7.[86 99] success and failure of entrepreneurs in implementation of strategic programmes in small scale enterprises in two states of india a comparative study
Performance analysis of companies go public in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the stock performance of two Indonesian companies, PT Berlian Laju Tanker and PT Suryainti Permata, that conducted stock buyback policies in 2007. It finds that for PT Berlian Laju Tanker, there was no significant difference in stock returns before and after the buyback policy, while for PT Suryainti Permata there was a difference. For abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns, PT Berlian Laju Tanker showed no difference before and after, but PT Suryainti Permata did show differences. The document uses an event study methodology to analyze daily stock price data over periods before and after the buyback announcements to test the impact
This document summarizes a research project analyzing the implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC) as a solution to help manufacturing firms gain profitability. The research project was conducted by Abdul Baseer for a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Hamdard University. It includes an abstract stating that the study found low adoption of ABC among Pakistani manufacturing firms and that ABC improves efficiency, reduces costs, and more accurately costs products compared to traditional costing systems. The document provides background on ABC and outlines the problem statement, objectives, assumptions, and hypotheses of the research project.
Financial market integration of south asian countriesAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the long-term and short-term relationships between the Indian stock market and stock markets in several leading South Asian countries. It reviews previous literature on stock market integration in Asia. The study uses daily stock index data from 2002-2011 for India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. It applies cointegration tests and Granger causality tests to examine the long-run and short-run associations between the selected markets. The results show evidence of both long-run and short-run relationships among the markets, though investors may only benefit in the short-run rather than the long-run.
11.financial market integration of south asian countriesAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the long-term and short-term relationships between the Indian stock market and stock markets of other leading South Asian countries from August 2002 to August 2011. It applies cointegration tests and Granger causality tests to daily stock index data from India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. The results show both long-run and short-run associations among the selected markets. Specifically, the study finds evidence of both long-term cointegration and short-term Granger causality relationships. However, the document concludes that investors may be able to benefit more in the short-run rather than in the long-run by diversifying across these markets.
This document provides information about Sanjay Kumar Behera's summer internship project at Kansai Nerolac Paints Company Ltd in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, India. The project evaluates the numeric distribution of Nerolac paints in the geographical location. It includes details of Sanjay's registration number, faculty guide from the institute and corporate guide from Nerolac. It outlines the objectives, methodology and findings of the project evaluation. The executive summary highlights that the study analyzed sales figures and market share of different paint companies based on dealer interviews. It found that Nerolac has an average distribution network and sales mostly increase during festivals. The major revenue comes from exterior paints.
Working capital management project report mbaBabasab Patil
This document provides an index and executive summary of a study on the working capital management of Bahety Chemicals & Minerals Pvt Ltd, located in Dandeli, India. The study examines the company's working capital over a five year period from 2006-2010. Key findings include that the company's working capital and profits have increased each year, and it maintains current and quick ratios above standard requirements, indicating a satisfactory level of working capital management and liquidity. The document outlines the objectives, scope, limitations and methodology of the study.
This document provides an analysis of working capital management at Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) from 2012-2013. It includes an introduction to IOB and working capital concepts. The analysis examines IOB's current assets, current liabilities, and net working capital over time. It also compares IOB's performance metrics like current ratio, quick ratio, and working capital ratio to its competitor banks. The study aims to evaluate IOB's working capital management and provide insights on its financial position and efficiency.
The Indian stock markets continued their downward slide for the eighth straight day, with the BSE Sensex falling 0.35% and the NSE Nifty falling 0.51%. Global factors such as high commodity prices continued to impact the Indian economy. Most sectors declined except for oil & gas, PSU, and consumer durables stocks. US stocks also fell after disappointing economic data, with the Dow Jones falling 0.66% and S&P 500 falling 0.69%. Asian stocks also declined for a third day on concerns about the pace of economic recovery in the US and other major economies.
Performance analysis of companies go public in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the stock performance of two Indonesian companies, PT Berlian Laju Tanker and PT Suryainti Permata, that conducted stock buyback policies in 2007. It finds that for PT Berlian Laju Tanker, there was no significant difference in stock returns before and after the buyback policy, while for PT Suryainti Permata there was a difference. For abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns, PT Berlian Laju Tanker showed no difference before and after, but PT Suryainti Permata did show differences. The document uses an event study methodology to analyze daily stock price data over periods before and after the buyback announcements to test the impact
This document summarizes a research project analyzing the implementation of Activity Based Costing (ABC) as a solution to help manufacturing firms gain profitability. The research project was conducted by Abdul Baseer for a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration at Hamdard University. It includes an abstract stating that the study found low adoption of ABC among Pakistani manufacturing firms and that ABC improves efficiency, reduces costs, and more accurately costs products compared to traditional costing systems. The document provides background on ABC and outlines the problem statement, objectives, assumptions, and hypotheses of the research project.
