What's D-Bal CrazyBulk? Insane Bulks's DBal is really a methandrostenolone preference complement. Its particularly formulated to copy the anabolic attributes of Dianabol, but usually, due to the fact that the complement isn't going to encompass any artificial steroids.
Deca Durabolin is known to boost the endurance and speed up the gain in the muscle mass. This helps them lose fat, add muscle weight and tone the body.
Dianabol is a legal anabolic steroid. Its scientific name is Methandrostenolone. It has been found to work great for bodybuilding. Trustworthy and established companies like Crazy Bulk market this steroid as “D-BAL.”
Increased endurance and strength- because it is a derivative of testosterone you will have more strength and stamina. You will be able to work harder and longer in the gym which will lead to better results. Fat burn-throughout the cycle metabolic process is quicker.
Boldenone undecylenate 8 equipoise side effectsAASraw
Equipoise is testosterone derived anabolic-androgen steroid (AAS ),there a number of Boldenone esters including Boldenone Cypionate, Boldenone Acetate.
What's D-Bal CrazyBulk? Insane Bulks's DBal is really a methandrostenolone preference complement. Its particularly formulated to copy the anabolic attributes of Dianabol, but usually, due to the fact that the complement isn't going to encompass any artificial steroids.
Deca Durabolin is known to boost the endurance and speed up the gain in the muscle mass. This helps them lose fat, add muscle weight and tone the body.
Dianabol is a legal anabolic steroid. Its scientific name is Methandrostenolone. It has been found to work great for bodybuilding. Trustworthy and established companies like Crazy Bulk market this steroid as “D-BAL.”
Increased endurance and strength- because it is a derivative of testosterone you will have more strength and stamina. You will be able to work harder and longer in the gym which will lead to better results. Fat burn-throughout the cycle metabolic process is quicker.
Boldenone undecylenate 8 equipoise side effectsAASraw
Equipoise is testosterone derived anabolic-androgen steroid (AAS ),there a number of Boldenone esters including Boldenone Cypionate, Boldenone Acetate.
Everything you need to know about dianabol (methandrostenolone) powder for saleAASraw
Are you looking to enhance your muscle mass? Dianabol (methandrostenolone) powder should be your next big thing. Find out what you need to know about these anabolic steroids.
Masteron propionate or masteron enanthate which one is better for youdorin braga
Masteron Propionate (521-12-0) and Masteron Enanthate (472-61-1) are two of the most commonly anabolic androgenic steroids used for Bodybuilding. They are?variants of Masteron with a small difference. They are both injectable and are common among bodybuilders. The main difference between the two is the dosage administration and their half-life. Masteron Propionate dosage?is smaller but given every day since the drug works fast and clears the body within a short period. Masteron Enanthate dosage, on the other hand, is given once or twice a week but in larger amounts since it works slower but clears the body faster.
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Anavar / Oxandrolone for women is as testosterone is for men; nearly the perfect steroid. If you want a highly effective yet safe and affordable anabolic steroid for cutting cycles, lean muscle building cycles, or fat loss, Anavar or Oxandrolone would be an ideal choice for you.
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Oxandrolone Anavar Alias: Anavar, Protivar
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Oxandrolone Anavar CAS: 53-39-4
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Oxandrolone Anavar Storage: Stored and Protected From Light.
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Clenbuterol is a stimulant drug that acts on the sympathetic nervous system. It is similar to Ephedrine, but far more powerful. It increases metabolism, opens up the bronchial airways, acts as a themogenic and speeds up heart rate. Although it is available in as small a dose as 20 mcg, it is commonly available in 40 mcg Clenbuterol tablets. Visit: http://steroidly.com/40mcg-clenbuterol/
Clinical Uses of FDA-Approved Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)NELSON VERGEL
Nelson Vergel, author of Built to Survive, Testosterone: A Man's Guide and Beyond Testosterone, and founder of www.ExcelMale.com, www.DiscountedLabs.com, and Clinical Optimizers, speaks about the clinical uses of nandrolone, oxandrolone, and other FDA-approved anabolic androgenic steroids.
Characterized by low serum testosterone levels and diverse symptoms, male hypogonadism is a common condition. Current medical treatment focuses on testosterone supplementation using multiple modalities such as injections, gels and pellets. Interestingly, while testosterone is considered an anabolic androgenic steroid, it has not been saddled with the social stigma that other, similar medications have. The goal of this review is to highlight an anabolic steroid, 19-nortestosterone (i.e., nandrolone, deca-durabolin) and illustrate prospective therapeutic applications for male health.
Nandrolone, like other anabolic steroids, is not however, suitable as a substitute for testosterone for the treatment of testosterone deficiency, as it does not produce the effects on libido, quality-of- life and physical hardiness that testosterone itself does. In truth only testosterone itself is appropriate for testosterone replacement therapy.
