1) A study evaluated the effectiveness of a school-based dental sealant program in preventing cavities. The program provided dental sealants to over 600 children across 18 schools.
2) After 5 years, the children who received sealants had an 84% reduction in cavities compared to children who did not receive sealants.
3) A second randomized controlled trial of over 500 children in Spain also found that those who received dental sealants through a school-based program had significantly fewer cavities than children who did not receive sealants.
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It begins by noting that pit and fissure areas are highly susceptible to dental caries, accounting for 50% of caries. It then reviews the caries process in pits and fissures. Several milestones in pit and fissure sealant development are outlined, from early filling techniques to modern resin-based sealants. The document discusses the classification, effectiveness, requirements, case selection criteria, and application technique for pit and fissure sealants. Recent advances including acid-releasing and wet-bonding sealants are also summarized.
1. The document provides a collection of 50 multiple choice questions related to various topics in dentistry, including dental anatomy, operative dentistry, endodontics, oral pathology, oral surgery, and medical emergencies.
2. The questions are based on information recalled from past exams and are intended to help students prepare, though the answers cannot be fully relied upon.
3. Various topics covered include dental pulp morphology, cavity preparation and restoration techniques, root canal treatment procedures, cyst and tumor diagnoses, dental trauma management, medical risk factors, and more.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials used to protect deep grooves and depressions on teeth from cavities. They are applied to the chewing surfaces of back teeth where plaque and food easily get trapped. Sealants work by creating a physical barrier over the pits and fissures that prevents bacteria from entering and causing decay. Proper application requires cleaning, etching, and drying the tooth surface before precisely applying the sealant material. Sealants should be checked regularly and reapplied when worn down to continue protecting teeth from cavities in the pits and fissures.
This randomized clinical trial compared the effectiveness of dental sealants and fluoride varnish in preventing occlusal caries in permanent first molars over nine years. 120 children with healthy molars were assigned to control, sealant, or varnish groups. After four years, caries incidence was 63.6% in controls, 15.0% with sealants (65.4% reduction), and 35.7% with varnish (27.3% reduction). After nine years including five years of discontinuation, caries incidence was 76.7% in controls, 26.6% with sealants, and 55.8% with varnish. Sealants provided significantly greater and longer-lasting caries prevention than
Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on enhancing farmer resilience to droughts in northwestern Bangladesh. The study developed a tool called the SIP approach to measure socio-economic, institutional, and physical resilience at the upazila level. Data was collected from 14 upazilas across two districts. The SIP approach uses weighted mean indexes to analyze resilience across three dimensions and multiple indicators. The results will help document adaptive practices and inform policy recommendations to improve drought resilience.
PROSPER: A model of delivery for evidence-based programmingdmc397
Wolk, S. & Crowley, M. (2008, November). PROSPER: A model for the diffusion and support of
evidence-based prevention in rural communities. Panel presentation at the Pennsylvania Office of Rural Health’s conference on Reducing Drug use in Rural Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA.
Hawe dh vic november 2011 school hp (pp tminimizer)sarahportphillip
Critically important whole school health promotion work has to be sustained: Shifting from program thinking to system thinking
Penny Hawe
Population Health Intervention Research Centre
University of Calgary , Canada
www.ucalgary.ca/PHIRC phawe@ucalgary.ca
This document discusses pit and fissure sealants. It begins by noting that pit and fissure areas are highly susceptible to dental caries, accounting for 50% of caries. It then reviews the caries process in pits and fissures. Several milestones in pit and fissure sealant development are outlined, from early filling techniques to modern resin-based sealants. The document discusses the classification, effectiveness, requirements, case selection criteria, and application technique for pit and fissure sealants. Recent advances including acid-releasing and wet-bonding sealants are also summarized.
1. The document provides a collection of 50 multiple choice questions related to various topics in dentistry, including dental anatomy, operative dentistry, endodontics, oral pathology, oral surgery, and medical emergencies.
2. The questions are based on information recalled from past exams and are intended to help students prepare, though the answers cannot be fully relied upon.
3. Various topics covered include dental pulp morphology, cavity preparation and restoration techniques, root canal treatment procedures, cyst and tumor diagnoses, dental trauma management, medical risk factors, and more.
Pit and fissure sealants are materials used to protect deep grooves and depressions on teeth from cavities. They are applied to the chewing surfaces of back teeth where plaque and food easily get trapped. Sealants work by creating a physical barrier over the pits and fissures that prevents bacteria from entering and causing decay. Proper application requires cleaning, etching, and drying the tooth surface before precisely applying the sealant material. Sealants should be checked regularly and reapplied when worn down to continue protecting teeth from cavities in the pits and fissures.
