A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Â
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70â100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
awareness of wild fauna and flora, value of forest, endangered species, causes for wild life depletion, human-wildlife conflict, deforestation, wild-life conservation, wild-life sanctuaries, national park, afforestation, save tree, save forest, save earth, save wild-life
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Â
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the âLlanosâ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two â calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second â Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two â Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
Contents
GEOGRAPHY
A most broadleaf forest
The basin: 1.7 billion acres
Rainforest: 1.4 billion acres
Covers 9 nations
One of the New Seven Wonders of the World and is currently listed as number one on group E
Rainy season: November to June
The flooded area can spread out up to 200 km
Dolphins and fish are able to swim through forest
BIOLOGY DIVERSITY
PLANTS
Tens of thousands of trees
Nearly a hundred thousand other plant species
ANIMALS
> 300 species of mammals
several thousands species of freshwater fish
More plant species in one hectare in Amazon than the whole of Europe.
>200 species of trees per ha
72 different species of ants living in one tree
30 times more fish species than in all European rivers
BIOLOGY DIVERSITY
40Â % of all insect species have so far been identified.
Over 30,000 species of plants have been identified
20, 000 are estimated to remain undiscovered
BENEFITS
BENEFITS
ECONOMIC
$6.820 (USD)/ha: sustainable harvested for fruits, latex, and timber
Worth USD 4.092.000.000.000 if sustainable harvested or only 2% of that number if used as cattle pasture.
BENEFITS
MEDICINE
25% of all medicine has its origin in rainforest plants, animals or insects
BENEFITS
Global climate
- to accumulate 0.62 ±0.37 ton of carbon per ha, per annum
- produces 200 million tons of CO2 every year
BENEFITS
Exchange of gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen) between the biosphere and the atmosphere
This unique ecosystem faces an ever increasing threat
TOP DEADLY ANIMALS
Amazon mosquito
The Poison Dart Frog
Anaconda
The Brazilian spiders
Piranha
Amazon mosquito
Carry malaria, yellow fever, and Dengue fever, the latter cannot be vaccinated and is potentially fatal
The Poison Dart Frog
A powerful poison which can kill predators within an hour
Brightly colored skin: to alert predators of its poison
Anaconda
One of the largest snakes in the world
> 37 feet and weigh up to 550 pounds
Getting bigger and bigger each year.
Anaconda
carnivores: eat fish, caimans, deers, birds, ducks and turtles
Anaconda
Hide from enemies in the water
Stay under water for 45 minutes
Greatest enemy: humans
Anaconda
Can live for thirty years
Like to live alone
Give birth to live young
20 to 100 baby snakes are born at one time
Anaconda
Nose is on top of their snout: can breathe easily when they are in the water.
Smell with their tongue.
Have teeth, but they do not have fangs or poison.
Only eat once or twice a year.
The Brazilian spiders
The most toxic, an effective antivenom is available and few fatalities occur
A leg span of 13 to 15 cm
Body length: from 17 to 48 mm
Piranha
One of the most deadliest fishes in the world
Love to eat meat,
Their sharp teeth make them very dangerous for other living beings
Piranha
Baby piranha will feast on tiny crustaceans, fruits, seeds, and aquati
This is an eletter published following the paper by Estrada et al 2017 (Sc Advances). The eletter concentrates on the impact of the recent yellow fever outbreak on primates and humans in Brazil.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Â
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8Ă10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7Ă10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Soap-anointing behaviour in the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) on a Brazilia...Aline Ferro
Â
To follow a free-ranging group of ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua), we went to Ilha do Campeche (an island in the State of Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil), where we observed them rubbing cleansing products over their bodies.
In order to describe the anointing behavior of the coatis on that island, we conducted five experimental sessions to induce the animals to spontaneously anoint themselves. The anointing sessions were prompted by offering pieces of ash soap to the animals.
The animals mostly performed self-anointing behavior, and sometimes anointed each other by expressing the allo-anointing behavior. The body parts mostly rubbed with pieces of soap was the genital area, and then the tail.
