workers and dispatchers. As a result, MichCon saw improved customer response times and greater flexibility in assigning workers. The project was successful due to commitment from employees and leadership across the company.
Depiction Optimization of Overdue Wi-Fi Offloading in Heterogeneous SystemsIJASRD Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Finite Horizon Markov Decision Process (FHMDP) to optimize Wi-Fi offloading in heterogeneous networks. The paper begins by explaining that existing Wi-Fi offloading approaches have limitations. It then proposes formulating the offloading problem as an FHMDP to minimize costs while meeting delay constraints. The paper describes the FHMDP model and algorithm, and argues it can improve offloading performance by reducing user contention and prioritizing high data rates. Simulation results show the FHMDP approach achieves lower communication costs compared to existing algorithms. In conclusion, the FHMDP is presented as an effective method for optimizing Wi-Fi offloading across cellular and Wi-Fi
Ensuring Privacy & Transparency within Hybrid Clouds Marcin Kotlarski
• Allowing portability of data across any device without compromising security
• Establishing security benchmarks and tackling concerns over transparency
• Moving from private Ethernet clouds to the public domain: where is the data?
Towards Pervasive Computing Environments With Cloud Servicesijsptm
The document proposes an infrastructure called UbiCloud that incorporates pervasive computing environments with cloud services. UbiCloud has two main components: 1) a cloud computing component that provides scalable services through models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, and 2) a ubiquitous computing component that includes a service directory, user agents, and mobile users. The infrastructure aims to address limitations of pervasive computing like limited resources and availability by utilizing the on-demand resources and services of the cloud. It describes a protocol for interaction between entities, such as cloud services registering with the service directory and user agents requesting services on behalf of mobile users.
Research Seminar Presentation - A framework for partitioning and execution of...malinga2009
This is a presentation slide-set which presented at Research Seminar Series in UCSC on 12th of August 2013. Two new research papers will be presented and discussed in each week and audience will be motivated to ask questions regarding those two papers. Altogether 40 papers will be presented within an academic year.
Abstract : This paper addresses the problem of automatic temporal annotation of realistic human actions in video using minimal manual supervision. To this end we consider two associated problems: (a) weakly-supervised learning of action models from readily available annotations, and (b) temporal localization of human actions in test videos. To avoid the prohibitive cost of manual annotation for training, we use movie scripts as a means of weak supervision. Scripts, however, provide only implicit, noisy, and imprecise information about the type and location of actions in video. We address this problem with a kernel-based discriminative clustering algorithm that locates actions in the weakly-labeled training data. Using the obtained action samples, we train temporal action detectors and apply them to locate actions in the raw video data. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method for weakly-supervised learning of action models leads to significant improvement in action detection. We present detection results for three action classes in four feature length movies with challenging and realistic video data.
Link to paper :
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2479946
We investigate how to build secure yet easy-to-use and cost-effective systems. Our research focuses on areas like improving security usability with contextual data, ensuring privacy in cloud services, and designing secure software-defined networking. We evaluate and optimize mobile and distributed systems to save energy and improve user experience of mobile cloud services and applications like crowdsensing, multimedia streaming, and edge/cloud computing. We also research topics in areas like mobile cloud gaming, internet of things, big data analytics, and verification of distributed systems.
Mobile Computing - Research Survey May 05 2012Joseph Hennawy
This document summarizes research challenges in mobile computing. It discusses fields like data management, security, data mining, and distributed databases. For each area, it identifies challenges like limited resources, dynamic connectivity, and lack of centralization. It proposes solutions like context-aware and collaborative systems, distributed intrusion detection, and algorithms for trust and authentication in mobile environments. The goal is to develop intelligent systems that can adapt to challenges in mobile and pervasive computing domains.
Data Mining and Big Data Challenges and Research OpportunitiesKathirvel Ayyaswamy
The document discusses 10 challenging problems in data mining research. It summarizes each problem with 1-2 paragraphs explaining the challenges. Some of the key problems discussed include developing a unifying theory of data mining, scaling up for high dimensional and streaming data, mining complex relationships from interconnected data, ensuring privacy and security of data, and dealing with non-static and unbalanced data. The document advocates that more research is needed to address these issues and better integrate data mining with database systems and domain knowledge.