This randomized clinical trial compared the effectiveness of dental sealants and fluoride varnish in preventing occlusal caries in permanent first molars over nine years. 120 children with healthy molars were assigned to control, sealant, or varnish groups. After four years, caries incidence was 63.6% in controls, 15.0% with sealants (65.4% reduction), and 35.7% with varnish (27.3% reduction). After nine years including five years of discontinuation, caries incidence was 76.7% in controls, 26.6% with sealants, and 55.8% with varnish. Sealants provided significantly greater and longer-lasting caries prevention than
Enhancing farmer’s resilience toward droughts: perspective from northwestern ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on enhancing farmer resilience to droughts in northwestern Bangladesh. The study developed a tool called the SIP approach to measure socio-economic, institutional, and physical resilience at the upazila level. Data was collected from 14 upazilas across two districts. The SIP approach uses weighted mean indexes to analyze resilience across three dimensions and multiple indicators. The results will help document adaptive practices and inform policy recommendations to improve drought resilience.
PROSPER: A model of delivery for evidence-based programmingdmc397
Wolk, S. & Crowley, M. (2008, November). PROSPER: A model for the diffusion and support of
evidence-based prevention in rural communities. Panel presentation at the Pennsylvania Office of Rural Health’s conference on Reducing Drug use in Rural Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA.
Hawe dh vic november 2011 school hp (pp tminimizer)sarahportphillip
Critically important whole school health promotion work has to be sustained: Shifting from program thinking to system thinking
Penny Hawe
Population Health Intervention Research Centre
University of Calgary , Canada
www.ucalgary.ca/PHIRC phawe@ucalgary.ca
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka GuessingKALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
SATTA MATKA | DPBOSS | KALYAN MAIN BAZAR | FAST MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX SATTAMATKA FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA MATKA ALL SATTA MATKA FREE GAME KALYAN MATKA TIPS KAPIL MATKA GAME SATTA MATKA KALYAN GAME DAILY FREE 4 ANK ALL MARKET PUBLIC SEVA WEBSITE FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER INDIA.S NO1 WEBSITE TTA FIX FIX FIX MATKA GURU INDIA MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING KALYAN FIX OPEN FINAL 3 ANK SATTAMATKA143 GUESSING SATTA BATTA MATKA FIX NUMBER TODAY WAPKA FIX AAPKA FIX FIX FIX FIX SATTA GURU NUMBER SATTA MATKA MATKA143 SATTA SATTA SATTA MATKA SATTAMATKA1438 FIX MATKA MATKA BOSS SATTA LIVE 3MATKA 143 FIX FIX FIX KALYAN JODI MATKA KALYAN FIX FIX WAP MATKA BOSS440 SATTA MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER SATTA MATKA FIXMATKANUMBER FIX MATKA MATKA RESULT FIX MATKA NUMBER FREE DAILY FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX FIX MATKA JODI SATTA MATKA FIX ANK MATKA ANK FIX KALYAN MUMBAI MATKA NUMBER FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA NUMBER FAST MATKA RESULT SATTA BATTA INDIAN SATTA SATTA RESULT MADHUR SATTA PRABHAT SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER SATTAKING143 GUESSING SATTA CHART KALYAN PENAL CHART MATKA420 SATTA GUESSING NUMBER KALYAN NIGHT CHART SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER FIX FIX FIX OPEN FIX FIX WAPKA MATKA DPBOSS FIX FIX 3ANK MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING TARA MATKA FIX FIXMATKANUMBER FINAL ANK MATKABOSS DUBAI SATTA MATKA GOLDEN MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX SATTAMATKA FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA MATKA ALL SATTA MATKA FREE GAME KALYAN MATKA TIPS KAPIL MATKA GAME SATTA MATKA KALYAN GAME DAILY FREE 4 ANK ALL MARKET PUBLIC SEVA SATTA FIX FIX FIX MATKA GURU INDIA MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING KALYAN FIX OPEN FINAL 3 ANK SATTAMATKA143 GUESSING SATTA BATTA MATKA FIX NUMBER TODAY WAPKA FIX AAPKA FIX FIX FIX FIX SATTA GURU NUMBER SATTA MATKA MATKA143 SATTA SATTA SATTA MATKA SATTAMATKA1438 FIX MATKA MATKA BOSS SATTA LIVE 3MATKA 143 FIX FIX FIX KALYAN JODI MATKA KALYAN FIX FIX WAP MATKA BOSS440 SATTA MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER SATTA MATKA FIXMATKANUMBER FIX MATKA MATKA RESULT FIX MATKA NUMBER FREE DAILY FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX FIX MATKA JODI SATTA MATKA FIX ANK MATKA ANK FIX KALYAN MUMBAI MATKA NUMBER FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA NUMBER FAST MATKA RESULT SATTA BATTA INDIAN SATTA SATTA RESULT MADHUR SATTA PRABHAT SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER SATTAKING143 GUESSING SATTA CHART KALYAN PENAL CHART MATKA420 SATTA GUESSING NUMBER KALYAN NIGHT CHART SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER FIX FIX FIX OPEN FIX FIX WAPKA MATKA DPBOSS FIX FIX 3ANK MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING TARA MATKA FIX FIXMATKANUMBER FINAL ANK MATKABOSS DUBAI SATTA MATKA GOLDEN MATKA WAPKA.FIX FIX FIX