We propose that the soap-anointing behavior of the ring-tailed coatis may deter ectoparasites and alleviate itch when applying foaming soap over their fur.
It has been known in the literature that a close-related species, the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) inhabiting the Barro Colorado Island in Panama, rubs the fur with resin. However, we have reported the first occurrence of soap-anointing behavior in the ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) in the literature.
In conclusion, we believe the human-coati coexistence on Ilha do Campeche might have facilitated the innovation in the coatis' behavior there. Moreover, the ring-tailed coati species does not occur naturally on the island; it was introduced approximately 10 years ago. Likely, the soap-anointing behavior is being transmitted across generations over the years.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ÂŹS. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
A ray of hope in the darkness: What we have learned from Yangtze giant soft-s...AbdullaAlAsif1
Â
The Swinhoe's softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei (Gray, 1873),) is one of the world's largest freshwater turtles, and possibly the most endangered turtle species on the planet (Stanford et al., 2018). It has an overall length of over 100 cm and a width of up to 70 cm, and it can easily weigh up to 70â100 kg, maximum weight was recorded at 169 kg (Solimine, 2013; Trong, 2018). Despite its enormous size and unusual look, this species is incredibly secretive and only comes to the surface to breathe, preferring to remain submerged deep down. For this species, there is very little ecological information, and the remaining distribution is unclear. This could explain why it's so difficult to positively identify and confirm occurrences of this species in the wild (Trong, 2018). If we look back to the history and biogeography of this species, it can be found that the existential records were documented in the historical literature of the Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. This species was once thought to only live along the Red River in China and Vietnam, as well as the lower Yangtze River floodplain in China, but its current population size is estimated to be just one wild individual of undetermined sex and a solitary captivity male in Suzhou Zoo, China. Although recent thorough searches in Yunnan, China, and Vietnam failed to confirm the presence of more wild specimens, some sightings were reported until around a decade ago (Stanford et al., 2018), giving hope that more individuals may yet exist in Vietnam.
awareness of wild fauna and flora, value of forest, endangered species, causes for wild life depletion, human-wildlife conflict, deforestation, wild-life conservation, wild-life sanctuaries, national park, afforestation, save tree, save forest, save earth, save wild-life
Rescue and handling of Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus in Venez...ConBiVe
Â
Given the importance of the rescue and rehabilitation
of confiscated manatees from illegal traffic or accidental
fishery entanglements, the handling and transport of
two Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus
in the âLlanosâ of Apure state in Venezuela is
described. In 1992, two â calves were confiscated in
the region of Arichuna in the Apure River and transported
to a lagoon at the Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones
Agropecuarias, Biruaca, for rehabilitation. Data
about age, size, weight and haematological values were
recorded. In 1994, one of the manatees was transferred
to the Parque Zoologico y Botanico Bararida, Barquisimeto,
in order to form a breeding pair and start a
captive-breeding programme. Successful reproduction
was achieved in 2007, 2011 and 2013. In 1995, the
second â Antillean manatee was released into a natural
environment in Santa Luisa Cattle Ranch, Apure state.
The confiscation, rescue, rehabilitation and transport
(by land and air) of these two â Antillean manatees
were carried out satisfactorily.
Contents
GEOGRAPHY
A most broadleaf forest
The basin: 1.7 billion acres
Rainforest: 1.4 billion acres
Covers 9 nations
One of the New Seven Wonders of the World and is currently listed as number one on group E
Rainy season: November to June
The flooded area can spread out up to 200 km
Dolphins and fish are able to swim through forest
BIOLOGY DIVERSITY
PLANTS
Tens of thousands of trees
Nearly a hundred thousand other plant species
ANIMALS
> 300 species of mammals
several thousands species of freshwater fish
More plant species in one hectare in Amazon than the whole of Europe.
>200 species of trees per ha
72 different species of ants living in one tree
30 times more fish species than in all European rivers
BIOLOGY DIVERSITY
40Â % of all insect species have so far been identified.