Nandrolone's decreased androgenic potential means that there is less chance that it will promote hair loss or enlargement of the prostate than testosterone. This is partly because testosterone's 5-alpha reduced metabolite, called dihydrotestosterone, is more androgenic than nandrolone's 5-alpha reduced metabolite, called dihydronandrolone. Because of its lower androgenic potential, nandrolone may also be used at low doses by women who are experiencing severe weight loss.
Nandrolone is a nor-testosterone, which means that there is no carbon at the 19 position of the molecule. This prevents the binding of the enzyme called aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen. While some textbooks say that this means that nandrolone should not convert to estrogen at all, nandrolone has been shown to convert to estrogen at a rate of approximately 20 percent as much as testosterone does at therapeutic doses. Therefore, nandrolone has significantly less potential to cause estrogen-related side effects such as gynecomastia (breast growth) than testosterone in men. Reduced potential for androgenic and estrogenic effects, along with its high anabolic potential makes nandrolone a very good steroid to combine with testosterone for higher-dose anabolic therapy.
Weight loss formulas are all the rage, especially for busy people who want to start losing weight without having to go through an exercise routine or strict diet. Xenadrine is one such weight loss formula that promises quick weight loss. But how effective is Xenadrine, and is it safe?
Read more: http://dietopia.net/xenadrine.html#ixzz2RGeMk68G
Browse our collection of Steroids. We are here to help you with more information on steroids. Trenbolone is the king of all steroids. Athletes and bodybuilders have been using trenbolone. and this is considered 5 times more powerful than testosterone...
visit us: https://www.steroidlabs.co/
The Uridine Supplement Stacks Help Repair Dopamine ReceptorsDaniel Fries
For many people, the neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in success when optimizing mental function. Having steady levels of dopamine in the right areas of the brain is important for maintaining motivation, attention span and supporting the ability to learn.
Read more about the Uridine Stack here: http://corpina.com/uridine-supplement-stacks-help-repair-dopamine-receptors/
Everything you need to know about dianabol (methandrostenolone) powder for saleAASraw
Are you looking to enhance your muscle mass? Dianabol (methandrostenolone) powder should be your next big thing. Find out what you need to know about these anabolic steroids.
Masteron propionate or masteron enanthate which one is better for youdorin braga
Masteron Propionate (521-12-0) and Masteron Enanthate (472-61-1) are two of the most commonly anabolic androgenic steroids used for Bodybuilding. They are?variants of Masteron with a small difference. They are both injectable and are common among bodybuilders. The main difference between the two is the dosage administration and their half-life. Masteron Propionate dosage?is smaller but given every day since the drug works fast and clears the body within a short period. Masteron Enanthate dosage, on the other hand, is given once or twice a week but in larger amounts since it works slower but clears the body faster.
Brutal Force is a 100% legal steroid alternative and hardcore bodybuilding supplement for bulking, cutting and strength.
Builds lean muscle and shreds fat at the same time
Promotes faster recovery & helps break through plateaus
100% natural ingredients backed by scientific studies
Free worldwide shipping & 100-day money-back guarantee
https://mixi.mn/?a=187177&c=11545&p=r
Anavar steroid high quality anavar steroid lab source supplierSteroidPowder
Oxandrolone Anavar Raw Steroid Powder
Anavar / Oxandrolone for women is as testosterone is for men; nearly the perfect steroid. If you want a highly effective yet safe and affordable anabolic steroid for cutting cycles, lean muscle building cycles, or fat loss, Anavar or Oxandrolone would be an ideal choice for you.
Data Of Oxandrolone Powder:
Oxandrolone Anavar Alias: Anavar, Protivar
Oxandrolone Anavar MF: C19H30O3
Oxandrolone Anavar MW: 306.44
Oxandrolone Anavar CAS: 53-39-4
Oxandrolone Anavar Purity: 99.50% bu HPLC
Oxandrolone Anavar Appearance: Almost white Crystalline Powder
Oxandrolone Anavar Storage: Stored and Protected From Light.
Oxandrolone (Anavar) Powder
Clenbuterol is a stimulant drug that acts on the sympathetic nervous system. It is similar to Ephedrine, but far more powerful. It increases metabolism, opens up the bronchial airways, acts as a themogenic and speeds up heart rate. Although it is available in as small a dose as 20 mcg, it is commonly available in 40 mcg Clenbuterol tablets. Visit: http://steroidly.com/40mcg-clenbuterol/
Clinical Uses of FDA-Approved Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)NELSON VERGEL
Nelson Vergel, author of Built to Survive, Testosterone: A Man's Guide and Beyond Testosterone, and founder of www.ExcelMale.com, www.DiscountedLabs.com, and Clinical Optimizers, speaks about the clinical uses of nandrolone, oxandrolone, and other FDA-approved anabolic androgenic steroids.
