A record year for investment treaty disputes
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The SCC emerged as one of the world's leading forums for resolving disputes between investors and states, and is the second largest forum for investment disputes under its own rules after the World Bank. In 2014, the SCC saw a record number of 11 new investment treaty cases filed under its rules. Overall, the SCC has administered 73 investment disputes since 1993, with 51 of those cases administered under SCC Rules. Most disputes have been based on bilateral investment treaties or the Energy Charter Treaty.
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The Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC) has administered 62 investment dispute cases since 1993. Bilateral investment treaties were relied on in 45 cases (72%), while the Energy Charter Treaty was used in 11 cases (18%). The SCC Rules applied to 42 cases (68%), while the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules were used in 14 cases (23%). German and Russian nationals were the most frequent claimants.
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This document provides statistics on cases registered and administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) as of December 31, 2014. It finds that ICSID has registered 497 cases total, with most (61.8%) based on bilateral investment treaties. The largest number of cases involve South American (26%) and Eastern European/Central Asian (25%) states in the oil, gas and mining sectors (26%). Most ICSID arbitration proceedings to date have resulted in disputes being decided by tribunals (64%) rather than settled.
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This document discusses investment protection and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It provides statistics on the ICSID caseload from 1972 to 2013 which shows a rise in the number of cases. It also shows increases in bilateral investment treaties and global foreign direct investment inflows over time. The document summarizes data on respondent states in ICSID cases and outcomes of ICSID arbitrations. It describes features of ICSID such as its international scope, expertise in investor-state dispute settlement, cost structure, and enforceability of awards.
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Asta e cheia tuturor relelor şi tuturor suferinţelor, acesta cuvântul cu care se dezleagă cimilitura putrejunii sociale şi politice din România.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and its dispute resolution mechanism. The key points are:
1) ICSID was established in 1966 under the World Bank to provide arbitration, mediation and other alternative dispute resolution for investment disputes between states and foreign investors.
2) ICSID's jurisdiction is limited to transnational commercial investments and does not include claims between states or investors.
3) Common types of dispute resolution mechanisms available through ICSID include arbitration, expert determination, conciliation and mediation, with the goal of reconciling parties and resolving conflicts.
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This document discusses alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques for banking disputes, with a focus on Nigeria and select countries. It begins by providing context on disputes in the banking industry, which can be between banks/customers, banks/regulators, and customers/regulators. The paper then defines ADR as processes outside formal litigation, like mediation and arbitration, to resolve disputes quickly and at low cost. It examines key ADR techniques used for financial disputes in countries like Italy, Germany, France, and the UK. The main ADR approaches in Nigeria - mediation, conciliation, and arbitration - are also overviewed in terms of their processes and applicable laws.
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This document discusses investment protection and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). It provides statistics on the ICSID caseload from 1972 to 2013 which shows a rise in the number of cases. It also shows increases in bilateral investment treaties and global foreign direct investment inflows over time. The document summarizes data on respondent states in ICSID cases and outcomes of ICSID arbitrations. It describes features of ICSID such as its international scope, expertise in investor-state dispute settlement, cost structure, and enforceability of awards.
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1) ICSID was established in 1966 under the World Bank to provide arbitration, mediation and other alternative dispute resolution for investment disputes between states and foreign investors.
2) ICSID's jurisdiction is limited to transnational commercial investments and does not include claims between states or investors.
3) Common types of dispute resolution mechanisms available through ICSID include arbitration, expert determination, conciliation and mediation, with the goal of reconciling parties and resolving conflicts.
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This document discusses alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques for banking disputes, with a focus on Nigeria and select countries. It begins by providing context on disputes in the banking industry, which can be between banks/customers, banks/regulators, and customers/regulators. The paper then defines ADR as processes outside formal litigation, like mediation and arbitration, to resolve disputes quickly and at low cost. It examines key ADR techniques used for financial disputes in countries like Italy, Germany, France, and the UK. The main ADR approaches in Nigeria - mediation, conciliation, and arbitration - are also overviewed in terms of their processes and applicable laws.
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The document discusses international arbitration and its role in promoting foreign direct investment in developing countries. It defines key terms like foreign direct investment and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. International arbitration offers investors an impartial dispute resolution process compared to local courts. Joining arbitration organizations like ICSID signals a country's commitment to protecting foreign investors and encouraging investment. The document also summarizes the Occidental Petroleum v. Ecuador case which resulted in a $1.77 billion award, the largest in ICSID history.