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka
KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka GuessingKALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐ Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Indian Matka KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA.COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
SATTA MATKA | DPBOSS | KALYAN MAIN BAZAR | FAST MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA TIPS | SATTA MATKA | MATKA COM | MATKA PANA JODI TODAY | BATTA SATKA | MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER | MATKA RESULTS | MATKA CHART | MATKA JODI | SATTA COM | FULL RATE GAME | MATKA GAME | MATKA WAPKA | ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE | MATKA RESULT | KALYAN MATKA RESULT | DPBOSS MATKA 143 | MAIN MATKA
MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX SATTAMATKA FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA MATKA ALL SATTA MATKA FREE GAME KALYAN MATKA TIPS KAPIL MATKA GAME SATTA MATKA KALYAN GAME DAILY FREE 4 ANK ALL MARKET PUBLIC SEVA WEBSITE FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER INDIA.S NO1 WEBSITE TTA FIX FIX FIX MATKA GURU INDIA MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING KALYAN FIX OPEN FINAL 3 ANK SATTAMATKA143 GUESSING SATTA BATTA MATKA FIX NUMBER TODAY WAPKA FIX AAPKA FIX FIX FIX FIX SATTA GURU NUMBER SATTA MATKA MATKA143 SATTA SATTA SATTA MATKA SATTAMATKA1438 FIX MATKA MATKA BOSS SATTA LIVE 3MATKA 143 FIX FIX FIX KALYAN JODI MATKA KALYAN FIX FIX WAP MATKA BOSS440 SATTA MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER SATTA MATKA FIXMATKANUMBER FIX MATKA MATKA RESULT FIX MATKA NUMBER FREE DAILY FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX FIX MATKA JODI SATTA MATKA FIX ANK MATKA ANK FIX KALYAN MUMBAI MATKA NUMBER FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA NUMBER FAST MATKA RESULT SATTA BATTA INDIAN SATTA SATTA RESULT MADHUR SATTA PRABHAT SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER SATTAKING143 GUESSING SATTA CHART KALYAN PENAL CHART MATKA420 SATTA GUESSING NUMBER KALYAN NIGHT CHART SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER FIX FIX FIX OPEN FIX FIX WAPKA MATKA DPBOSS FIX FIX 3ANK MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING TARA MATKA FIX FIXMATKANUMBER FINAL ANK MATKABOSS DUBAI SATTA MATKA GOLDEN MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX MATKANUMBER FIX SATTAMATKA FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA MATKA ALL SATTA MATKA FREE GAME KALYAN MATKA TIPS KAPIL MATKA GAME SATTA MATKA KALYAN GAME DAILY FREE 4 ANK ALL MARKET PUBLIC SEVA SATTA FIX FIX FIX MATKA GURU INDIA MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING KALYAN FIX OPEN FINAL 3 ANK SATTAMATKA143 GUESSING SATTA BATTA MATKA FIX NUMBER TODAY WAPKA FIX AAPKA FIX FIX FIX FIX SATTA GURU NUMBER SATTA MATKA MATKA143 SATTA SATTA SATTA MATKA SATTAMATKA1438 FIX MATKA MATKA BOSS SATTA LIVE 3MATKA 143 FIX FIX FIX KALYAN JODI MATKA KALYAN FIX FIX WAP MATKA BOSS440 SATTA MATKA FIX FIX MATKA NUMBER SATTA MATKA FIXMATKANUMBER FIX MATKA MATKA RESULT FIX MATKA NUMBER FREE DAILY FIX MATKA NUMBER FIX FIX MATKA JODI SATTA MATKA FIX ANK MATKA ANK FIX KALYAN MUMBAI MATKA NUMBER FIXMATKANUMBER SATTA NUMBER FAST MATKA RESULT SATTA BATTA INDIAN SATTA SATTA RESULT MADHUR SATTA PRABHAT SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER SATTAKING143 GUESSING SATTA CHART KALYAN PENAL CHART MATKA420 SATTA GUESSING NUMBER KALYAN NIGHT CHART SATTA FIX FIX FIX SATTA NUMBER FIX FIX FIX OPEN FIX FIX WAPKA MATKA DPBOSS FIX FIX 3ANK MATKA KALYAN CHART MATKA GUESSING TARA MATKA FIX FIXMATKANUMBER FINAL ANK MATKABOSS DUBAI SATTA MATKA GOLDEN MATKA WAPKA.FIX FIX FIX
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
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8
1. THE GUIDE TO COMMUNITY PREVENTIVE SERVICES:
Effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and statewide or community-wide
sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Evidence Summary Table
These tables present summary information about the studies included in the review of evidence for specific interventions. Data is presented for each
study including author, study setting and/or population, sample size and results (i.e. effect change).