SN-Security Architecture for Mobile Computing and IoTSukumar Nayak
The document provides an overview of security architecture for mobile computing and the Internet of Things. It discusses the growth trends in these areas and outlines some of the key components of a mobile security reference architecture, including mobile device management, identity and access management, data loss prevention, intrusion detection systems, and mobile application management. It also covers potential security vulnerabilities and factors to consider when designing a mobile security solution.
hey!!!!! everybody dats was simple ppt on mobile computing as u all aware dat d world is not stationary things are getting change technology is rocking all over so lets get into in it
and plz. dont forget to comment on my work weather u lik or not
The Journey of Mobile Computing – Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow by Anthony Yung at SVPMA Monthly Event November 2011
Go to link below for notes from this event
http://svpma.org/2011/11/november-2011-event/
Mobile cloud computing combines cloud computing, mobile computing and wireless networks to provide data storage and processing services to mobile users without requiring powerful device hardware. This allows mobile apps to be built and updated quickly using cloud services and to seamlessly continue across different devices. Key benefits include improved data access, reliability and flexibility compared to relying solely on local device resources. Effective mobile cloud computing requires dynamic partitioning of apps between mobile devices and cloud servers to optimize for factors like energy usage and execution time.
- The document discusses how mobile devices enable nomadic computing at the network layer through continuous connectivity and location awareness, but applications still operate largely independently without integration of services and data.
- For nomadic computing to be fully realized, applications need to exhibit transparency, integration, convenience and adaptability across all tiers of the enterprise architecture through shared services and data between applications.
- Achieving nomadic computing at the applications layer could drive greater adoption of mobile devices and new business opportunities by making the mobile experience more seamless.
This document summarizes a study on mobile cloud computing. It discusses mobile cloud computing integrating cloud computing into mobile environments to overcome obstacles related to performance, environment, and security for mobile devices. The study aims to test if cloud applications can improve battery lifetime for mobile devices. It proposes a system with mobile users, cloud service providers, and trusted third parties to provide secure data storage in the cloud while addressing issues like data confidentiality and access control for mobile cloud computing.
A Comparison of Cloud Execution Mechanisms Fog, Edge, and Clone Cloud Computing IJECEIAES
Cloud computing is a technology that was developed a decade ago to provide uninterrupted, scalable services to users and organizations. Cloud computing has also become an attractive feature for mobile users due to the limited features of mobile devices. The combination of cloud technologies with mobile technologies resulted in a new area of computing called mobile cloud computing. This combined technology is used to augment the resources existing in Smart devices. In recent times, Fog computing, Edge computing, and Clone Cloud computing techniques have become the latest trends after mobile cloud computing, which have all been developed to address the limitations in cloud computing. This paper reviews these recent technologies in detail and provides a comparative study of them. It also addresses the differences in these technologies and how each of them is effective for organizations and developers.
Gearing up of resource poor mobile devices using cloudamelpakkath
This document discusses mobile cloud computing and outlines a project on gearing resource-poor mobile devices with powerful clouds. It introduces three common mobile cloud architectures: centralized cloud, cloudlet, and ad hoc mobile cloud. It also discusses computation offloading and capability extending. The project modules are described as an energy-saving module using content-based image retrieval offloaded to the cloud, a computation offloading module, and a security and reliability module. It concludes that mobile cloud computing can change technology trends and daily life by allowing more intensive applications on mobile devices.
Cloud-Based Impact for Mobile and Pervasive Environments: A SurveyIOSR Journals
Abstract: Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) which combines mobile computing and cloud computing, has
become one of the industry buzz words and a major discussion thread in the IT world since 2009. Despite
increasing usage of mobile computing, exploiting its full potential is difficult due to its inherent problems such
as resource scarcity, frequent disconnections, and mobility. MCC integrates the cloud computing into the
mobile environment and overcomes obstacles related to the performance (e.g., battery life,storage, and
bandwidth), environment (e.g., heterogeneity, scalability, and availability), and security (e.g., reliability and
privacy) discussed in mobile computing. As MCC is still at the early stage of development, it is necessary to
grasp a thorough understanding of the technology in order to point out the direction of future research. With
the latter aim, this paper presents a review on the background and principle of MCC, characteristics, recent
research work, and future research trends.