Characterized by low serum testosterone levels and diverse symptoms, male hypogonadism is a common condition. Current medical treatment focuses on testosterone supplementation using multiple modalities such as injections, gels and pellets. Interestingly, while testosterone is considered an anabolic androgenic steroid, it has not been saddled with the social stigma that other, similar medications have. The goal of this review is to highlight an anabolic steroid, 19-nortestosterone (i.e., nandrolone, deca-durabolin) and illustrate prospective therapeutic applications for male health.
Nandrolone, like other anabolic steroids, is not however, suitable as a substitute for testosterone for the treatment of testosterone deficiency, as it does not produce the effects on libido, quality-of- life and physical hardiness that testosterone itself does. In truth only testosterone itself is appropriate for testosterone replacement therapy.
Nandrolone's decreased androgenic potential means that there is less chance that it will promote hair loss or enlargement of the prostate than testosterone. This is partly because testosterone's 5-alpha reduced metabolite, called dihydrotestosterone, is more androgenic than nandrolone's 5-alpha reduced metabolite, called dihydronandrolone. Because of its lower androgenic potential, nandrolone may also be used at low doses by women who are experiencing severe weight loss.
Nandrolone is a nor-testosterone, which means that there is no carbon at the 19 position of the molecule. This prevents the binding of the enzyme called aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen. While some textbooks say that this means that nandrolone should not convert to estrogen at all, nandrolone has been shown to convert to estrogen at a rate of approximately 20 percent as much as testosterone does at therapeutic doses. Therefore, nandrolone has significantly less potential to cause estrogen-related side effects such as gynecomastia (breast growth) than testosterone in men. Reduced potential for androgenic and estrogenic effects, along with its high anabolic potential makes nandrolone a very good steroid to combine with testosterone for higher-dose anabolic therapy.
Weight loss formulas are all the rage, especially for busy people who want to start losing weight without having to go through an exercise routine or strict diet. Xenadrine is one such weight loss formula that promises quick weight loss. But how effective is Xenadrine, and is it safe?
Read more: http://dietopia.net/xenadrine.html#ixzz2RGeMk68G
Browse our collection of Steroids. We are here to help you with more information on steroids. Trenbolone is the king of all steroids. Athletes and bodybuilders have been using trenbolone. and this is considered 5 times more powerful than testosterone...
visit us: https://www.steroidlabs.co/
The Uridine Supplement Stacks Help Repair Dopamine ReceptorsDaniel Fries
For many people, the neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in success when optimizing mental function. Having steady levels of dopamine in the right areas of the brain is important for maintaining motivation, attention span and supporting the ability to learn.
Read more about the Uridine Stack here: http://corpina.com/uridine-supplement-stacks-help-repair-dopamine-receptors/
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Want to get to know how the Feldenkrais can help you move more easily through your fast shoulder pain relief? Please visit the Feldenkrais Method right here.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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the most popular steroids of most time.Among one other crucial benefits of Deca duroblin are the
reduction of excess body fat, powerful healing from difficult exercises, and having super power along
side the development of lean muscles.Deca Durabolin is one of the bodybuilding steroids that help
increase the measurement quickly.
Deca Durabolin can cause gynecomastia however, not alone: Steroids often trigger increased estrogen
creation and Deca Durabolin isn't any exception.They be prepared to notice improvements at the early
stages of applying it.Like most other anabolic steroidal drugs, Deca Durabolin will restrict the levels of
glucocorticoids in the body, which in turn can lead to fat gain and muscle wasting. 5. How people use
Deca Durabolin: People usually use the steroid in a 1:2 proportion with Testosterone and slowly boost
the dose till they reach the desired effectiveness level.
Deca-Durabolin is famous to be a versatile steroid regarding what it can be used for and the essential
routine programs for it. Nandrolone is largely used for increasing muscles in a gradual and continuous
manner, maybe not for rapid extraordinary gains. Nandrolone, also referred to as 19-nortestosterone, is
an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) that is found in the shape of esters such as for example
nandrolone decanoate (brand name Deca-Durabolin) and nandrolone phenylpropionate (brand title
Durabolin). For many individuals who have used Deca Durabolin, they have gained 15lbs of muscle
through the 20-26 days cycle.
Like the majority of different anabolic steroids, Deca Durabolin dosage products muscle strength and
growth. Deca Durabolin (Nandrolone) anabolic to androgenic ratio is 125:37, rendering it a very slight
steroid which has 2/3rds less androgenic results than Testosterone. As a testosterone derivative that
encourages muscle protein synthesis, Deca Durabolin is classed being an androgenic anabolic steroid.If
you are looking for the nice Deca Durabolin benefits, this article is a good idea. Look at our site
https://www.psychonomic-journals.org/deca-durabolin-results/ for more suggestions.