The Guide to Community Preventive Services (Community Guide) provides recommendations on population-based interventions to promote health
and to prevent disease, injury disability, and premature death, appropriate for use by communities and healthcare systems. For more information about
the munity Guide (including links to publications and a variety of resources) see
www.thecommunityguide.org for Oral Health see www.thecommunityguide.org/oral/
This information is in the public domain. Copyin and disseminating freely is encouraged. However, citation to source is appreciated.
Created – July 1, 2002
page 1 of 11
2. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Bagramian, Greatest: randomized Ypsilanti and Willow Run, MI 1. I1: bis-GMA sealant (Nuva-Seal; UV light Outcome: caries (DMFT and DMFS*) ;
19821 trial (child level) (USA) cured) + prophylaxis + fluoride gel (1.23%) +
Effect Measures:
needed restorations (n = 600 children
(1973–1978) Fair 18 schools (School-based;
randomized; 537, 491, 456, 174 analyzed at % reduction in mean occlusal caries increment
mobile equipment)
1, 2, 3 & 5 yrs follow-up) vs (due to sealant + 6-month preventive regime),
Recipients: grades 1 and 6 1 vs 3:
2. I2: bis-GMA sealant, etc (same as #1 for 3
(age 6 & 11 yrs), low-middle
years then prophylaxis, fluoride gel, and free Year 1: overall = 84% (grade 1 = 88.3%; grade
SES, 30% nonwhite
restorations omitted for remaining 2 yrs; 6 = 79.2%)
Operators: dentists & group I2 was formed by splitting the original
intervention group into I1 and I2 after 3 years Year 2: (grade 1 = 74.3%; grade 6 = 77.1%)
assistants
(n = 159 after year 3) Year 3: (grade 1 = 72.8%; grade 6 = 72.9%)
Water fluoridation: 1.0ppm
3. Control: No sealant, no prophylaxis, no (p<0.01; t-test for all comparisons);
topical fluoride, no restorations (parents Year 5: (grade 1 = 45.5%; grade 6 = 30.4%)
notified if fillings needed) (n = 600 (p<0.05)
randomized; 546, 502, 462, 329 analyzed at
1, 2, 3 & 5 yrs follow-up) % reduction in mean occlusal caries increment
(due to sealant + 6-month preventive regime
[Follow-up every 6 months (intervention) and for 3 years), 2 vs 3:
year (all groups) for 5 years]
Year 5: (grade 1 = 64.6%; grade 6 = 27.3%)
Note: School-based program: sealants applied
to sound unsealed molars & premolars; re- (p<.01; t-test for all comparisons?)