Financial market integration of south asian countriesAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the long-term and short-term relationships between the Indian stock market and stock markets in several leading South Asian countries. It reviews previous literature on stock market integration in Asia. The study uses daily stock index data from 2002-2011 for India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. It applies cointegration tests and Granger causality tests to examine the long-run and short-run associations between the selected markets. The results show evidence of both long-run and short-run relationships among the markets, though investors may only benefit in the short-run rather than the long-run.
11.financial market integration of south asian countriesAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the long-term and short-term relationships between the Indian stock market and stock markets of other leading South Asian countries from August 2002 to August 2011. It applies cointegration tests and Granger causality tests to daily stock index data from India, China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and Singapore. The results show both long-run and short-run associations among the selected markets. Specifically, the study finds evidence of both long-term cointegration and short-term Granger causality relationships. However, the document concludes that investors may be able to benefit more in the short-run rather than in the long-run by diversifying across these markets.
This document provides information about Sanjay Kumar Behera's summer internship project at Kansai Nerolac Paints Company Ltd in Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, India. The project evaluates the numeric distribution of Nerolac paints in the geographical location. It includes details of Sanjay's registration number, faculty guide from the institute and corporate guide from Nerolac. It outlines the objectives, methodology and findings of the project evaluation. The executive summary highlights that the study analyzed sales figures and market share of different paint companies based on dealer interviews. It found that Nerolac has an average distribution network and sales mostly increase during festivals. The major revenue comes from exterior paints.
Working capital management project report mbaBabasab Patil
This document provides an index and executive summary of a study on the working capital management of Bahety Chemicals & Minerals Pvt Ltd, located in Dandeli, India. The study examines the company's working capital over a five year period from 2006-2010. Key findings include that the company's working capital and profits have increased each year, and it maintains current and quick ratios above standard requirements, indicating a satisfactory level of working capital management and liquidity. The document outlines the objectives, scope, limitations and methodology of the study.
This document provides an analysis of working capital management at Indian Overseas Bank (IOB) from 2012-2013. It includes an introduction to IOB and working capital concepts. The analysis examines IOB's current assets, current liabilities, and net working capital over time. It also compares IOB's performance metrics like current ratio, quick ratio, and working capital ratio to its competitor banks. The study aims to evaluate IOB's working capital management and provide insights on its financial position and efficiency.
The Indian stock markets continued their downward slide for the eighth straight day, with the BSE Sensex falling 0.35% and the NSE Nifty falling 0.51%. Global factors such as high commodity prices continued to impact the Indian economy. Most sectors declined except for oil & gas, PSU, and consumer durables stocks. US stocks also fell after disappointing economic data, with the Dow Jones falling 0.66% and S&P 500 falling 0.69%. Asian stocks also declined for a third day on concerns about the pace of economic recovery in the US and other major economies.
Evaluating entrepreneurs competency on the growth of small scale businesses i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the competency of entrepreneurs and its impact on the growth of small businesses in Cape Coast, Ghana. Some key findings of the study include:
1) Most entrepreneurs had at least a basic education and many had 4+ years of work experience, demonstrating generally adequate competency levels.
2) The entrepreneurs' competencies, including their education, experience, skills and training, were found to have a significant positive association with various measures of business growth like increased sales, profits, customer satisfaction and employee retention.
3) On-the-job training through apprenticeships was the most common strategy used by entrepreneurs to develop competencies, though high training costs and lack of government
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This document provides information on Trivedi Consultancy Service, an Ahmedabad-based consultancy organization. It has been in operation since 1995 and works with government, non-government, and private organizations. It conducts various types of surveys, data collection, monitoring and evaluation, and statistical analysis. It has a team of 50 staff including 10 skilled supervisors. It has worked with numerous clients including IIM, RBI, Ministry of Rural Development, and CEPT. It has experience conducting surveys across Gujarat and other states in areas like industries, rural development, agriculture, and more.