Over 30,000 species of plants have been identified
20, 000 are estimated to remain undiscovered
BENEFITS
BENEFITS
ECONOMIC
$6.820 (USD)/ha: sustainable harvested for fruits, latex, and timber
Worth USD 4.092.000.000.000 if sustainable harvested or only 2% of that number if used as cattle pasture.
BENEFITS
MEDICINE
25% of all medicine has its origin in rainforest plants, animals or insects
BENEFITS
Global climate
- to accumulate 0.62 ±0.37 ton of carbon per ha, per annum
- produces 200 million tons of CO2 every year
BENEFITS
Exchange of gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, oxygen) between the biosphere and the atmosphere
This unique ecosystem faces an ever increasing threat
TOP DEADLY ANIMALS
Amazon mosquito
The Poison Dart Frog
Anaconda
The Brazilian spiders
Piranha
Amazon mosquito
Carry malaria, yellow fever, and Dengue fever, the latter cannot be vaccinated and is potentially fatal
The Poison Dart Frog
A powerful poison which can kill predators within an hour
Brightly colored skin: to alert predators of its poison
Anaconda
One of the largest snakes in the world
> 37 feet and weigh up to 550 pounds
Getting bigger and bigger each year.
Anaconda
carnivores: eat fish, caimans, deers, birds, ducks and turtles
Anaconda
Hide from enemies in the water
Stay under water for 45 minutes
Greatest enemy: humans
Anaconda
Can live for thirty years
Like to live alone
Give birth to live young
20 to 100 baby snakes are born at one time
Anaconda
Nose is on top of their snout: can breathe easily when they are in the water.
Smell with their tongue.
Have teeth, but they do not have fangs or poison.
Only eat once or twice a year.
The Brazilian spiders
The most toxic, an effective antivenom is available and few fatalities occur
A leg span of 13 to 15 cm
Body length: from 17 to 48 mm
Piranha
One of the most deadliest fishes in the world
Love to eat meat,
Their sharp teeth make them very dangerous for other living beings
Piranha
Baby piranha will feast on tiny crustaceans, fruits, seeds, and aquati
This is an eletter published following the paper by Estrada et al 2017 (Sc Advances). The eletter concentrates on the impact of the recent yellow fever outbreak on primates and humans in Brazil.
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Â
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8Ă10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7Ă10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Soap-anointing behaviour in the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) on a Brazilia...Aline Ferro
Â
To follow a free-ranging group of ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua), we went to Ilha do Campeche (an island in the State of Santa Catarina in Southern Brazil), where we observed them rubbing cleansing products over their bodies.
In order to describe the anointing behavior of the coatis on that island, we conducted five experimental sessions to induce the animals to spontaneously anoint themselves. The anointing sessions were prompted by offering pieces of ash soap to the animals.
The animals mostly performed self-anointing behavior, and sometimes anointed each other by expressing the allo-anointing behavior. The body parts mostly rubbed with pieces of soap was the genital area, and then the tail.
We propose that the soap-anointing behavior of the ring-tailed coatis may deter ectoparasites and alleviate itch when applying foaming soap over their fur.
It has been known in the literature that a close-related species, the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) inhabiting the Barro Colorado Island in Panama, rubs the fur with resin. However, we have reported the first occurrence of soap-anointing behavior in the ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) in the literature.