applied at 6 months, if lost. Both groups also Note: Low sealant retention at year 2: 10–67%
received fluoridated drinking water, oral hygiene
classes, daily supervised brushing & flossing (32
weeks per yr), dietary counseling, and dental
exams including posterior bitewing radiographs
annually. Groups 1 & 3 received dental visits
every 6 months (prophy, gel, sealant, and fillings)
page 2 of 11
3. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Bravo, 19972 Greatest: randomized Granada, Spain 1. bis-GMA sealant (Delton—light cured; Outcome: caries (DMFT and DMFS)
trial (classroom & child opaque)(n=5 classes) Analysis A: 75
(1990–1994) 5 schools (School-based; Effect measures:
level) children, 238 molars (fully erupted at
mobile equipment)
baseline); analysis B: 100 children, number of A: % effectiveness* in reducing occlusal caries
Good
Recipients: age 6–8 yrs fissured and non-fissured surfaces not (DMF) after 2 yrs, 1 vs 3 = 76.8% (p<.001)
(mean 7.45), 50% male, mid reported (fully erupted anytime in 24 months);
analysis C: 104 children, 365 molars (fully 1 vs 2 = 62.7% (p<.001)
to lower SES
erupted anytime in 48 months) B: % reduction in DMFS increment after 2 yrs,
Operators: dentist &
assistants 2. Fluoride varnish (Duraphat) (n=5 classes) 1 vs 3: fissured surfaces= 67.6% (p<.001);
Analysis A: 77 children, 252 molars (fully non-fissured surfaces=86.6% (p<.001)
Water fluoridation = 0.07ppm erupted at baseline); analysis B: 98 children,
number of fissured and non-fissured 1 vs 2: fissured surfaces= 48.0% (p<.001);
surfaces not reported (fully erupted anytime non-fissured surfaces=60.8% (NS; p=.149)
in 24 months); analysis C: 112 children, 402 C1:hazard ratio for molar failure (DMF) after 4
molars (fully erupted anytime in 48 months) yrs,
3. No sealant, no varnish (n=5 classes) 1 vs 3 = 0.18 (95% CI=0.12, 0.27)
Analysis A: 94 children, 272 molars (fully
erupted at baseline); analysis B: 116 1 vs 2 = 0.38 (95% CI not reported)
children, number of fissured and non-
C2: % effectiveness* in reducing risk of molar
fissured surfaces not reported (fully erupted
failure after 4 yrs,
anytime in 24 months); analysis C: 128
children, 434 molars (fully erupted anytime 1 vs 3 = 82%
in 48 months)
1 vs 2 = 62%
[Follow-up every 6 months to 24 and 48 months]
* Note:% effectiveness = (1–RR) x100 or
Note: School-based program: sealant (or (1–HR) x100
varnish) applied to all erupted sound permanent
1st molars; re-applied after 6, 12, 18 months, if
sealant lost or newly-erupted molar. No
comparison group previously exposed to sealant,
or other preventive service (supervised brushing,
fluoride, etc.) at baseline
page 3 of 11
4. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Burt, 19773 Greatest: randomized London, England (UK) 1. bis-GMA sealant (Nuva-Seal) (n = 205 % effectiveness of sealant at 2 years:
trial (child level) children at baseline; 118 children & 234 teeth
(1973–1976) Schools (number not 1 vs 2 = 13.6% (NS; p<0.4)
at 2 yrs)
Fair reported) (School-linked; fixed
equipment in health center) 2. No sealant (n = 205 children at baseline; 118
children & 234 contralateral teeth at 2 yrs)
Recipients: age 5–12 yrs; low
income [Follow-up at 6 months and 2 years]
Operators: school dentists & Note: School-linked program: sealant applied
assistants once to sound permanent teeth (premolars &
molars)
Water fluoridation =
0.2–0.3ppm
Horowitz, 19774 Greatest: randomized Kalispell, Montana (USA) 1. bis-GMA sealant (UV light cured) (n=429 half- % reduction in occlusal caries (DMF) at 5
trial (child level; half- mouths at baseline, 241 [302 pairs of years:
(1970–1975) Schools (School-based;
mouth) teeth–premolars & molars] at 5 yr follow-up)
portable equipment) 1 vs 2 = 35% (significance test not reported)
Fair 2. No sealant (n=same as in 1)
Recipients: age 5–8 and 38% (age 10–14 yrs) and 30% (age 5–8 yrs)
10–14 yrs; unknown SES [Follow-up annually for 5 years]
Operators: dentists Note: School-based program: sealant applied
once to sound permanent premolars and molars
Water fluoridation = negligible
page 4 of 11
5. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Klein, 19855 Greatest: non- 10 communities (USA): 1. bis-GMA sealant (Nuva-Seal) + prophylaxis % of occlusal decay prevented by sealant
randomized trial (+fluoride gel--1.23%) vs (longitudinal cohort) at 4 years, (1+2+3A) vs
(1979–1983) 5 nonfluoridated (Billerica MA;
