The Complete Smith Chart
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Black Magic Design

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.12                    0.13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0.11                                                                             0.14
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0.38                  0.37                                                     0.15
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.1                          0.39                                                                           0.36
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          90
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0.4                         100                                                                      80                            0.35                         0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                          0   .09                                                                                                                                                                                              6




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               45
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1                110                                                                                                             40                            70                0.3
                                                                                                                                                                                                               0.4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                55
                                                                                                                                                                                   .08




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.8
                                                                                                                                                                               0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     35




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1.4
                                                                                                                                                                                         2                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.3




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.7
                                                                                                                                                                                    0.4               0                                                                                                                                                                                                              60           3
                                                                                                                                                                                                   12




                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.6 60
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             )
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          /Yo




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.1
                                                                                                                                                  0.0
                                                                                                                                                         7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    E                 (+jB                                                                                                                                                                            30                                        8
                                                                                                                                                                3                                                 NC                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.3
                                                                                                                                                            0.4                                                 TA




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1.8
                                                                                                                                                                                                              EP                                                                                                0.2                                                                                                                                       2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    50
                                                                                                                                                                               65

                                                                                                                                                                  0                                         SC
                                                                                                                                                               13                                         SU




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2.0
                                                                                                                                                                                         E
                                                                                                                                                                                0.5


                                                                                                                                                                                       IV
                                                                                                                         06




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0.
                                                                                                                                                                                     IT                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          25




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                19
                                                                                                                      0.




                                                                                                                                                                                   AC
                                                                                                                                44




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.
                                                                                                                                                                                 AP




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          31
                                                                                                                              0.




                                                                                                                                                                                C
                                                                                                                                                70




                                                                                                                                                                        R
                                                                                                                                                                      ,O                                                                                                                                              0.4
                                                                                                                                                                    o)
                                                                                                                             0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           40
                                                                                                                           14




                                                                                                                                                    4
                                                                                                      5




                                                                                                                                                      0.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.2
                                                                                                     0.0




                                                                                                                                                          /Z
                                                                                                             5




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          20




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0.3
                                                                                                                                                        jX
                                                                                                           0.4




                                                                                                                                                      (+




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     3.0
                                                                                                                                   T
                                                                                                                                 75


                                                                                                                                EN




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.6
                                                                                                                               N
                                                                                                                             PO
                                                                               4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.2
                                                                        0.0




                                                                                                                          0.3
                                                                                                                           OM
                                                                                                       0
                                                                                               6




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   30
                                                                                                     15
                                                                                           0.4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                         EC




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0.8                                                                                                                                                15
                                                                                           >
                                                                                         R—




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4.0
                                                                                                       80


                                                                                                                       NC
                                                                                       TO




                                                                                                                     TA




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.22
                                                                                                                   AC
                                                                                  ERA

                                                                                  0.47




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0.28
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   5.0
                                                                                                                 RE




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1.0
                                                                              GEN




                                                                                                      0.2
                                                                              160




                                                                                                            IVE




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       20
                                                                                               85




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              10
                                                                                                         UCT
                                                                          ARD




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.23
                                                                                                      IND
                                                                  S TOW

                                                                     0.48




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0.27
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ANG
                                                                     90




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.6




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ANG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          LE OF
                                                              NGTH




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               10




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           LE OF
                                                              170




                                                                                          0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                TRANSM
                                               0.0 —> WAVELE




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                0.24
                                                         0.49




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0.2




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     50
                                                                                                                        0.1




                                                                                                                                                              0.2




                                                                                                                                                                                             0.3




                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.4



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.5


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.6


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.7


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.8

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.9

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1.2


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.4


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         1.6

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 1.8

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         2.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3.0



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 4.0


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              5.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           10



                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               20

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             50




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.25

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.25
                                             ± 180
                                               0.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     50
                                                                                                                                   RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
                                        D <—




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    20
                                RD LOA




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.24
                                   0.49




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0.26
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.4
                                70




                                                                                          0.1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              DEGR
                             A
                             -1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               GREE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               10
                        S TOW




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  EES
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.6
                       -90




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   S
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    0.23
                                                                                                                                                                  o)
                       0.48




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.27
                      H




                                                                                                                                                              jB/Y
                   NGT




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           8
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.
                                                                                                                                                          E (-




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              -10
                ELE
               160
                                                                                               -85




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       -20
                                                                                                                                                        NC