In conclusion, we believe the human-coati coexistence on Ilha do Campeche might have facilitated the innovation in the coatis' behavior there. Moreover, the ring-tailed coati species does not occur naturally on the island; it was introduced approximately 10 years ago. Likely, the soap-anointing behavior is being transmitted across generations over the years.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ÂŹS. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
Similar to Accidents with animals of medical interest in brazil winter school tropical diseases unesp alexandre barbosa 2018 (20)
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263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actorâs Wellness Journeygreendigital
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on:Â Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
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2. Chapter 34, Ganongâs Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Accidents with animals of medical interest in brazil winter school tropical diseases unesp alexandre barbosa 2018
1. Alexandre Naime Barbosa MD, PhD
Infectious Diseases Professor
Winter School on Tropical Diseases
Botucatu School of Medicine - UNESP
2018 - Botucatu - SP - Brazil
Accidents with Animals
of Medical Interest in Brazil
2. Content Declaration e Use of This Presentation
The following material is part of the educational project produced by
Prof. Dr. Alexandre Naime Barbosa
Objectives
1. Education: Training for Students & Health Professionals
2. Community: Provide and Translate Scientific Information to the Population;
3. Scientific: Encourage the Scientific Discussion and Share Teaching Materials.
Authorship and Assignment
1. Content: The following data are referenced in respect to the original author;
2. Use: It is allowed to use the material, if the source is mentioned;
3. Contact: Talk to Dr. Barbosa and keep in touch with his project in:
3. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
4. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Land area: 5th in the World, 3rd in Americas
âą Climate: from equatorial to temperate
âą Environment: from rainforests to deserts
âą Ecosystems: highly diversified
âą Perfect scenario for a huge biodiversity Wikipedia, 2013
5. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Brazil: 1st country in biodiversity
âą Mammals: 689; Fish: over 3,000
âą Birds: 1,832; Reptiles: 744
âą Invertebrates: over 200,000
âą Wildlife distribution: Biomes
Brazil Environment Ministry, 2011
6. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Biomes: six main regions
âą Amazon: The biggest and most bio-diverse
âą Pantanal: World's largest wetland area
âą Atlantic Forest: A biodiversity hotspot
âą Atlantic Ocean: Marine biodiversity
âą Others: Caatinga, Savannah and Lowlands
Embrapa, 2012
7. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
8. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Rainforest in the Amazon River Basin
âą Equatorial Climate, hot and wet (rain)
âą Venom: Snakes, Fish, Frogs and Invertebrates
âą Trauma: Mammals, Reptiles, Fish and Invertebrates
WWF, 2014
9. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Venomous and Poisonous Animals
1. Snakes: Bothrops sp.; Lachesis sp.
2. Fish: Stingrays, Catfishes
3. Frogs: Dendrobatidae Family
4. Invertebrates: Spiders, Scorpions, Bees, Ants, etc.
Haddad Jr et al. JVAT, 2013
10. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snake: Bothrops sp. (Jararaca, Jararacuçu, Urutu)
- 90% of Snakes Bites; over 60 species
- 70 centimeters to 2 meters
- Throughout Brazil
- Nocturnal, prefers wet places
Anacassia Lima, 2012
11. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snake: Bothrops sp. (Jararaca, Jararacuçu, Urutu)
- Proteolytic, Coagulant and Hemorrhagic
- Local edema, pain and necrosis