Keywords: Cloud computing, Distributed Computing, Mobile Cloud Computing
This document discusses mobile cloud computing (MCC), which combines mobile networks and cloud computing. MCC allows mobile users to utilize cloud computing services and resources through mobile devices without requiring powerful local hardware. The document outlines the key components of MCC architecture, including mobile users, mobile operators, internet service providers, and cloud service providers. It also discusses common MCC applications like cloud email, mobile commerce, cloud music, and mobile gaming. The document concludes with characteristics of MCC like flexibility, scalability, broad network access, location independence, and reliability.
This document provides an overview of efficient mobile cloud computing through computation offloading. It discusses how offloading tasks from mobile devices to cloud servers can help address issues like limited battery life, storage, and processing power. The key aspects covered include mobile cloud architectures with offloading through mobile networks or wireless access points, different offloading methods like client-server, virtualization, and mobile agents. Applications of mobile cloud computing that are discussed include augmented reality, mobile healthcare, commerce, learning, gaming and web applications. The conclusion emphasizes how mobile cloud computing provides flexibility to optimize performance and scalability for mobile devices and applications.
This document discusses security aspects of mobile cloud computing. It begins with an abstract discussing how cloud computing offers scalable and secure computation resources as a service. Mobile cloud computing combines mobile computing, cloud computing, and wireless networks. The document then analyzes existing security challenges and issues in cloud and mobile cloud environments. It identifies key long-term security and privacy issues based on documented problems. The document provides an overview of cloud computing models, characteristics, architectures, and security issues. It discusses how the flexibility and openness of cloud environments challenge assumptions about application security.
Contemporary Energy Optimization for Mobile and Cloud Environmentijceronline
Cloud and mobile computing applications are increasing heavily in terms of usage. These two areas extending usability of systems. This review paper gives information about cloud and mobile applications in terms of resources they consume and the need of choosing variety of features for users from several locations and the evolutionary provisions for service provider and end users. Both the fields are combined to provide good functionality, efficiency and effectiveness with mobile phones. The enhancement by considering power consumption by means of resource constrained nature of devices, communication media and cost effectiveness. This paper discuss about the concepts related to power consumption, underlying protocols and the other performance issues
A survey of mobile cloud computing Architecture, applications, and approache...Brittany Allen
This document provides a survey of mobile cloud computing (MCC), which integrates cloud computing into the mobile environment. It defines MCC, describes common MCC architectures that involve mobile devices connecting to cloud servers via mobile networks, and discusses applications of MCC for mobile services. Issues with MCC and potential solutions are also presented.
starts with an introduction to mobile cloud computing with a definition, architecture, and advantages/disadvantages. At the next sections, continues with the applications of MCC, detailed challenges in mobile environment and solutions. Lastly the document concludes the main issues about the mobile cloud computing with the conclusion part.
Mobile cloud computing aims to augment the capabilities of mobile devices by moving data processing and storage to powerful centralized cloud platforms. This conserves local resources on mobile devices while extending storage capacity and enhancing data security. Key challenges include the limited capabilities of mobile devices, quality of communication given changing network conditions and disconnections, and how to effectively divide applications between mobile and cloud resources. Research is still needed to address task division, data delivery, quality of service standards, and providing suitable interactive services for mobile devices within this environment.
This document summarizes a research paper on mobile cloud computing. It begins with definitions of mobile cloud computing, discussing how it combines mobile computing and cloud computing. It then describes the general architecture of mobile cloud computing and some of its key advantages, such as extending battery life, improving data storage and processing power, and improving reliability. Several applications of mobile cloud computing are discussed, including mobile commerce, mobile learning, and mobile healthcare. Potential limitations around cloud service costs, mobile network costs, availability, and security are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing future research directions, such as overcoming low bandwidth issues through 4G networks and femtocells.