Sources of international law
This document discusses the traditional sources of international law, which are treaties and customary law. It notes that while treaties allow states to explicitly consent to rules, the treaty-making process is lengthy and complex. Customary law emerges from state practice over time, but determining what behaviors have become legally binding can be challenging. The document goes on to discuss how international law now also addresses issues beyond state relations, like human rights, but the state-centered system of international law may be inadequate to deal with modern global challenges.
ICSID
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International Law CSS Notes
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Dissertation
The document discusses the history and development of international commercial arbitration. It notes that arbitration first emerged in Europe in the 1920s to resolve international business disputes privately. Since then, various conventions and rules have been adopted to facilitate arbitration, including the New York Convention of 1958. The document outlines key definitions and concepts in international commercial arbitration such as the meaning of "international", different types of arbitration, and the laws that typically govern arbitration proceedings and awards. It also discusses important issues that commonly arise like jurisdictional questions and the interplay between procedural and substantive laws. The conclusion is that arbitration can replace court proceedings in India by offering faster and cheaper dispute resolution while allowing parties more flexibility and control over the process.
Arbitration as a method of resolving disputes
1) Arbitration is a formal process where a private third party arbitrator makes a binding decision to resolve disputes instead of going through litigation.
2) It has been used internationally since the late 19th century to resolve conflicts between countries in a private manner.
3) Arbitration results in a final ruling, unlike mediation which facilitates negotiations, and the rulings can be enforced globally through treaties like the 1958 New York Convention.
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
Introduction
In the intricate realm of international arbitration, where various types of claims intersect with diverse jurisdictions and legal frameworks, the inclusion of third-party funding (TPF) adds a layer of complexity. Legal practitioners engaged in transactions involving TPF for international arbitration must grapple with considerations spanning multiple arbitral rules, governing laws, and treaties. This addendum aims to shed light on common issues and approaches in TPF within the context of international arbitration, offering a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape.
Core Concept
The core concept of TPF involves external entities providing financial support to parties engaged in dispute resolution. This support is instrumental in mitigating financial constraints and fostering access to justice, thereby ensuring a level playing field for all parties involved.
Mechanics of TPF
In the mechanics of TPF, key participants include the funded party, typically the claimant seeking financial assistance, the funder, which can range from companies to funds providing external financial backing, and legal counsel, representing the funded party. Structured agreements guide the roles and relationships among these participants.
Growing Acceptance of TPF
The landscape of TPF in international arbitration has witnessed a remarkable surge in recent times, cutting across diverse claim types and venues. Complex commercial disputes, often involving sophisticated legal counsel from premier international law firms, can impose substantial fee burdens on the parties involved. Additionally, many international arbitrations involve claimants facing capital constraints, making TPF a vital resource for those who may not have the financial means to pursue their claims independently.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that TPF has become a routine aspect of larger international arbitrations. Conversations with claimants, practitioners, and arbitration stakeholders indicate a pervasive trend towards TPF utilization. Limited public data also supports this trend. For instance, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) noted an "increased resort" to funding, with at least 20 recent ICSID cases involving TPF. This growing recognition of TPF's prevalence is evident in the amendments to various arbitration rules and treaties, reflecting the need to address the evolving dynamics of international arbitration.
Due Diligence
Due diligence plays a crucial role in the TPF process, involving a comprehensive assessment covering claim valuation, jurisdictional considerations, merits of the case, potential damages, enforceability, and estimated costs. This two-tier review, incorporating both internal and external assessments, ensures a comprehensive understanding of the case. The funding agreement, a cornerstone of TPF, governs conditions for funding, security arrangements, dispute resolution mec
United nations diplomacy & dispute settlement.
The UN aims to maintain peace and security through cooperation between states. Its primary organs work to resolve disputes peacefully and facilitate international agreements. If peaceful measures fail, the Security Council can authorize sanctions or military force. Reforms seek to make the UN more representative and effective in restoring peace.
peaceful settlement
The document discusses the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes under international law. It outlines several key points:
1) One of the major objectives of the UN, according to Article 1(1) of the Charter, is to peacefully resolve international disputes.
2) Article 2(3) obligates UN member states to settle international disputes peacefully in a manner that preserves international peace and security.
3) Article 33 lists several peaceful means for resolving disputes, including negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement. These are divided into diplomatic and adjudicative means.
4) The document then provides more details on specific peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms like negotiation, mediation,
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Ex. 103
This document contains the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, which established the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The convention created ICSID to provide conciliation and arbitration facilities for resolving investment disputes between contracting states and nationals of other contracting states. The Administrative Council governs ICSID and adopts its regulations, rules of procedure, budget, and annual report. The Council consists of one representative from each contracting state and determines policies necessary for implementing the convention.