- Coagulopathy, bleeding and renal failure
- Fatality rate (Tx): 0,31 %, AV available
Anacassia Lima, 2012
12. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snake: Lachesis sp. (Surucucu)
- 1,5 % of Snakes Bites; 3 species
- 2 to 4 meters
- Amazon and Atlantic Forest
- Prefers dense forests
Anacassia Lima, 2012
13. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snake: Lachesis sp. (Surucucu)
- Proteolytic, Coagulant, Hemorrhagic and Neurotoxic
- Coagulopathy, bleeding and vagal hyperactivity
- Local edema, pain and necrosis
- Fatality rate (Tx): 0,95%, AV available
Anacassia Lima, 2012
14. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Fish: Freshwater Stingrays (Arraia de Ăgua Doce)
- Severe pain, local edema and erythema
- Cutaneous necrosis and secondary infection
- Lytic properties not fully studied
- Supportive therapy (hot water)
Haddad Jr et al. JVAT, 2013
15. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Poisonous Frog: Dendrobatidae Family (Sapos/RĂŁs)
- Not venomous, but poisonous (skin)
- Toxicity through the consumption of small insects
- Produce one of the most lethal toxins
- Exposure: intentional, in rituals
The Sapo Diaries, 2013
16. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Trauma Injuries by Animals
1. Mammals: Panthera onca, Tapirus terrestris, Myrmecophaga tridactyla
2. Fish: Vandellia cirrhosa, Electrophorus electricus
3. Reptiles: Eunectes sp., Black Caiman
4. Invertebrates: Blatella germanica
Voz do Acre Journal, 2012
17. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammal: Panthera onca (Jaguar, Onça Pintada)
- Mainly in the Amazon and Pantanal
- Recently new cases in Brazil
- Ecotourism and Fishing tourism
- âOnça-seeingâ tourism
Campos Neto et al. WEM 2011
18. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammal: Panthera onca (Jaguar, Onça Pintada)
Predatory Attack 1: Non Fatal
- Fishermen boat, 17y/o man
- cranial-encephalic trauma
- brain and bone tissue loss, memory deficit
Campos Neto et al. WEM 2011
19. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammal: Panthera onca (Jaguar, Onça Pintada)
Predatory Attack 2: Fatal
- Fisherman tent, 21y/o man
- cervical transection of the spinal cord
- cervical and brain tissue and bone loss
Campos Neto et al. WEM 2011
20. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammal: Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Anteater or TamanduĂĄ)
- TamanduĂĄ: 2 meters, 40 kg
- Rare accidents
- 47y/o male hunter attacked by defense
- Death due to wounds in femural artery
Haddad et al. WEM 2014
21. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Fish: Vandellia cirrhosa (Candiru)
- Small parasitic freshwater catfish, 12 cm
- Attracted by urine, enter through the urethra
- Umbrella-like spines, only removed after surgery
- Symptoms: pain and urethra bleeding FUNASA
22. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Fish: Electrophorus electricus (PoraquĂȘ)
- Big freshwater knifefish, 2 - 3 meters
- Powerful electric shocks of up to 600 volts
- Shocks used hunting and self-defense
- 4,2% of all aquatic animals accident in a fishermen cohort
GarroneNeto et al. CSP 2005
23. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Reptile: Eunectes sp. (Anaconda, Sucuri)
- One of the biggest snakes; 2 to 10 meters
- Non venomous
- Several reports of attacks to humans
- Only accidental attacks
The NYC, 2010
Google
25. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Ueida et al. IJD 2013
Trauma Invertebrate: Blatella germanica (Cockroach, barata)
- Cockroach bites in massive infestation
- Poor sanitary conditions, indigenous people
- Secondary infections, allergy
- Cockroach can enter the ear, nose or mouth
26. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
27. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Wetland in the Paraguay River Basin