Research on Mobile Cloud Computing Review,Trend and Perspec.docxaudeleypearl
This document provides a review of mobile cloud computing, including:
1) It discusses the background of mobile cloud computing, how it emerged from mobile computing and cloud computing.
2) It analyzes the characteristics and features of mobile cloud computing, including how it allows for ubiquitous access to computing resources and data storage.
3) It outlines some of the challenges and future research directions for mobile cloud computing, such as efficient resource scheduling and ensuring security and privacy.
A Proposed Solution to Secure MCC Uprising Issue and Challenges in the Domain...IJERD Editor
The development of cloud computing and mobility,mobile cloud computing has emerged and
become a focus of research. By the means of on-demand self-service and extendibility, it can offer the
infrastructure, platform, and software services in a cloud to mobile users through the mobile network. Security
and privacy are the key issues for mobile cloud computing applications, and still face some enormous
challenges. In order to facilitate this emerging domain, we firstly in brief review the advantages and system
model of mobile cloud computing, and then pay attention to the security and privacy in the mobile cloud
computing. MCC provides a platform where mobile users make use of cloud services on mobile devices. The
use of MCC minimizes the performance, compatibility, and lack of resources issues in mobile computing
environment. By deeply analyzing the security and privacy issues from three aspects: mobile terminal, mobile
network and cloud, we give the current security and privacy approaches. The users of MCC are still below
expectations because of the associated risks in terms of security and privacy. These risks are playing important
role by preventing the organizations to adopt MCC environment. Significant amount of research is in progress in
order to reduce the security concerns but still a lot work has to be done to produce a security prone MCC
environment. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of MCC and its security issues,challenges
and possible solutions for the security issues.
A Review And Research Towards Mobile Cloud ComputingSuzanne Simmons
This document provides an overview of mobile cloud computing (MCC), including its advantages and challenges. MCC integrates cloud computing with mobile environments to provide mobile users access to rich computing resources and applications. Key advantages include extending battery life by offloading processing to cloud servers, improving data storage capacity and processing power by storing data in the cloud, and improving reliability through data backup in the cloud. However, challenges exist due to limitations of mobile devices like processing power, storage and battery life. Additionally, the quality of wireless communication introduces issues like variable bandwidth and delays. Dividing applications between mobile devices and cloud servers also requires optimization techniques to determine the most efficient distribution of processing tasks.
A New Improved Storage Model of Wireless Devices using the CloudIJCNC
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using cloud computing to improve storage models for wireless devices. The paper develops a new storage model that uses cloud computing techniques like public and private clouds, topology algorithms, and cloudlets to improve battery life and data storage for mobile devices. It derives a mathematical equation to measure the power provided by a battery and the average battery time under different usage scenarios. The paper also discusses techniques like virtual cloud providers, WINC sleep mode, and Google Location services to further optimize wireless device performance and energy efficiency when using cloud-based storage and applications.
EFFECTIVE BANDWIDTH ANALYSIS OF MIMO BASED MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTINGIJCI JOURNAL
Digital Disruption is all around us. Mobile is overtaking desktop, Social Media is beating search, Messaging Application are challenging e-mails and everything around us is becoming connected. Mobile devices especially the smart phones are fueling the culture of “Anytime, Anywhere, And Anything’’. Smartphone is not only ubiquitous but also the primary computing device for many .These paradigm shifts are fueled by the explosive growth of smart phones which has touched a volume of 1.6 billion units globally. Smartphone growth has also triggered the explosive growth of mobile applications and cloud computing .Together, Mobile cloud computing is now a potential technology for mobile services .MCC overcomes obstacles related to battery life, storage capacity and low bandwidth. Current smart phones uses 2x2 MIMO which gives a speed 300Mbps, by using massive MIMO technology speed can be enhanced up to 1Gbps. This paper gives a BER (Bit Error Ratio) analysis to prove that by increasing number of transmitting and receiving antennas the performance can be enhanced.