                                                                                                      0.2
             V




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1.0
             -
         WA




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   5.0
                                                                                                                                                      TA




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             0.22
           7




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         0.28
       0.4




                                                                                                                                                    EP




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     1.0
      <—




                                                                                                                                                  SC
                                                                                                                                                SU
                                                                                               -15 -80




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         4.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0.8                                                                                                                                                -15
                                                                                                                                             VE
                                                                                                    4




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.2
                                                                                                                                           TI
                                                                                                   0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -30
                                                                                                0.0




                                                                                                                          0.3
                                                                                                                                          C
                                                                           6




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1
                                                                             0.4




                                                                                                                                        DU




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       9
                                                                                                                                      IN




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.6
                                                                                                                                   -75



                                                                                                                                    R




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       3.0
                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                                ),
                                                                                                               5




                                                                                                                              Zo




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     -20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.2
                                                                                                            0.0




                                                                                                                            X/
                                                                                                        5




                                                                                                                                                        4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            0.3
                                                                                                     0.4




                                                                                                                                                    0.              (-j
                                                                                                                          40




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               -4
                                                                                                                       -1




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0




                                                                                                                                                                                  T                                                                                                                                   0.4
                                                                                                                                                                                EN
                                                                                                                   -70




                                                                                                                                                                               N
                                                                                                                                                                             PO
                                                                                                                06




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       19
                                                                                                             0.




                                                                                                                                                                            M
                                                                                                                                                                          CO                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     -25
                                                                                                          44




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.
                                                                                                                                                                               0.5




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               31
                                                                                                       0.




                                                                                                                                                                                                                 CE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             2.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -5
                                                                                                                                                            30                                                 AN                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0
                                                                                                                                                                                -65




                                                                                                                                                                 -1                                          CT                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          0.1
                                                                                                                                                                7                                          EA                                                                                                   0.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1.8




                                                                                                                                                            0.0                                        VE
                                                                                                                                                                                                          R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          8
                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.6




                                                                                                                                                                                                    ITI                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        0.3
                                                                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                                                                    0.4                                           AC                                                                                                                                                                                                                 -30                                   2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1.6




                                                                                                                                                                                               CAP
                                                                                                                                                                                                               -60




                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0                                                                                                                                                                                              -60       0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                        8                        -12
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.7




                                                                                                                                                                                    0.0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.4




                                                                                                                                                                               2                                                                                                                                                                                                    -35                                                0.3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.8




                                                                                                                                                                                0.4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1.2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -55




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       0.9




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1.0




                                                                                                                                                                                                               9                                                                                                                                                                   -70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 0.0                 -110                                                                                                            0                                               6
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -5




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                5




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           0.3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -4




                                                                                                                                                                                                          1
                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.4                         0.1                      -100                                                                           -80                        0.15                         4
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         -90
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     0.11                                                                      0.14                            0.35
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      0.4                                                       0.12                  0.13
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  0.39                                                                             0.36
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              0.38                    0.37
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        O (C dB O ]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           F
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     . C K SS [ SS C [dB




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        EF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               N P L L EN




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   P)




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  TOWARD LOAD —>                                                                                             <— TOWARD GENERATOR
SW d S [d EFF , E o
  RT




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              A W. L. W. TT


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          EF O ]
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              P T.




                                                                        ∞ 100 40
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 SM EA O O




                                                                                                       20                  10                                       5              4                      3             2.5                 2        1.8         1.6         1.4             1.2 1.1 1          15               10     7        5                                        4                     3                            2           1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            F, NS
     N




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          TR S. RF S. A
  R BS B] , P r I
   . L L. OE
      RF L. C
      O CO FF




                                                                          ∞ 40 30                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ∞
       RF




                                                                                                                           20                            15                                         10                     8                6          5          4           3         2         1      1 1                                         1.1               1.2         1.3 1.4                1.6         1.8    2                             3         4         5                   10        20
        S




                                                                            0                               1                     2                      3                 4              5               6            7        8     9         10          12         14                  20          30 ∞ 0                          0.1           0.2               0.4         0.6     0.8       1                1.5              2                   3          4         5         6                  10 15 ∞
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     or
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   E




                                                                            1                  0.9         0.8        0.7             0.6             0.5                 0.4                0.3                    0.2                      0.1                 0.05                     0.01           0 0                 1.1               1.2             1.3           1.4        1.5      1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2                                             2.5         3                   4         5          10 ∞
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                F,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             EF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            O