This document summarizes research on bank profitability and efficiency in India and other countries. It discusses several studies that have analyzed the profitability and efficiency of Indian banks using different methods like DEA analysis and stochastic frontier analysis. The studies found that public sector banks were generally more efficient than foreign banks, which were slightly more efficient than private sector banks. Other key findings included declining efficiency of public sector banks over time, while foreign bank efficiency improved. The document also summarizes some international studies on the impact of deregulation on bank profitability efficiency in countries like Spain.
IRJET- A Review on “Productivity Improvement in Small Scale Industries”IRJET Journal
This document reviews productivity improvement in small scale industries. It discusses how small scale industries are important to the Indian economy, providing employment and contributing significantly to production and exports. However, global markets demand high quality, low cost products. Total Productivity Management (TPM) implementation can help increase productivity, quality, and organizational performance in small industries. The document presents a case study of a small industry implementing TPM to enhance Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). Results showed improvements in OEE, reductions in performance losses, and benefits from TPM initiatives. The review concludes more effort is needed to develop effective TPM implementation models for small industries in India.
IRJET- Analysis of Crop Yield Prediction using Data Mining Technique to Predi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using data mining techniques to predict annual crop yields in India. It begins with an abstract that outlines how agriculture is important to the Indian economy but crop production depends on seasonal and environmental factors, making yield prediction challenging. The document then provides an introduction to data mining and its potential application to predict crop yields. It reviews literature on using various data mining methods like linear regression and k-nearest neighbor algorithms to predict yields of major crops in India based on historical data on climate, soil conditions and more. The goal is to help farmers choose optimal crops and improve farm productivity and profits.
Impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on the organizational development o...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that assessed the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on organizational development of small businesses in Sri Lanka. Specifically, it examined how achievement competencies, planning competencies, and power competencies influence organizational development. A sample of 105 entrepreneurs in the Kandy district were surveyed. The results of the correlation analysis showed that all the competencies had a significant positive relationship with organizational development. The regression analysis further indicated that planning competencies had the highest contribution to organizational development, followed by achievement competencies, while power competencies had the lowest but still significant contribution. In conclusion, entrepreneurial characteristics significantly influence the organizational development of small businesses.
Quantitative Analysis on Financial Performance of Merger and Acquisition of I...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the financial performance of mergers and acquisitions of Indian companies. It provides background on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and financial performance metrics. It then reviews previous literature on the financial effects of M&As. The research methodology examines financial ratios of 10 major Indian M&As from 2006-2011, comparing pre- and post-M&A periods using t-tests. The data analysis section calculates various financial ratios including return on investment, return on long-term funds, and return on assets. It finds some improvement in ratios for a few firms but overall no significant changes in financial performance after the M&As.
Sip internship report 1st year ( batch 2019 21)JatinGupta171
The document is a summer internship report submitted by Jatin Gupta to Dr. Amit Kumar at the GL Bajaj Institute of Management and Research. The report examines employee perceptions of HR practices and culture at Capital Box, where Jatin completed his internship. The report includes an acknowledgements section, certificate of completion from the faculty guide, declaration by the student, table of contents, and 7 chapters that cover an introduction to the topic, company and industry analysis, literature review, research objectives and methodology, data analysis and interpretation, conclusion, and recommendations.