According to a new Gartner report1, “Around 10% of enterprise-generated data is created and processed outside a traditional centralized data center or cloud. By 2022, Gartner predicts this
figure will reach 75%”. In addition to hosting new 5G era services, the other major network operator driver for edge compute and edge clouds is deploying virtualized network infrastructure, replacing many dedicated hardware-based elements with virtual network functions (VNFs) running on general purpose edge compute. Even portions of access networks are being virtualized, and many of these functions need to be deployed close to end users. The combination of these infrastructure and applications drivers is a major reason that so much of 5G era network transformation resolves around edge cloud distribution.
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This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
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An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineering research
1. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
Optimized solutions for mobile Cloud Computing
1
Mr.J.Praveen Kumar,2 Rajesh Badam
1
Asst.Prof.CSE Dept.
2
Mtech.(CSE Dept.)
Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology
Abstract: As mobile device popularity grows, end-user of mobile users as a new technology to achieve rich
demands to run heavier applications are equally increasing. experience of a variety of mobile services at low cost, and
Mobile cloud computing integrates the cloud computing of researchers as a promising solution for green IT . This
into the mobile environment and overcomes obstacles section provides an overview of MCC including definition,
related to the performance environment and security architecture, and advantages of MCC.
discussed in mobile computing. This paper gives an idea of
MCC, which helps general readers have an overview of MCC as a new paradigm for mobile applications whereby
the MCC including the architecture, applications and the data processing and storage are moved from the mobile
solutions. The issues, existing solutions and approaches are device to powerful and centralized computing platforms
presented. In addition, the future research directions of located in clouds. These centralized applications are then
MCC are discussed accessed over the wireless connection based on a thin
native client or web browser on the mobile devices.
Keywords- Mobile cloud computing, offloading, CC offers some advantages by allowing users to use
Mobile services. infrastructure, platforms and software .
Introduction Existing approaches/solutions:
Mobile devices are becoming an important part of human Mobile phones preserve the advantages of weight,
life as the most effective and convenient communication size and device independence but will always impose
tools not bounded by time and place. The rapid progress of basic limits on processing power, storage capacity,
mobile computing becomes a powerful trend in the battery lifetime and display size.
development of IT technology as well as commerce and Conventional desktop applications are redesigned to
industry fields. operate on mobile hardware platforms, thereby often
The mobile devices are facing many challenges in their losing functionality.
resources(e.g., battery life, storage, and bandwidth) and Demanding applications typically require specific
communications (e.g., mobility and security) . The limited hardware resources that are not available on mobile
resources significantly impede the improvement of service devices.
qualities. To get the display users connect over a wired local
area network to the central company server executing
“Mobile Cloud Computing at its simplest, refers to an typical office applications.
infrastructure where both the data storage and the data
Proposed solutions for mobile challenges:
processing happen outside of the mobile device. Mobile
The principle of mobile cloud computing physically
cloud applications move the computing power and data
separates the user interface from the application
storage away from mobile phones and into the cloud,
logic.
bringing applications and mobilecomputing to not just
smartphone users but a much broader range of mobile Here, a Viewer component is executed on the mobile
subscribers”. device, which is operating as a remote display for the
applications running on distant servers in the cloud.
Remote display framework is composed of three
components: a server side component that intercepts
encodes and transmits the application graphics to the
client, a viewer component on the client and a remote
display protocol that transfers display updates and
user events between both endpoints.