2014 1 icsid caseload
This document provides statistics on cases registered and administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) as of December 31, 2013. It finds that ICSID had registered 459 total cases, with the majority being arbitration cases under the ICSID Convention. The top basis for consent was bilateral investment treaties. By region, the majority of cases involved states in South America, Central America/Caribbean, and Eastern Europe/Central Asia. The largest sectors were oil, gas and mining as well as electric power and other energy. Most arbitration proceedings resulted in disputes being decided by tribunals, with roughly split outcomes of findings for claimants or respondents.
Icsid web stats 2014 2 (english)
This document provides statistics on cases registered and administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) as of June 30, 2014. It finds that ICSID has registered a total of 473 cases under the ICSID Convention and Additional Facility Rules since 1972. The majority of registered cases are arbitration cases under the ICSID Convention. Bilateral investment treaties are the most common basis for consent invoked to establish ICSID jurisdiction. South America and Eastern Europe & Central Asia are the most common geographic regions involved in ICSID cases. The oil, gas and mining sector accounts for the largest share of ICSID cases by economic sector. Of concluded arbitration proceedings, 65% were decided by tribun
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The document provides an overview of international law, including its emergence and historical development. It discusses early influences from ancient civilizations and the formalization of concepts during the Roman Empire. Key early writers who contributed to the field include Francisco de Vitoria, Alberico Gentili, and Hugo Grotius. The document outlines the historical schools of naturalism and positivism and how they shaped international law over time. It also notes the increasing role of non-state actors and human rights in modern international law.
International Law CSS Notes
I. Nature, Origin and Basis of International Law.
The Emergence of International Law, Early European Authors, The Nation-State
System, The Enforcement of International Law, The Effectiveness of International
Law, The Weakness of International Law, The Juridical Basis of International law,
The Future of International law and Material Sources of International Law.
II. Relation between International Law and State Law.
Article 38 of the Statute of International Court of Justice, Primary Sources of
International Law, Subsidiary Sources of International Law, International Soft Law
III. State in General and Recognition
Personality and Statehood in International Law, The Subjects of International
Law, Recognition of State and Government in International Law, Recognition of
State and Government in National Law.
IV. The Law and Practice as to Treaties
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
V. The Settlement of International Disputes.
Negotiation, Mediation and Good Offices, Inquiry, Settlement by the United
Nations, Conciliation, Arbitration, The International Court of Justice.
VI. International Humanitarian Law.
International and Non-International Armed Conflicts, Non-International Armed
Conflict, ‘Combatant’ and ‘Protected Persons’, Protection of Wounded, Sick and
Ship-Wrecked Persons, POWs, Civilians, Limitations on the Conduct of War,
Limits on the Choice of Methods and Means of Warfare.
VII. The Use of Force
The Law before the UN Charter, The Law after the Charter, The Collective Use of
Force, The Right of Self-Defence.
VIII. International Institutions
IX. State Territorial Sovereignty.
X. State Responsibility.
XI. State Jurisdiction.
XII. Succession to Rights and Obligations.
XIII. The State and the Individual.
XIV. The State and the Economic Interest.
XV. Diplomatic Envoys, Counsels and other Representatives.
XVI. War, Armed Conflicts and other Hostilities.
XVII. Neutrality.
Dissertation
The document discusses the history and development of international commercial arbitration. It notes that arbitration first emerged in Europe in the 1920s to resolve international business disputes privately. Since then, various conventions and rules have been adopted to facilitate arbitration, including the New York Convention of 1958. The document outlines key definitions and concepts in international commercial arbitration such as the meaning of "international", different types of arbitration, and the laws that typically govern arbitration proceedings and awards. It also discusses important issues that commonly arise like jurisdictional questions and the interplay between procedural and substantive laws. The conclusion is that arbitration can replace court proceedings in India by offering faster and cheaper dispute resolution while allowing parties more flexibility and control over the process.
Arbitration as a method of resolving disputes
1) Arbitration is a formal process where a private third party arbitrator makes a binding decision to resolve disputes instead of going through litigation.
2) It has been used internationally since the late 19th century to resolve conflicts between countries in a private manner.
3) Arbitration results in a final ruling, unlike mediation which facilitates negotiations, and the rulings can be enforced globally through treaties like the 1958 New York Convention.
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
Introduction
In the intricate realm of international arbitration, where various types of claims intersect with diverse jurisdictions and legal frameworks, the inclusion of third-party funding (TPF) adds a layer of complexity. Legal practitioners engaged in transactions involving TPF for international arbitration must grapple with considerations spanning multiple arbitral rules, governing laws, and treaties. This addendum aims to shed light on common issues and approaches in TPF within the context of international arbitration, offering a comprehensive analysis of the evolving landscape.