(3B+4+5+6):
Good Tallahassee, FL; Wichita, KS; 2. bis-GMA sealant + prophy/gel + rinse
Monroe, LA; Pierce County, (tablets) + lessons + brushing vs fluoridated (grades 1 & 2) = 23%
WA)
3. A) bis-GMA sealant + rinse + lessons + fluoridated (grade 5) = 65% (p<.0.001)
5 fluoridated (Chattanooga, brushing (fluoridated sites only) vs
Mean reduction in DMFS increments due to
TN; New York, NY;
B) Rinse + tablets + lessons + brushing + sealants at 4 years (longitudinal cohort),
Minneapolis, MN; El Paso,
prophy/gel (nonfluoridated sites only) vs (1+2+3A) vs (3B+4+5+6):
TX; Hayward, CA [intermittent
fluoridation] ) 4. Rinse (tablets) + lessons + brushing nonfluoridated (grades 1& 2) = 1.33 (p<.001)
In schools (School-based; 5. Lessons + brushing nonfluoridated (grade 5) = 1.11 (p<.05);
mobile equipment)
6. None of the above fluoridated (grades 1 & 2) = 0.96 (p<.001);
Recipients: grades 1, 2 & 5,
percentage nonwhite not [Follow-up every year for 4 years; 3 years in NY] fluoridated (grade 5) = 2.00 (p<.001)
reported Note: School-based program: sealants (to Note: Effects of sealant estimated by
Operators: hygienists & unsealed molars & premolars) and prophy/gel comparing cohorts 1, 2 & 3A with cohorts 3B, 4
assistants supervised by were applied in mobile clinic; mouthrinse, tablets, & 5 that did not receive sealants. Six treatment
dentist; classroom teachers & and health lessons were supervised by regimens (5 intervention and 1 control) were
aides classroom teachers. Lost sealants were re- applied to each of 4 cohorts: Baseline: grades
applied every 6 months x 3; needed fillings 1+2 (fluoridated = 6847; nonfluoridated =
Water fluoridation: variable (parents notified of need for restorations). Both 6900); grade 5 (fluoridated = 3186;
groups also received fluoridated drinking water, nonfluoridated = 3119). Follow-up (4 years):
oral hygiene classes, daily supervised brushing grades 1+2 (fluoridated = 2777; nonfluoridated
& flossing (32 weeks per yr), dietary counseling, = 3960); grade 5 (fluoridated = 1141; non-
and dental exams including posterior bitewing fluoridated = 1688)
radiographs annually
page 5 of 11
6. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
McCune, 19796 Greatest : non- Medellin, Colombia 1. bis-GMA sealant (?Delton, chemically cured) % reduction in incident caries, 1 vs 2:
randomized trial (n=200 children, 318 molars at baseline; 170
(1976–1979) Number of schools not 92.5% (Significance test not reported) at 2 yr
children, 272 molars at 30-year follow-up)
Fair reported; (School-linked)
84.7% at 3 yr follow-up
2. No sealant (same child, same jaw,
Recipients: age 6–8 years
contralateral tooth) (n= same as in 1)
Operators: dentists
[Follow-up at 6, 12, 24, 36 months]
Water fluoridation: (fluoride
Note: School-linked program: sealant applied
concentration not reported)
once to caries-free permanent first molars
Messer, 19977 Least: retrospective Melbourne, Australia 1. bis-GMA sealant (Conseal) (n= 774 children Outcome: DMFS per Radike criteria
cohort in all 3 comparison groups; 2982 completely
(1989–1994) 15 schools (School-linked) Effect measure:
retained sealants on teeth sealed once
Fair
Recipients: age 6–12 yrs; between 1989 and 1994) Difference in % of sealed surfaces with
51% female restored or unrestored caries at 2 yrs, 1 vs 3:
2. bis-GMA sealant (Conseal) (number of
Operator: dental therapists children not reported; 1539 partially retained 14% (15% – 1%); (p value not significant)
sealants on teeth sealed once between 1989
Water fluoridation: fluoride and 1994) Difference in % of sealed surfaces with
concentration not reported restored or unrestored caries at 2 yrs, 2 vs 3:
3. bis-GMA sealant (Conseal) (number of
children not reported; 842 missing sealants 5% (15% – 10%); (p value not significant)
on teeth sealed once between 1989 and
1994)
Note: School-linked program: historical cohort
(sealant applied to permanent molars, premolars,
and lateral incisors between 1989 and 1994)
examined for sealant retention and caries in
1994
page 6 of 11
7. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Selwitz, 19958 Least: before-and-after Nelson County, VA (USA) 1. bis-GMA sealant (Concise: opaque, self- % reduction in mean occlusal DMFS at 4 yrs 1
cured) + fluoride rinse (0.2% sodium flouride vs 2:
(1983–1987) Fair 8 schools (School-based;
weekly) + fluoride tablet (2.2mg sodium