The term “mobile cloud computing” was introduced not In a mobile cloud computing environment, the
long after the concept of “cloud computing” launched in remote display protocol deliver complex multimedia
mid-2007. It has been attracting the attentions of graphics over wireless links and render these graphics
entrepreneurs as a profitable business option that reduces on a resource constrained mobile device. Offloading
the development and running cost of mobile applications, applications to the cloud is a straight forward way to
Issn 2250-3005(online) August| 2012 Page 1126
2. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
save on energy consumption because the amount of sleep mode. This sleep mode is interrupted at regular
local processing is reduced. intervals to transmit user events. Researchers have used
Efficient compression techniques to reduce the cross-layer optimization to reduce WNIC energy
amount of exchanged data are done using consumption By up to 52 percent.8
compression techniques and versatile graphics
encoding, downstream data peak reduction and Wireless Bandwidth Availability
Optimization of upstream packetization overhead. Compared to fixed access networks, modern broadband
mobile and wireless technologies offer limited and variable
Mobile cloud computing architecture bandwidth availability. Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) users typically
receive up to 384 kilobits per second, while Krishna
Balachandran and colleagues9 reported practical
throughputs of 347 Kbps for Long Term Evolution (LTE)
and up to 6.1 Mbps for WiMAX. Actual throughput
depends on user mobility, interference, and fading effects.
Versatile graphics encoding
The choice of codec to compress the intercepted
application graphics at the server is a tradeoff between
visual quality, compression efficiency, and decoding
Cross-layer identification of WNIC sleep intervals complexity.
To develop strategies that optimize the energy balance,it is
important to study WNIC energy consumption, which is Conventional remote display architectures including RDP,
the product of the number of bytes exchanged over the ICA, and VNC typically virtualize a layer of the graphic
wireless interface and the energy cost per byte. The rendering stack at the server and forward intercepted
average energy cost per byte is determined by the drawing primitives to the client, such as instructions to
distribution of time over the four possible WNIC states: draw a rectangle, display a bitmap, or put some text on the
send, receive, idle, and sleep. Because a specific set of screen.
WNIC components are activated in each state, power
consumption varies widely between the states. This approach is optimal for applications, such as typical
office applications, that only update small regions of the
Although the send and receive modes consume the most display or have a slow refresh rate with respect to the
power, energy-saving approaches should focus on the large network round-trip time. Bandwidth requirements to
idle times observed in remote display scenarios. These idle remotely display this type of graphics do not exceed 200
times are a consequence of the limited frequency of user Kbps and can be adequately served over wireless links.
interactions imposed by the network round-trip time. After
some interaction, users must wait until the results become On the other hand, encoding multimedia graphics
visible on the screen before continuing their work. applications would require numerous drawing primitives
furthermore, interactive applications will only update their because they update large parts of the screen at high
display when instructed by the user—for example, by refresh rates and they often contain fine-grained and
entering a URL or clicking on a hyperlink. complex color patterns. This kind of graphics can be more
A proposed cross-layer power-saving approach efficiently encoded using a video codec, such as H.264 or
operates between the MAC layer and the remote display MPEG-4. Using video codecs for remote display purposes
protocol layer (see Figure 2).8 Because the MAC layer is referred to as interactive live streaming because the
operates on binary data and cannot discriminate between, graphics are mainly the result of user interaction, in
for example, transmitted user input and Transmission contrast to regular video streaming, which requires only
Control Protocol (TCP) acknowledgments, it is unaware of limited user interaction—for example, to start and stop the
the arrival of the next display update. The appropriate sleep video. Even when only a single application is used, the
intervals must therefore be determined at the remote characteristics of the graphics on the user display might
display protocol layer, where the display update schedule significantly differ when a user is accessing mobile cloud
is established—for example, via a push approach in which computing services. For example, a user browsing a
the server sends display updates with fixed intervals or a Wikipedia page might click on a link that opens a
pull approach in which the client sends an explicit request. YouTube video in the same browser window. Remote
display frameworks must therefore be able to switch
Correlating the transmission of user input to the network seamlessly between multiple encoding modes based on an
round-trip time predicts the arrival of the next display analysis of graphics at the server.
update. In between two display updates, the WNIC enters Downstream data peak reduction
Issn 2250-3005(online) August| 2012 Page 1127
3. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
Interactive applications only update their display when next display updates in advance is unfeasible. Furthermore,
instructed by the user. These display updates usually the gains of this precomputing technique are highly
involve sending a large amount of data to the client in a dependent on prediction accuracy. A better
short interval, which requires an instantaneous bandwidth strategy might be to buffer some key display updates, for
much higher than the average bandwidth requirement. which the server only needs to provide a differential
Furthermore, this bursty traffic pattern is unfavorable in update.
wireless network environments, as it might induce
Scene object caching
additional collisions on the wireless channel.