Assessment of Listed Cement Companies in India with Reference to Specific Val...ijtsrd
Aim This study aims to assess selected listed cement companies in India in terms of specific valuation parameters. Methodology Approach The study uses secondary sources of data collected. The data period ranged from 2017 2018 to 2021 2022. The various tools and techniques used are Valuation metrics analysis. Enterprise Value EV , EV Net Operating Revenue, EV EBITDA and P E Ratio and Descriptive statistics Mean, Standard Deviation SD , Coefficient of Variation CV and Compound Annual Growth Rate CAGR . Summary The study found that UltraTech Cements Ltd. is the most valued company in terms of enterprise value. Shree Cements Ltd. commanded the highest P E ratio as well as higher valuation for EV Net Operating Revenue and EV EBITDA parameter among them all. ACC Ltd. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd. ranked lower in terms of total enterprise value, EV Net Operating Revenue, and EV EBITDA parameter among them all. While Heidelberg Cement India Ltd. commanded lowest mean P E ratio. Barring the variance in price to earnings data Ambuja Cements Ltd. witnessed high variability measured in terms of CV across the metrics of EV, EV Net Operating Revenue and EV EBITDA. At the same time UltraTech Cements Ltd. witnessed highest volatility in its P E ratio as measured by CV for run on the five years data. Bhavesh A. Prabhakar | Dr. Gurudutta P. Japee "Assessment of Listed Cement Companies in India with Reference to Specific Valuation Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56229.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/accounting-and-finance/56229/assessment-of-listed-cement-companies-in-india-with-reference-to-specific-valuation-parameters/bhavesh-a-prabhakar
The document discusses the financial performance of commercial banks in India. It provides background on commercial banks and their role in India's financial system. It then reviews previous literature on assessing bank performance and financial ratios. The document also includes a table showing the consolidated balance sheet of public sector banks in India for 2019-20, with capital, reserves, deposits, loans and other line items. Overall, the document examines the financial performance of commercial banks through analyzing their income, expenditures and consolidated balance sheets.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN INDIA
Dr.C. PARAMASIVAN Assistant Professor
G.RAVICHANDIRAN Ph.D. Full Time Research Scholar
PG & Research Department of Commerce Periyar E.V.R.College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli620023. (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India)
A Non-Parametric Approach for Performance Appraisal of Agricultural Market Co...IOSR Journals
Efficient performance of Agricultural Market Committees (AMCs) is considered to be the sine quo non for the economic development of an agrarian country like India. Though the number of AMCs has been steadily increasing in India, still the farmers are being exploited by one form or another in transacting the agricultural commodities. In view of this, several apprehensions and concerns were raised fearing about the performance of AMCs in discharging the regulatory provisions for efficient transaction of agricultural commodities. Various enactments have been formulated by Government from time to time to revamp the agricultural marketing system in the country and presently, Model act 2005 (The State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2005) has been under implementation. In this context of exploring the agricultural marketing system with a farmers ended approach, the present paper aims at analyzing the performance appraisal of AMCs in Coastal region of AP in India through Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) approach. The analytical findings revealed that 53% of selected AMCs are being operated at Scale Efficiency <1. The remaining 47% AMCs are being operated at constant return to scale (CRS) and this directs the Government to continue the existing support even in the future.
- Haryana has a rich industrial base and sound infrastructure due to its strategic location near Delhi and proximity to major markets.
- It is home to 93 of the Fortune 100 companies and has well-developed industrial estates, road and rail networks, and other infrastructure.
- The state offers investor-friendly policies, skilled workforce, and incentives to attract industries like manufacturing, IT/ITeS, and others.
- Haryana contributes significantly to India's food grain production and has a strong agricultural base in addition to its growing industrial sector.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
This document discusses modeling supply chain finance (SCF) barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India using the best worst method (BWM) framework. The study identifies SCF barriers through literature review and industry inputs. Using the BWM approach, the study finds that financial barriers are the most critical barriers for Indian SMEs, while market and policy related barriers are the least critical. The research has implications for decision-makers and strategists in understanding initiatives to comprehensively implement SCF across supply chain networks. It helps SMEs assess their weaknesses to gain excellence in competitive markets.
Evaluating entrepreneurs competency on the growth of small scale businesses i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the competency of entrepreneurs and its impact on the growth of small businesses in Cape Coast, Ghana. Some key findings of the study include:
1) Most entrepreneurs had at least a basic education and many had 4+ years of work experience, demonstrating generally adequate competency levels.
2) The entrepreneurs' competencies, including their education, experience, skills and training, were found to have a significant positive association with various measures of business growth like increased sales, profits, customer satisfaction and employee retention.
3) On-the-job training through apprenticeships was the most common strategy used by entrepreneurs to develop competencies, though high training costs and lack of government
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...
Similar to 7.[86 99] success and failure of entrepreneurs in implementation of strategic programmes in small scale enterprises in two states of india a comparative study
This document provides information on Trivedi Consultancy Service, an Ahmedabad-based consultancy organization. It has been in operation since 1995 and works with government, non-government, and private organizations. It conducts various types of surveys, data collection, monitoring and evaluation, and statistical analysis. It has a team of 50 staff including 10 skilled supervisors. It has worked with numerous clients including IIM, RBI, Ministry of Rural Development, and CEPT. It has experience conducting surveys across Gujarat and other states in areas like industries, rural development, agriculture, and more.