mobile equipment) Ages 7-11 yrs = 78% (95% CI=46%, 93%)
flouride daily) + oral hygiene education (n =
Recipients: 6–13 years 416 children at 4-year follow-up) Ages 14-17 yrs = 23.7% (95% CI= 8%, 169%
[adjusted for secular trend using incident
Operators: dentists, 2. No sealant (historical control before 1983) +
approximal caries rate] )
hygienists, assistants fluoride rinse (0.2% sodium fluoride weekly) +
fluoride tablet (2.2mg sodium fluoride daily) +
Water fluoridation: fluoride oral hygiene education (n = same as in 1)
concentration not reported
[Baseline and follow-up exams in 1983 and
1987]
Note: School-based program: sealant applied
once to permanent lateral incisors, premolars &
molars, sufficiently erupted with no approximal
decay (between adjacent teeth); successive
cohorts of children screened for eligibility and
treated in Feb and Oct each year
page 7 of 11
8. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Songpaissan, Greatest: non- Bangkok, Thailand 1. bis-GMA sealant (Delton, self-curing, by % reduction in occlusal caries at 2 yrs:
19959 randomized trial dentist) (n=143) (age 12-13 yrs only)
4 schools (School-based and - Ages 7-8 yrs: GIC-sealant (by dentist), 2 vs 5 =
(1991–1993?; Fair linked; mobile equipment or 2. GIC sealant by dentist (n=239) 52% (p<0.05; one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s
exact dates health center clinic) test); GIC sealant (by teacher), 3 vs 5 = 74%
3. GIC sealant by trained (3 days) teacher
unclear from (p<0.05)
Recipients: age 7–8 & 12–13 (n=243)
report)
yrs, very low–middle SES, Ages 12-13 yrs: bis-GMA sealant (by dentist),
4. Topical fluoride (HF) by dentist (n=234)
51% female 1 vs 5 = 93% (p<0.05); GIC-sealant (by
5. No sealant nor topical fluoride (from dentist) 31% (NS); GIC-sealant (by teacher) =
Operators: dentist & trained
researchers) (n=261) 20% (NS)
teachers
(Total children enrolled & completing study =
Water fluoridation:
1264 and 1110; analysis samples shown above)
0.1–0.2ppm (natural)
[Follow-up at 6, 12, 18, 24 months]
Note: Baseline DFS was
equal in comparison groups Note: School-based and school-linked programs:
sealants (school-linked) applied to permanent
molars at baseline and re-applied at 6 months if
needed. HF applied by dentist at baseline, 6 &
12 months; exam for caries and sealant retention
by dentist
page 8 of 11
9. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Sterritt, 199410 Moderate: time series (5 Guam, USA Territory 1. bis-GMA sealant (Delton) (1984-1989) + % reduction of occlusal caries (mean DMFS
before-and-after cross- fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) (1976-1989) (n = per child) due to Sealant + FMR + CWF, after
(1976–1989) 46 schools (School-linked;
sectional measures) see below) 5 years (1984-1989), 2 vs 3: 69.7% (p value
fixed equipment at public
not reported)
Fair health dental clinics) 2. bis-GMA sealant (Delton) (1984-1989) +
fluoride mouth rinse (FMR) (1976-1989) + Sealant + FMR, after 2 years (1984-1986), 1
Recipients: grades 1–8, age
community water fluoridation (1986-1989) vs 3: 54.6% (p value not reported)
6–14 yrs
3. No sealant, FMR alone (1976-1984) FMR alone, after 8 years (1976-1984), before
Operators: dentists &
vs after = 7% (p value not reported)
auxiliaries (expanded N= 15,000 children (75,000 teeth per year)
function) received sealants in 1984-1986. Analysis
samples included 994, 1045, 1061, 987, 946
Water fluoridation: fluoride
children, in 1976, 1979, 1984, 1986, 1989,
concentration not reported
respectively)
(1986–1989)
[Follow-up = time series measures of sealant
Note: Mean DMFS, age 6–14
and caries status using 5 cross-sectional surveys
yrs = 5.35 in 1984
(multistage, stratified, probability samples of 46-
school frame)]
Note: School-linked program: sealants applied to
occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth (all molars
& selected premolars or incisors) without
undermining caries or restorations duiring 1-2
visits to clinics by bus. Lost sealants were re-
applied annually as needed. All comparison
groups (historical controls) also received oral
hygiene education, including toothbrushing
instruction
page 9 of 11
10. Summary Evidence Tables: Oral Health
Studiesa measuring the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked pit and fissure sealant delivery programs and
statewide or community-wide sealant programs in preventing dental caries