Core Concept
The core concept of TPF involves external entities providing financial support to parties engaged in dispute resolution. This support is instrumental in mitigating financial constraints and fostering access to justice, thereby ensuring a level playing field for all parties involved.
Mechanics of TPF
In the mechanics of TPF, key participants include the funded party, typically the claimant seeking financial assistance, the funder, which can range from companies to funds providing external financial backing, and legal counsel, representing the funded party. Structured agreements guide the roles and relationships among these participants.
Growing Acceptance of TPF
The landscape of TPF in international arbitration has witnessed a remarkable surge in recent times, cutting across diverse claim types and venues. Complex commercial disputes, often involving sophisticated legal counsel from premier international law firms, can impose substantial fee burdens on the parties involved. Additionally, many international arbitrations involve claimants facing capital constraints, making TPF a vital resource for those who may not have the financial means to pursue their claims independently.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that TPF has become a routine aspect of larger international arbitrations. Conversations with claimants, practitioners, and arbitration stakeholders indicate a pervasive trend towards TPF utilization. Limited public data also supports this trend. For instance, the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) noted an "increased resort" to funding, with at least 20 recent ICSID cases involving TPF. This growing recognition of TPF's prevalence is evident in the amendments to various arbitration rules and treaties, reflecting the need to address the evolving dynamics of international arbitration.
Due Diligence
Due diligence plays a crucial role in the TPF process, involving a comprehensive assessment covering claim valuation, jurisdictional considerations, merits of the case, potential damages, enforceability, and estimated costs. This two-tier review, incorporating both internal and external assessments, ensures a comprehensive understanding of the case. The funding agreement, a cornerstone of TPF, governs conditions for funding, security arrangements, dispute resolution mec
United nations diplomacy & dispute settlement.
The UN aims to maintain peace and security through cooperation between states. Its primary organs work to resolve disputes peacefully and facilitate international agreements. If peaceful measures fail, the Security Council can authorize sanctions or military force. Reforms seek to make the UN more representative and effective in restoring peace.
peaceful settlement
The document discusses the principle of peaceful settlement of disputes under international law. It outlines several key points:
1) One of the major objectives of the UN, according to Article 1(1) of the Charter, is to peacefully resolve international disputes.
2) Article 2(3) obligates UN member states to settle international disputes peacefully in a manner that preserves international peace and security.
3) Article 33 lists several peaceful means for resolving disputes, including negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, and judicial settlement. These are divided into diplomatic and adjudicative means.
4) The document then provides more details on specific peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms like negotiation, mediation,
A critical evaluation of the regulatory framework for the application of isla...
This document provides a summary and critical analysis of the regulatory framework for Islamic financial derivatives in Saudi Arabia. It begins with background on financial derivatives and their status in Islamic law, noting they are generally prohibited as they can enable speculation. It then examines the current state of Islamic banking regulation in Saudi Arabia, finding a lack of industry-specific laws and independent oversight. The document aims to evaluate whether current risk-sharing practices in Saudi Islamic finance comply with Shariah, and provides recommendations to strengthen the regulatory framework in line with global standards.
Ex. 103
This document contains the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, which established the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The convention created ICSID to provide conciliation and arbitration facilities for resolving investment disputes between contracting states and nationals of other contracting states. The Administrative Council governs ICSID and adopts its regulations, rules of procedure, budget, and annual report. The Council consists of one representative from each contracting state and determines policies necessary for implementing the convention.
Similar to A record year for investment treaty disputes (20)
La coopération internationale dans la lutte à la corruption
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Contour of Investment Dispute Settlement Mechanism A Crucial Analysis of its ...
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Investor State Dispute Settlement Mechanisms (ISDS)
Investor State Dispute Settlement Mechanisms (ISDS)
Investor state arbitration exploring conteporary issues and remedy
Investor state arbitration exploring conteporary issues and remedy
Convention on Contracts for Int'l Sale of Goods, CISG 1980.
Convention on Contracts for Int'l Sale of Goods, CISG 1980.
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
Rise of Third - Party Funding and International Arbitration
A critical evaluation of the regulatory framework for the application of isla...
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2014 1 icsid caseload
This document provides statistics on cases registered and administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) as of December 31, 2013. It finds that ICSID had registered 459 total cases, with the majority being arbitration cases under the ICSID Convention. The top basis for consent was bilateral investment treaties. By region, the majority of cases involved states in South America, Central America/Caribbean, and Eastern Europe/Central Asia. The largest sectors were oil, gas and mining as well as electric power and other energy. Most arbitration proceedings resulted in disputes being decided by tribunals, with roughly split outcomes of findings for claimants or respondents.
