The document outlines learning objectives for students regarding the differentiation between text and discourse, as well as the concepts of cohesion and coherence. It explains that text consists of words or sentences, while discourse involves structured discussions that convey meaning. Strategies for achieving cohesion and coherence are provided, emphasizing the importance of vocabulary, grammatical structures, and logical connections.

1. Connected
Discourse
reading AND WRITING 11
TEXT AS A

2. Learning
Objectives
01
The students should be able to differentiate
text vs discourse.
02
The students should be able to differentiate
cohesion and coherence.
03
The students should be able to identify
ways to achieve cohesion and coherence

3. What is a
text?
A text could be a word,
or words put together
(in a phrase or in a
sentence)

5. What is a
discourse?
Discourse is the use of
such sentences.

6. discourse
In writing, a a discourse is a formal and
often lengthy discussion of a topic, where
concepts and insights are arranged in an
organized and logical manner.
text
It is made up of
utterances having the
property of coherence.
It is made up of
sentences having the
property of
grammatical cohesion..

7. COHEsion
It refers to the way we use
vocabulary and grammatical
structures to make connections
between the ideas within a text.
text

8. HOW to achieve cohesion?
Pronouns that refer back to a
previously mentioned noun.
1.
Example: Jim went out to the
playground. He played on the
swings.

9. 2. Substitution of a synonym for a
previously mentioned noun.
Example: There was a lot of food,
but she only ate the bread.
HOW to achieve cohesion?

10. 3. Transition words
(first, next, then, later, finally)
Example:
First, Jim played on the swings.
Later, Jim played ball.
HOW to achieve cohesion?

11. 4. Inter-clausal Connectors
Example:
Mary was late, so she took the bus.
Mary was late because she took
the bus.
HOW to achieve coheSION?

13. COHERENCE
It refers to the unity or
togetherness of the text
as a whole.
discourse

14. HOW to achieve coherence?
1. Discourse Connectors
(and, in addition, moreover,
furthermore, therefore, thus,
consequently, hence, so, but, yet,
however, in contrast)

15. HOW to achieve coherence?

16. HOW to achieve coherence?
2. Parallelism
Example:
Usually, the children spend the
summer weekends playing ball in park,
swimming in the neighbor’s pool,
eating ice cream under the tree, or
camping in the backyard.

17. HOW to achieve coherence?
Example:
At the museum, the class attended a
lecture where the speaker
demonstrated how the Native
Americans made bows and arrows. They
also attended a lecture where a sword
smith demonstrated how the Vikings
crafted swords.

18. HOW to achieve coherence?
3. Repetition of words
fluoride
water supplies - drinking water
tooth decay - dental cavities

20. text Discourse
is defined in terms of
being a physical product.
is viewed a s a process.

21. what makes text
a connected discourse?

22. text becomes a
a connected discourse
when we read it.

23. when meaning is derived as the
reader interacts with the text,
the text becomes a discourse.