âą Tropical Climate, dry or rainy season
âą Venom: Snakes, Fish and Invertebrates
âą Trauma: Mammals, Reptiles, Fish and Invertebrates
IBAMA, 2013
28. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Venomous Animals
1. Snakes: Bothrops sp.
2. Fish: Stingrays, Freshwater Catfish
3. Invertebrates: Spiders, Scorpions, Bees, etc.
Haddad Jr et al. RSBMT, 2012
29. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Fish: Freshwater Catfish
P. Maculatus (mandijuba) and P. corruscans (surubim)
- Venomous stingers
- Pain, inflammation and bleeding
- Ulcer can be a complication
Haddad Jr et al. RSBMT, 2012
30. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Trauma Animals
1. Mammals: Panthera onca, Tapirus terrestris, etc.
2. Fish: Serrasalmus sp.
3. Reptiles: Eunectes sp, Caiman sp.
Haddad Jr et al. RSBMT, 2012
31. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Fish: Serrasalmus sp. (Piranha)
- No report of massive attack to humans
- Generally 1 single bite per person
- Outbreaks related to bathing
- Circular wound, laceration of tissues
Haddad Jr et al. WEM 2003
33. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
34. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Tropical Forest in the Atlantic Coast
âą Tropical and Subtropical Climate
âą Venom: Snakes, Fish and Invertebrates
âą Trauma: Mammals, Fish and Invertebrates
IBAMA 2013
35. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Venomous Animals
1. Snakes: Bothrops sp.; Crotalus sp.; Micrurus sp
2. Fish: Stingrays, Freshwater Catfish
3. Invertebrates: Spiders, Scorpions, Bees, etc.
Butantan Institute
36. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snakes: Crotalus sp. (Cascavel)
- 7,7 % of Snakes Bites; 32 species (1Br)
- 50 centimeters to 1,5 meters
- Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Caatinga
- Prefers rocky and dry places
Anacassia Lima, 2012
37. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snakes: Crotalus sp. (Cascavel)
- Coagulant, Miotoxic and Neurotoxic
- Bleeding, dark urine and myalgia
- Ptosis, myasthenic face and renal failure
- Fatality rate (Tx): 1,85%, AV available
CEVAP, 2011
38. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snakes: Micrurus sp (Coral)
- 0,4 % of Snakes Bites; 65 species
- 90 centimeters to 1,5 meters
- Thoughout Brazil
- Reclusive behavior, beneath the ground
M. M. Moura, 2012
39. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Snakes: Micrurus sp (Coral)
- Neurotoxic only, but very potent
- Acute progressive myasthenic syndrome
- Paralysis of respiratory muscles, death
- Fatality rate: 0,36%; AV available Anacassia Lima, 2012
40. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Spiders
Phoneutria sp. (Armadeira)
- Agressive, 17 centimeters
- Neurotoxic venom, but in low dose
- Painful, dangerous to children, AV available
Funasa, 2009
41. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Spiders
Loxosceles sp. (Aranha marrom)
- Not agressive, 4 centimeters
- Necrotic venom
- Without acute symptoms, AV available
Funasa, 2009
42. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Scorpions
Tityus serrulatus (yellow) and T. bahiensis (brown)
- Local pain and inflammation
- Potential Neurotoxic Venom
- Dangerous to children, AV available
Funasa, 2009
43. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Caterpillar
Lonomia sp.
- Local pain and inflammation
- Hemorrhagic syndrome and Renal Failure
- Rare but possible deaths, AV available
SMS Curitiba, 2012
44. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Bees
Apis Mellifera (Africanized honey bees)
- 9,000 accidents/y, 26 deaths (2011)
- Complex venom, and allergic reaction
- No specific antivenom, supportive therapy
CEVAP, 2011
45. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Trauma Animals
1. Mammals: Tapirus terrestris, Porcupines, etc.
2. Fish: Serrasalmus sp, etc.
Google
46. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammals: Tapirus terrestris (Anta)
- Tapir: 2 meters, 200 kg
- Rare accidents
- 55y/o male farmer bitten three times
- Death due to bite in the cervical region Haddad Jr et al. WEM, 2005
47. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Mammals: Porcupines (Ouriços-cacheiros)
- Porcupines: small rodent
- Rare accidents, non aggressive behavior
- 34y/o male tourist tried to capture
- After spines removed, the pain stopped
Haddad Jr et al. JVAT 2010
48. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
49. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Extension: 9.198 km
âą Climate: from equatorial to temperate
âą Venom: Fish and Invertebrates
âą Trauma: Fish and Invertebrates
Google
50. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Venomous Animals
1. Fish: Stingrays, Marine Catfish and Scorpionfish.
2. Invertebrates: Sponges, Man-of-war, Jellyfish, Octopus and Sea Urchin
Google
51. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Fish: Scorpionfish
Scorpaena sp. (MangangĂĄ)
- Venomous stings in fin
- Strong and long pain
- Necrosis can be a complication
Brasil Reef
52. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Sponges
Tedania, Neofibularia and Microciona
- Irritating slime and spikes
- Allergic symptoms
Haddad, 2013
53. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Man-of-war
Physalia physalis, Caravela
- Small distal spicules
- Toxic and an allergic action
- Severe pain (like burning)
- Systemic repercussion
Haddad, 2013
54. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Venomous Invertebrates: Jellyfish
Medusa, Ăgua Viva
- Small distal spicules
- Toxic and an allergic action
- Severe pain (like burning)