Icsid web stats 2014 2 (english)
This document provides statistics on cases registered and administered by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) as of June 30, 2014. It finds that ICSID has registered a total of 473 cases under the ICSID Convention and Additional Facility Rules since 1972. The majority of registered cases are arbitration cases under the ICSID Convention. Bilateral investment treaties are the most common basis for consent invoked to establish ICSID jurisdiction. South America and Eastern Europe & Central Asia are the most common geographic regions involved in ICSID cases. The oil, gas and mining sector accounts for the largest share of ICSID cases by economic sector. Of concluded arbitration proceedings, 65% were decided by tribun
SCC statistics ISDS
The document discusses ISDS (investor-state dispute settlement) in Sweden, noting that there are 120 applicable bilateral investment treaties and the Energy Charter Treaty, with 61 cases at the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce arbitration institute, including 60 involving Sweden. It also outlines some substantive protections commonly found in international treaties like fair/equitable treatment, expropriation, discrimination, and legitimate expectations, as well as common ISDS procedural options like ICSID, UNCITRAL rules, SCC, and ad hoc arbitration.
ISDS Statistics SCC
This document discusses ISDS (investor-state dispute settlement) in Sweden, noting that Sweden is party to 120 bilateral investment treaties and the Energy Charter Treaty. It also notes that 61 ISDS cases have been brought at the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce Arbitration Institute, with 60 concerning Sweden. Common substantive protections in investment treaties include fair and equitable treatment, expropriation, discrimination, and legitimate expectations, while common procedural options for ISDS include arbitration under ICSID, UNCITRAL, the SCC, and ad hoc arbitration.
2014-10-27 Cietac and SCC seminar photos
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
2014 11-27 cietac and scc seminar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The SCC Board in Session 2014
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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在线办理(SU毕业证书)美国雪城大学毕业证成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SU毕业证书)美国雪城大学毕业证成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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一比一原版(Lincoln毕业证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证如何办理
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[留学文凭学历认证(留信认证使馆认证)新西兰林肯大学毕业证成绩单毕业证证书大学Offer请假条成绩单语言证书国际回国人员证明高仿教育部认证申请学校等一切高仿或者真实可查认证服务。
多年留学服务公司,拥有海外样板无数能完美1:1还原海外各国大学degreeDiplomaTranscripts等毕业材料。海外大学毕业材料都有哪些工艺呢？工艺难度主要由：烫金.钢印.底纹.水印.防伪光标.热敏防伪等等组成。而且我们每天都在更新海外文凭的样板以求所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
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一真实留信认证的作用(私企外企荣誉的见证):
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3：凡是获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内将在公安部网内查询个人身份证信息后同步读取人才网入库信息。
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原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(sheffield学位证书)英国谢菲尔德大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Pedal to the Court Understanding Your Rights after a Cycling Collision.pdf
The immediate step is an intelligent choice; don’t procrastinate. In the aftermath of the crash, taking care of yourself and taking quick steps can help you protect yourself from significant injuries. Make sure that you have collected the essential data and information.
在线办理(UNE毕业证书)新英格兰大学毕业证成绩单一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UNE毕业证书)新英格兰大学毕业证成绩单》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
快速办理(SCU毕业证书)澳洲南十字星大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SCU毕业证书)澳洲南十字星大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Search Warrants for NH Law Enforcement Officers
Training aid for law enforcement officers related to search warrants, the requirements needed, drafting, and execution of the search warrant.
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A record year for investment treaty disputes
- 1. A RECORD YEAR FOR INVESTMENT TREATY DISPUTES The SCC has emerged as one of the world's leading institutes for the resolution of disputes between investors and states. Today the SCC is the second largest forum in the world for administering investment disputes under its own rules after the dispute resolution organ of the World Bank. 2014 was a record year for investment treaty disputes at the SCC with 11 investor treaty cases being administered under the SCC Rules.
- 2. 2(2) The SCC has administered a total of 73 investment disputes since 1993. Out of the 73 cases, 70% (51) of the investment disputes registered have been administered under the SCC Rules. The majority of SCC investment disputes are BIT-based disputes (32), or ECT-based disputes (13), but also disputes based on investment agreements (6) have been filed at the SCC under the SCC Rules. Out of the 11 cases, nine were administered as arbitrations under the SCC Rules and two under the rules for the appointment of an Emergency Arbitrator.