Study location Outcomes and Effect Measures,
Design suitability: Interventions studied, Comparisons
Author, Year Setting (Sealant delivery including percentage point change
Design (Number of participants)
Study period mode) unless otherwise noted
Quality of execution [Follow-up period]
Population description (Statistical significance)
Siegal, 199611 Least: before-and-after Ohio, USA 1. Public education campaign (public service Outcome: % of dentists who reported using
announcements [PSAs], news releases, sealants
(1989–1992) Fair DOH-sponsored statewide
billboards) + professional education
educational campaign to Effect Measures:
campaign (journal articles, continuing
promote appropriate sealant
education, brochures, posters, patient % increase in dentists who reported using
use
education videos) + increased support for sealants after 2 yrs, 1 vs 2 = 12.4% (79.4% in
Target populations included school-based sealant delivery programs 1989) and (91.8% in 1992) (p<0.0001)
dentists, schools, and the (n=analysis samples of surveys: 335 dentists,
61% response rate [RR] in 1989; and 378 Note: Authors did not attribute increase in
public
dentists, 74% RR in 1992) reported sealant use to educational campaign
because of inability to rule out secular trend
2. No campaign (historical control before 1989) and other unmeasured factors as causes of
the changes in the outcome of interest
[Before and after surveys in 1989 and 1992]
Note: Effect of campaign on self-reported use of
sealants by dentists ascertained by baseline and
follow-up surveys of licensed general dentists in
Ohio (N=5,000 - 6,000)
bis–GMA, bisphenol-A-glycidyl methacrylate; CI, confidence interval; CWF, community water fluoridation; D(d), decayed; M(m), missing; F(f), filled, S(s), surface;
T(t), tooth : uppercase and lowercase letters indicate permanent and primary teeth, respectively; DOH, department of health; FMR, flouride mouth rinse; GIC, glass
ionomer cement; HF, hydrofluoric acid solution; HR, hazard ratio from Cox model; NS, not significant; RR, relative risk from logistic regression model; SES,
socioeconomic status
References
1. Bagramian RA. A 5-year school-based comprehensive preventive program in Michigan, U.S.A. Community Dentistry & Oral
Epidemiology 1982;10:234-7.
2. Bravo M, Baca P, Llodra JC, Osorio E. A 24-month study comparing sealant and fluoride varnish in caries reduction on different
permanent first molar surfaces. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1997;57:184-6.
page 10 of 11
11. 3. Burt BA, Berman DS, Silverstone LM. Sealant retention and effects on occlusal caries after 2 years in a public program. Community
Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1977;5:15-21.
4. Horowitz HS, Heifetz SB, Poulsen S. Retention and effectiveness of a single application of an adhesive sealant in preventing
occlusal caries: final report after five years of a study in Kalispell, Montana. Journal of the American Dental Association
1977;95:1133-9.
5. Klein SP, Bohannan HM, Bell RM, Disney JA, Foch CB, Graves RC. The cost and effectiveness of school-based preventive dental
care. American Journal of Public Health 1985;75:382-91.
6. McCune RJ, Bojanini J, Abodeely RA. Effectiveness of a pit and fissure sealant in the prevention of caries: three-year clinical
results. Journal of the American Dental Association 1979;99:619-23.
7. Messer LB, Calache H, Morgan MV. The retention of pit and fissure sealants placed in primary school children by Dental Health
Services, Victoria. Australian Dental Journal 1997;42:233-9.
8. Selwitz RH, Nowjack-Raymer R, Driscoll WS, Li SH. Evaluation after 4 years of the combined use of fluoride and dental sealants.
Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1995;23:30-5.
9. Songpaisan Y, Bratthall D, Phantumvanit P, Somridhivej Y. Effects of glass ionomer cement, resin-based pit and fissure sealant and
HF applications on occlusal caries in a developing country field trial. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology 1995;23:25-9.
10. Sterritt GR, Frew RA, Rozier RG. Evaluation of Guamanian dental caries preventive programs after 13 years. Journal of Public
Health Dentistry 1994;54:153-9.
11. Siegal MD, Garcia AI, Kandray DP, Giljahn LK. The use of dental sealants by Ohio dentists. Journal of Public Health Dentistry
1996;56:12-21.
page 11 of 11