This document summarizes research on bank profitability and efficiency in India and other countries. It discusses several studies that have analyzed the profitability and efficiency of Indian banks using different methods like DEA analysis and stochastic frontier analysis. The studies found that public sector banks were generally more efficient than foreign banks, which were slightly more efficient than private sector banks. Other key findings included declining efficiency of public sector banks over time, while foreign bank efficiency improved. The document also summarizes some international studies on the impact of deregulation on bank profitability efficiency in countries like Spain.
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This document reviews productivity improvement in small scale industries. It discusses how small scale industries are important to the Indian economy, providing employment and contributing significantly to production and exports. However, global markets demand high quality, low cost products. Total Productivity Management (TPM) implementation can help increase productivity, quality, and organizational performance in small industries. The document presents a case study of a small industry implementing TPM to enhance Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). Results showed improvements in OEE, reductions in performance losses, and benefits from TPM initiatives. The review concludes more effort is needed to develop effective TPM implementation models for small industries in India.
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This document discusses using data mining techniques to predict annual crop yields in India. It begins with an abstract that outlines how agriculture is important to the Indian economy but crop production depends on seasonal and environmental factors, making yield prediction challenging. The document then provides an introduction to data mining and its potential application to predict crop yields. It reviews literature on using various data mining methods like linear regression and k-nearest neighbor algorithms to predict yields of major crops in India based on historical data on climate, soil conditions and more. The goal is to help farmers choose optimal crops and improve farm productivity and profits.
Impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on the organizational development o...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that assessed the impact of entrepreneurial characteristics on organizational development of small businesses in Sri Lanka. Specifically, it examined how achievement competencies, planning competencies, and power competencies influence organizational development. A sample of 105 entrepreneurs in the Kandy district were surveyed. The results of the correlation analysis showed that all the competencies had a significant positive relationship with organizational development. The regression analysis further indicated that planning competencies had the highest contribution to organizational development, followed by achievement competencies, while power competencies had the lowest but still significant contribution. In conclusion, entrepreneurial characteristics significantly influence the organizational development of small businesses.
Quantitative Analysis on Financial Performance of Merger and Acquisition of I...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the financial performance of mergers and acquisitions of Indian companies. It provides background on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and financial performance metrics. It then reviews previous literature on the financial effects of M&As. The research methodology examines financial ratios of 10 major Indian M&As from 2006-2011, comparing pre- and post-M&A periods using t-tests. The data analysis section calculates various financial ratios including return on investment, return on long-term funds, and return on assets. It finds some improvement in ratios for a few firms but overall no significant changes in financial performance after the M&As.
Sip internship report 1st year ( batch 2019 21)JatinGupta171
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Assessment of Listed Cement Companies in India with Reference to Specific Val...ijtsrd
Aim This study aims to assess selected listed cement companies in India in terms of specific valuation parameters. Methodology Approach The study uses secondary sources of data collected. The data period ranged from 2017 2018 to 2021 2022. The various tools and techniques used are Valuation metrics analysis. Enterprise Value EV , EV Net Operating Revenue, EV EBITDA and P E Ratio and Descriptive statistics Mean, Standard Deviation SD , Coefficient of Variation CV and Compound Annual Growth Rate CAGR . Summary The study found that UltraTech Cements Ltd. is the most valued company in terms of enterprise value. Shree Cements Ltd. commanded the highest P E ratio as well as higher valuation for EV Net Operating Revenue and EV EBITDA parameter among them all. ACC Ltd. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd. ranked lower in terms of total enterprise value, EV Net Operating Revenue, and EV EBITDA parameter among them all. While Heidelberg Cement India Ltd. commanded lowest mean P E ratio. Barring the variance in price to earnings data Ambuja Cements Ltd. witnessed high variability measured in terms of CV across the metrics of EV, EV Net Operating Revenue and EV EBITDA. At the same time UltraTech Cements Ltd. witnessed highest volatility in its P E ratio as measured by CV for run on the five years data. Bhavesh A. Prabhakar | Dr. Gurudutta P. Japee "Assessment of Listed Cement Companies in India with Reference to Specific Valuation Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56229.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/management/accounting-and-finance/56229/assessment-of-listed-cement-companies-in-india-with-reference-to-specific-valuation-parameters/bhavesh-a-prabhakar
The document discusses the financial performance of commercial banks in India. It provides background on commercial banks and their role in India's financial system. It then reviews previous literature on assessing bank performance and financial ratios. The document also includes a table showing the consolidated balance sheet of public sector banks in India for 2019-20, with capital, reserves, deposits, loans and other line items. Overall, the document examines the financial performance of commercial banks through analyzing their income, expenditures and consolidated balance sheets.
FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN INDIA
Dr.C. PARAMASIVAN Assistant Professor
G.RAVICHANDIRAN Ph.D. Full Time Research Scholar
PG & Research Department of Commerce Periyar E.V.R.College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli620023. (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India)
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Efficient performance of Agricultural Market Committees (AMCs) is considered to be the sine quo non for the economic development of an agrarian country like India. Though the number of AMCs has been steadily increasing in India, still the farmers are being exploited by one form or another in transacting the agricultural commodities. In view of this, several apprehensions and concerns were raised fearing about the performance of AMCs in discharging the regulatory provisions for efficient transaction of agricultural commodities. Various enactments have been formulated by Government from time to time to revamp the agricultural marketing system in the country and presently, Model act 2005 (The State Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2005) has been under implementation. In this context of exploring the agricultural marketing system with a farmers ended approach, the present paper aims at analyzing the performance appraisal of AMCs in Coastal region of AP in India through Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) approach. The analytical findings revealed that 53% of selected AMCs are being operated at Scale Efficiency <1. The remaining 47% AMCs are being operated at constant return to scale (CRS) and this directs the Government to continue the existing support even in the future.
- Haryana has a rich industrial base and sound infrastructure due to its strategic location near Delhi and proximity to major markets.
- It is home to 93 of the Fortune 100 companies and has well-developed industrial estates, road and rail networks, and other infrastructure.
- The state offers investor-friendly policies, skilled workforce, and incentives to attract industries like manufacturing, IT/ITeS, and others.
- Haryana contributes significantly to India's food grain production and has a strong agricultural base in addition to its growing industrial sector.
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This document summarizes a research study that analyzed the factors influencing ownership patterns of selected Indian companies and the impact of ownership patterns on corporate performance. The study used data from 5 industries over 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Multiple regression, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. The results found that the percentage of independent directors on the board and the size of the company had a significant impact on Indian promoter holdings. Additionally, non-institutional ownership was found to have a significant impact on corporate performance measures like asset utilization ratio. The study concluded that ownership patterns can influence corporate performance and companies should work to optimize factors like debt-equity ratio and board independence to improve financial outcomes.
This document discusses modeling supply chain finance (SCF) barriers for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India using the best worst method (BWM) framework. The study identifies SCF barriers through literature review and industry inputs. Using the BWM approach, the study finds that financial barriers are the most critical barriers for Indian SMEs, while market and policy related barriers are the least critical. The research has implications for decision-makers and strategists in understanding initiatives to comprehensively implement SCF across supply chain networks. It helps SMEs assess their weaknesses to gain excellence in competitive markets.
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7.[86 99] success and failure of entrepreneurs in implementation of strategic programmes in small scale enterprises in two states of india a comparative study
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
Success and Failure of Entrepreneurs in Implementation
of Strategic Programs in Small Scale Enterprises in Two States
of India: A Comparative Study
Bibhu Prasad Kar
Research Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Utkal University, Vani Vihar,
Bhubaneswar-4, Odisha, INDIA
Email: bibhuprasadkar@gmail.com
Muna Kalyani
Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, Utkal University Vani Vihar,
Bhubaneswar-4.Odisha, INDIA.
Email: dr.munakalyani@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Purpose: Gujarat and Odisha are two different provinces in the Indian sub-continent under
South-Asiatic region. Gujarat, with less mineral resources, tribal population, moderate poverty developed
much economically due to installation of industries, particularly, small scale sector. On the other hand,
Odisha, in spite of its vast natural resources like minerals, forests, rivers, population, flora and fauna, long
coast line, natural harbors and surplus electricity has all characteristics of poverty. These phenomena led to
an approach.
Approach: Both the states have similarities in many cases, yet Odisha perish in poverty. Small Scale
Industries (SSIs) flourish in Gujarat but become sick in Odisha. Causes to these aspects draw serious
attention of the people of Odisha. A study was initiated in this regard to find out the draw backs of poor
performance of the state in SSIs sector.
Findings : The study revealed that a careful implementation of strategic programmes with judicious
use of own social and financial resources in the factory premises and outside the state made Gujarat SSEs
more advantageous for high economic growth which was not observed in case of Odisha SSEs.