- Systemic repercussion
Haddad, 2013
55. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Some Trauma Animals
1. Fish: Moray eels (Muraenidae), Sharks, etc.
2. Invertebrates: Sea Urchin, Crabs, etc.
Haddad, 2015Google
56. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
Trauma Invertebrates: Sea Urchin
Ouriço do Mar
- Spine penetration and breaking
- Pain and Inflammation
- Granuloma and Secondary Infection
- Most common injury Haddad, 2013
57. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą 1927-2015: 143 attacks (official data)
âą Systematic report: only after 1992
âą Main concentration in the Northeast Region
âą Metropolitan area of Recife is the most affected
âą Main species: Bull, Tiger, Sand Tiger and Great White
58. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą 1927-1992: only 6 attacks in Pernambuco (official data)
âą Systematic report: only after 1992
âą 1992-2015: 60 attacks (until July 2015)
âą Metropolitan area of Recife is the most affected
⹠Main species: Bull (cabeça chata) and Tiger (tigre)
Pernambuco State
CEMIT, 2013
59. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Shark Attacks in beaches
- Boa Viagem and Piedade: 69.4%
- Urban and crowded beaches
CEMIT, 2013
Google
60. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Deaths between 1992-2015:
- 24 deaths from 60 attacks reported
- Mortality rate: 40%
- Deaths by Exposure Category: Bathers = 83.3%
- 2012-2015 (until August): 5 attacks (4 fatal), 4 males, all bathers
- Cause of death: massive trauma injuries
CEMIT, 2013
61. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą The most recent death, case report:
- 07/21/2013, Monday, 1:20 p.m.
- Boa Viagem beach, tourists in the water
- Two girls were taken by sea current to a deeper area
- Lifeguard was called due to drowning risk
- Trying to swim, an 18 y/o female was bitten by a shark Globo TV, 2013
OESP, 2013
62. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą The most recent death, case report:
- Rescued from the water and taken to the hospital, 2 episodes of CRA
- Hypovolemic sock, BP: 0x0, unconscious
- Trauma lesion on the left leg
- Extensive blood, musculature and bone loss
- Amputation of the leg and all supportive therapies were performed
- Death after 10 hours of the attack
OESP, 2013
Restauração Hospital Archive
63. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Why are these attacks so frequent? General Reasons
- Same habitat: high population densities of sharks and humans
- Public warnings are constantly ignored, mainly by tourists
- Sea sports and other activities are increasing (e.g. surf)
- Splashing of arms and legs can attract sharks
- An occasional attack can be considered normal
64. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Why are these attacks so frequent? Specific Reasons
- High frequency of aggressive shark species
OESP, 2013
65. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Why are these attacks so frequent? Specific Reasons
- Topography: a deep channel, 100 meters of the shore
OESP, 2013
66. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą Why are these attacks so frequent? Specific Reasons
1. Changes in the Suape
bay, a natural nursery of
aquatic life, in order to
build the port (1980) could
have dislodged the sharks.
2. Sharks usually follow the
ships
3. Waste and blood from a
slaughterhouse were thrown
into a close river.
67. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
1. The Brazilian Biodiversity
2. Amazon Biome
3. Pantanal Biome
4. Atlantic Forest Biome
5. Marine Biome
6. Conclusions
68. Animals of Medical Interest in Brazil
âą In a continental country, huge biodiversity
âą Many animal can be dangerous to humans
âą Disturbs to the ecological balance = Accidents
âą Research and learn with animals biology and behavior
âą Fight against predatory exploration of the wildlife
69. Thank you for your attention!
SAE de Infectologia HC UNESP Botucatu Faculdade de Medicina UNESP