                                                                            1                          0.9                      0.8                      0.7                    0.6                   0.5                      0.4               0.3                   0.2                 0.1           0 1                 0.99                    0.95                0.9                        0.8                0.7                 0.6            0.5        0.4           0.3         0.2           0.1            0
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .C
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       SM




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       CENTER
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   N
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               A
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         TR




                                                                        0.0                            0.1                      0.2                      0.3                    0.4                   0.5                      0.6               0.7                   0.8                 0.9            1                  1.1                  1.2                  1.3                1.4                  1.5                1.6                    1.7              1.8                   1.9                         2

                                                           ORIGIN

Abaco smith

  • 1.
    The Complete SmithChart Black Magic Design 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.38 0.37 0.15 0.1 0.39 0.36 90 0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1 0 .09 6 45 50 1 110 40 70 0.3 0.4 1.0 4 0.9 1.2 0.1 55 .08 0.8 0 7 35 1.4 2 0.3 0.7 0.4 0 60 3 12 0.6 60 ) /Yo 1.6 0.1 0.0 7 E (+jB 30 8 3 NC 0.3 0.4 TA 1.8 EP 0.2 2 50 65 0 SC 13 SU 2.0 E 0.5 IV 06 0. IT 25 19 0. AC 44 0. AP 31 0. C 70 R ,O 0.4 o) 0 40 14 4 5 0. 0.2 0.0 /Z 5 20 0.3 jX 0.4 (+ 3.0 T 75 EN 0.6 N PO 4 0.2 0.0 0.3 OM 0 6 0.2 1 30 15 0.4 9 EC 0.8 15 > R— 4.0 80 NC TO TA 1.0 0.22 AC ERA 0.47 0.28 5.0 RE 1.0 GEN 0.2 160 IVE 20 85 10 UCT ARD 8 0. 0.23 IND S TOW 0.48 0.27 ANG 90 0.6 ANG LE OF NGTH 10 LE OF 170 0.1 0.4 TRANSM 0.0 —> WAVELE 0.24 0.49 0.26 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE 20 0.2 ISSION COEFFICIENT IN 50 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10 20 50 0.25 0.25 ± 180 0.0 50 RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo) D <— 0.2 20 RD LOA 0.24 0.49 0.26 0.4 70 0.1 DEGR A -1 GREE 10 S TOW EES 0.6 -90 S 0.23 o) 0.48 0.27 H jB/Y NGT 8 0. E (- -10 ELE 160 -85 -20 NC 0.2 V 1.0 - WA 5.0 TA 0.22 7 0.28 0.4 EP 1.0 <— SC SU -15 -80 4.0 0.8 -15 VE 4 0.2 TI 0 -30 0.0 0.3 C 6 0.2 1 0.4 DU 9 IN 0.6 -75 R 3.0 O ), 5 Zo -20 0.2 0.0 X/ 5 4 0.3 0.4 0. (-j 40 -4 -1 0 T 0.4 EN -70 N PO 06 0. 19 0. M CO -25 44 0. 0.5 31 0. CE 2.0 -5 30 AN 0 -65 -1 CT 0.1 7 EA 0.2 1.8 0.0 VE R 8 0.6 ITI 0.3 3 0.4 AC -30 2 1.6 CAP -60 0 -60 0.1 8 -12 0.7 0.0 7 1.4 2 -35 0.3 0.8 0.4 3 1.2 -55 0.9 0.1 1.0 9 -70 0.0 -110 0 6 -4 0 -5 5 0.3 -4 1 0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4 -90 0.11 0.14 0.35 0.4 0.12 0.13 0.39 0.36 0.38 0.37 O (C dB O ] F . C K SS [ SS C [dB RADIALLY SCALED PARAMETERS EF . N P L L EN P) TOWARD LOAD —> <— TOWARD GENERATOR SW d S [d EFF , E o RT A W. L. W. TT EF O ] P T. ∞ 100 40 SM EA O O 20 10 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.1 1 15 10 7 5 4 3 2 1 F, NS N TR S. RF S. A R BS B] , P r I . L L. OE RF L. C O CO FF ∞ 40 30 ∞ RF 20 15 10 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20 S 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30 ∞ 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 ∞ I or E 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0 0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 ∞ F, EF O 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 .C SM CENTER N A TR 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 ORIGIN