Future Implication: The prosperity of Gujarat SSIs have been described through five major elements
of strategy eg. Arena, vehicle, differentiators, staging and economic logic. Strategic programme-activities
of Gujarat and Odisha have been compared, differences brought out for the Odisha entrepreneurs to
consider and follow for high growth of the SSEs in the state.
Key Words : Arena, vehicle, differentiators, staging, economic logic, entrepreneurs, strategy and
implementation.
1. Introduction
Entrepreneurs are becoming increasingly interested at present in strategic programmes associated with
social and financial implications, value creation process, their application in the day-to-day markets to
acquire competitive advantages. The prospects of financial consistency social activities and management
capabilities all combine and initiate strategic actions for higher performance of a firm. Refined management
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ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
styles contribute meaningful advantages to win the day-to-day markets for better performance and growth
of the firm. Rare studies under quantitative and empirical approaches have established the link between
strategic attempts to socio-economic activities, Research is spare to explain the conditions under which firm
level adoption of growth processes lead to creation of superior value and superior firm performance. Such
research is a striking need and has been considered a determining factor to ensure profitable outcome.
The purpose of the study was to examine how the small scale entrepreneurs of Gujarat and Odisha state
differed in their strategic attempts of production programme, financial and social factor management and
implication in growth prospective. Gujarat SSEs prosper gloriously, whereas, Odisha SSEs fall sick in
many cases. A comparison of the kind of differences in strategic functioning of SSEs will bring to light the
hidden aspects of success which may be helpful to the perishing SMEs of Odisha showing ways and means
for survival and recovery of the units.
2. Review of Literature:
Scholars and consultants have thought much about analyzing the strategic situations Strategy is used to
mean whatever one has made up his mind to do. To the chief executive officer of a firm, strategy means an
integrated concept how the business will achieve its objectives (Donal & Fredrickson. 2001). If business
has a single unified strategy, then it has also the parts. They presented a frame work of strategy design
arguing five elemental parts explaining the ultimate structure of strategy. The domains of a choice for
achieving the objectives of a strategy vary from person to person. Few plead for five forces analysis
comprising core competencies, hyper competition, resource view of firm, value chains and host of other
helpful analytical tools (Porter, 1980). A strategy addresses how the business intends to engage its
environment. It does not tell about the internal arrangements made to reinforce and support the strategy
(Goalbreath and Kazangian, 1986). A strategy is intentional, informed and integration of choices. The
strategy can take its own shape without grand and well considered aspirations (Hamel and Prahallad, 1993).
There are diverse opinions among the working groups on the requirements of strategy. A strategy is
explained as a projection to reach at doing something new and different for the purpose of creating wealth
and adding value to the factory products (Kao & Raymond, 1997). It goes beyond the scope of this project
to present a complete discussion on strategy. Without entering much into the details of strategy, a
programme is intimated to work in the field as per the established propositions of Donald Fredrickson cited
above.
3. Methodology:
Operational effectiveness and the strategy both are complementary to each other and their weightage is
highly essential for assessing the performance of an entrepreneur. It was decided to collect primary
information (data) form the strategist entrepreneurs though a well planned questionnaire. The questionnaire
was prepared as per the propositions of Donald and Fredrickson (2001) which displayed all the five major
elements of strategy for the growth of the enterprises.
Convenient sample selection procedure were used to select states, districts and industries of two kinds
(engineering and food processing). Two provincial states (Gujarat and Odisha) in India were selected for
study. A total of 110 number of SSIs were included counting equally half of the totals from each of the
states. Inaccessive locations were not considered for collection of data. Thirty number of units in each state
from engineering category and twenty- five number of units from food processing category were decided
for data collection. Those entrepreneurs who co-operated to provide meaningful information as per the
requirements detailed in the questionnaire were selected for study. Attempts were made to select
respondents on the basis of their qualification and experience befitting to the subject of research. The kind
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3. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
of enterprises with their numbers selected for study in different locations are listed below :
Kind of enterprises selected for sample study.
State District Location Enterprises
Engineering Food
processing
Gujarat Novasari Navasari 2 1
Surat Surat 3 2
Baroda, Baroda 3 3
Kaira, Anand 7 6
Ahmedabad Ahmedabad 15 13
Total 30 25
Odisha Gunjam Berhampur 3 4
Khurda Bhubaneswar 7 5
Cuttack Cuttack 11 13
Balasrore Balasore 5 1
Mayurbhanj Baripada 9 2
Total 30 25
Entrepreneur respondents were contacted prior to the visits on the fixed dates for collection of data from the
unit premises. Closed ended questionnaires were provided to the respondents. They had to go through the
questionnaire for understanding the contents. Explanations were made to clear up doubts if any in the
questionnaire. They had their own choices to tick out the appropriate boxes in the questionnaire carved
below each of the questions in words of relative grades.
