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1. CST 428 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES
S8 CSE – ELECTIVE

2. Course Outcomes

3. Syllabus
Module – 1 (Fundamentals of Cryptography)
Introduction to Cryptography, Symmetric cryptography – AES. Asymmetric cryptography
RSA. Elliptic curve cryptography, Digital signatures – RSA digital signature algorithms.
Secure Hash Algorithms – SHA-256. Applications of cryptographic hash functions –
Merkle trees, Distributed hash tables.
Module – 2 (Fundamentals of Blockchain Technology)
Blockchain – Definition, architecture, elements of blockchain, benefits and limitations,
types of blockchain. Consensus – definition, types, consensus in blockchain.
Decentralization – Decentralization using blockchain, Methods of decentralization,
Routes to decentralization, Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization
Module - 3 (Consensus Algorithms and Bitcoin)
Consensus Algorithms, Crash fault-tolerance (CFT) algorithms – Paxos, Raft. Byzantine
faulttolerance (BFT) algorithms – Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Proof of work
(PoW), Proof of stake (PoS), Types of PoS.
Bitcoin – Definition, Cryptographic keys – Private keys, public keys, addresses. Transactions
Lifecycle, coinbase transactions, transaction validation. Blockchain – The genesis block.
Mining – Tasks of miners, mining algorithm, hash rate. Wallets – Types of wallets.

4. Syllabus
Module - 4 (Smart Contracts and Use cases)
Smart Contracts – Definition, Smart contract templates, Oracles, Types of oracles,
Deploying smart contracts. Decentralization terminology – Decentralized
applications, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations.
Use cases of Blockchain technology – Government, Health care, Finance, Supply
chain management.
Blockchain and allied technologies – Blockchain and Cloud Computing,
Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence.
Module - 5 (Ethereum and Solidity)
Ethereum – The Ethereum network. Components of the Ethereum ecosystem –
Keys and addresses, Accounts, Transactions and messages. The Ethereum Virtual
Machine, Blocks and blockchain.
The Solidity language – The layout of a Solidity source code, Structure of a smart
contract, variables, data types, control structures, events, inheritance, libraries,
functions, error handling.
Smart contracts Case study: Voting, Auction.

5. Text Book
1. Imran Bashir, Mastering Blockchain: A deep
dive into distributed ledgers, consensus
protocols, smart contracts, DApps,
cryptocurrencies, Ethereum, and more, Packt
Publishing,
Third edition, 2020.

6. Objective
■To introduce the concept of Blockchain Technology

7. BLOCK CHAIN
• Blockchain can be defined as the Chain of Blocks that
contain some specific Information.
• Thus, a Blockchain is a ledger i.e file that constantly grows
and keeps the record of all transactions permanently.
• This process takes place in a secure, chronological
(Chronological means every transaction happens after the
previous one) and immutable way.
• Each time when a block is completed in storing
information, a new block is generated.

8. BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGIES
• Blockchain technology is an advanced database
mechanism that allows transparent information
sharing within a business network.
• A blockchain database stores data in blocks that
are linked together in a chain.
• Blockchain is a decentralized, digital ledger that
records transactions across a network of
computers in a secure and transparent manner.

9. Blockchain

10. Chain of Blocks

12. • It uses cryptography to ensure that once information is
added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered or deleted.
• This makes blockchain an immutable record of all
transactions that have taken place on the network.
• One of the most well-known uses of blockchain is as the
underlying technology behind the cryptocurrency,
Bitcoin.
• However, blockchain has many other potential uses
beyond just cryptocurrency. It can be used to secure and
manage supply chain information, maintain medical
records, track voting results in an election, and more.
BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGIES

13. • In 1991, researcher scientists named Stuart Haber and W.
Scott Stornetta introduced Blockchain Technology.
• These scientists wanted some Computational practical
Solution for time-stamping the digital documents so that
they couldn’t be tempered or misdated.
• So both scientists together developed a system with the help
of Cryptography. In this System, the time-stamped
documents are stored in a Chain of Blocks.
The history of blockchain and Bitcoin

14. • The concept of blockchain as we know it today was first
introduced in 2008 with the publication of a whitepaper
titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by
an anonymous person or group of people using the
pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.
• The whitepaper described a new kind of decentralized digital ledger
that could securely record transactions across a network of computers
without the need for a central authority. This ledger, called a
blockchain, uses cryptography and a consensus algorithm to maintain
its integrity, making it resistant to tampering and fraud.
• The first implementation of the blockchain technology was the
creation of the Bitcoin network. It introduced the term chain of blocks
The history of blockchain and Bitcoin

15. • No one knows the actual identity of Satoshi Nakamoto.
• After introducing Bitcoin in 2009, he remained active in the
Bitcoin developer community until 2011. He then handed
over Bitcoin development to its core developers and simply
disappeared.
• Since then, there has been no communication from him
whatsoever, and his existence and identity are shrouded in
mystery. The term "chain of blocks" evolved over the years
into the word "blockchain."
The history of blockchain and Bitcoin

16. Blockchain technology adoption and maturity

19. Most common types of blockchain
• Public blockchain: A public blockchain is a decentralized
and open blockchain that allows anyone to participate in
the network, validate transactions, and create new blocks.
• Examples of public blockchains include
Bitcoin ,Ethereum, Litecoin etc.
• Private blockchain: A private blockchain, also known as a
permissioned blockchain, is a centralized blockchain
that requires authorization to access and validate
transactions.
• This type of blockchain is often used by organizations to
streamline processes and maintain control over sensitive
information. Eg; Enterprise ethereum, Hyperledger,
Ripple etc

20. • Consortium/Federated blockchain: Is partially decentralized and
allows a pre-selected set of participants to validate transactions and
create new blocks. This type of blockchain is often used by
businesses and organizations to share information securely among
a group of participants. Eg: Hyperledger, Corda etc
• Hybrid blockchain: A hybrid blockchain combines elements of
both public and private blockchains, allowing for a balance
between decentralization and control.
• Sidechain: A sidechain is a separate blockchain that is attached to a
main blockchain, allowing for the transfer of assets or information
between the two.
Most common types of blockchain

21. Reference
• Block chain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSo_EIwHSd4
• Blockchain Demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_160oMzblY8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVqczFZr124
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/history-of-blockchain/

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