For more static applications, such as office applications,
Optimization of upstream Packetization overhead the potential next updates can be more accurately predicted
User events are the principal source of upstream remote as, for example, a menu layout will rarely change.
display traffic from client to server. Individually, each user Consequently, the number of corrective server updates will
event embodies only a small amount of information: a key be more limited. A typical example would be the list of
or button ID, one bit to discriminate between the press and recently opened files in a text editor’s File menu. Scene
release actions, and possibly the current pointer description languages such as MPEG-4 BiFS are
coordinates. Nevertheless, user events induce important particularly suited to support this client-side handling of
upstream traffic because they are often generated shortly user input.13 The client not only receives graphic updates,
after each other. Entering a single character results in two but also is informed about the structure of the displayed
user events to indicate the press and release actions, scene and its composing objects, as well as how the user
whereas moving the mouse results in a sequence of pointer can manipulate these objects.
position updates.
By physically separating the user interface from the
Usually, the system transmits user events as they occur to application logic, mobile cloud computing allows access to
minimize interaction latency. Because data packets sent even the most demanding applications from intrinsically
upstream often contain a single user event, headers added resource-constrained mobile devices. Developers tailor
at the TCP, IP, and wireless link layer cause large contemporary remote display optimization techniques to
Packetization overhead. Table 3 quantifies the mobile devices’ short battery lifetime, the varying and
Packetization overhead of TCP/IP headers of three limited bandwidth availability on wireless links, and
commonly used remote display protocols—the VNC interaction latency. Although each of these solutions
Remote Framebuffer (RFB) Protocol, RDP, and ICA— adequately addresses specific mobile cloud computing
when sending a single keystroke to the server. Optional challenges, an overall approach is currently lacking.
headers and the wireless link layer header further increase
Because of user mobility, the wide diversity of
total overhead.
applications, and the varying wireless channel status, the
Interaction Latency mobile cloud computing context is highly dynamic. Future
While technological advances are likely to overcome research should therefore focus on the design of a
bandwidth limitations, interaction latency—the delay users comprehensive framework that integrates the existing
experience between generating some input and seeing the solutions and activates the most appropriate one depending
result on their display—is an intrinsic challenge of mobile on the current device, network, and cloud server status.
cloud computing because the device must communicate
Conclusion
even the most trivial user operations to the server.
Mobile cloud computing is one of mobile technology
Solutions to mitigate interaction latency try to either reduce
trends in the future since it combines the advantages of
the number of hops on the end-to-end path by moving the
both mobile computing and cloud computing, thereby
application closer to the client or provide better
providing optimal services for mobile users. This article
synchronization mechanisms between client and server
has provided an overview of mobile cloud computing in
Computing display updates in advance which its definitions, architecture, and optimized solutions
Given the current application state, the application server have been presented. The applications supported by mobile
can predict potential display updates and stream them in cloud computing including mobile commerce, mobile
advance to the client. Contrary to video streaming, in learning, and mobile healthcare have been discussed which
which the frame order is known in advance, in mobile clearly show the applicability of the mobile cloud
cloud computing, the next display update depends on user computing to a wide range of mobile services. Then, the
input. For example, when a user opens an application issues and related approaches for mobile cloud computing
menu, the server can precompute all dialog windows that have been discussed. Finally, the future research directions
can be opened by selecting one of the menu items. have been outlined.
Image buffering for virtual environment streaming
Due to limitations in mobile bandwidth and mobile device
memory resources, in most cases, streaming all possible References
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4. International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 4
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Author’s profile
Rajesh Badam: Pursuing Mtech. (CSE
Dept.) Malla Reddy College of
Engineering and Technology,
Hyderabad.
Mr. J.Praveen Kumar
Asst.Prof. CSE Dept.
Malla Reddy College of Engineering and
Technology, Hyderabad.
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