The questionnaires was self-explanatory. Few identifying parameters (Key) for answering each question
were suggested. These parameters were listed just below the question and above the answer box which
were suggestive in nature and never binding to question answer at all. Questions were answered by ticking
the relevant box placed below, Numerical are written below the boxes representing the degree of success in
equivalent points of the progressive work achieved on strategy implementation in SSEs managed by the
owners (companies). Degree of success of the SSEs on the particular element was fitted to a five point
rating scale (Grade). The five point rating scale was identical in each of the five questions for inserting the
answers; Respondent-entrepreneurs were requested to have a holistic view for answering the questions. The
answers were kept secret and used for academic purpose only. The five major strategic elements were arena,
Vehicle, differentiators, staging and economic logic. Each of them had one question only. Keys facilitated
the answers to put in grades (ratings) of evaluation against the achievements of the industry based on
relative merits. Contents of the questionnaire is presented below :
3.1 Arena - Where the business will be functioning ?
Key - The answer is based on considering the composite, achievements in :
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4. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
i) advanced product categories, ii) coverage of potential market segments, iii) geographical area under
progressive coverage, iv) advanced core technologies adopted, v) attempts for value addition.
Grades Highest Good Normal Below Normal Lowest
Ratings 5 4 3 2 1
3.2 . Vehicle – How business will reach there ?
Key - Answer to this question may e based on achievements is :i) Progress in internal development, ii)
Partnership, joint ventures initiated, iii) Licensing and franchising taken up and adopted so far,
iv) Acquisition of fully owned stores and infrastructures.
Grades Aggressive Good Moderate Satisfactory Lowest
Ratings 5 4 3 2 1
3.3 . Differentiators - How the business will stand functioning and become successful ?
Key - Answer is based on composite achievements of
i) Appreciable quality product, ii) Product styling befitting to modern age requirements, iii) Pricing the
product, attempt for low range pricing. iv) Product reliability, such as durable eco-friendly products.
Grades Excellent Good Adequate poor Very poor
Ratings 5 4 3 2 1
3.4 . Staging – projection of the programme, At what speed it will run and reach the
destination ?
Key - Answer to this question is associated with the composite achievements in
i) Speed of expansion- rapid/slow/neutral, state/regional/local, ii) Sequence of Initiatives –
early footholds in blocks/Tahasil/ talukas/Districts etc.
Grades Highest Good Normal Below normal Lowest
Ratings 5 4 3 2 1
3.5 . Economic logic - How to obtain return and profits ?
Key - Answer to the question is based on composite achievements in
i) Attempts made towards lowest cost of the product through scale advantage, fixing the cost
of product on global, regional and in individual stores level, ii) Achieving lowest cost
through replication advantages, iii) Premium price due to unmatchable services, iv)
Premium price due to proprietary product features.
Grades Highest Good Moderate Satisfactory Lowest
Ratings 5 4 3 2 1
Collection, Tabulation, Processing and Analysis of Data.
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ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol 3, No.10, 2011
Primary data from the individual respondent entrepreneurs were collected through the questionnaire and
organized, recorded systematically in well prepared tables. Reliability test was employed to examine the
truthfulness of the data, appropriate techniques of investigation were followed and tools used for
quantitative study of the variables and statistical analyses. Since, the variables of two states i.e. Gujarat and
Odisha were paired, the value of Fisher’s ‘t’ was calculated for testing the significance of the difference
between the two treatment means of independent groups.
4. Results and discussion :
Performance of the small scale enterprises of engineering and food processing units in either of the states
were worked out section wise.
4.1 Arenas :
The enterprises should have more a vision objective than part of the factory programme (strategy). It has to
unite the specific items, such as new category of products, coverage of potential market segments,
geographic business spread, outstanding techniques used in specific product designing manufacturing,
servicing, distributing and attracted selling.
The results of an in-depth analysis of SSIs on engineering and food processing sector of Gujarat and Odisha
reveal very merge information on markets and spread in geographic scale. It can’t be clearly told of
choosing arenas by them, no qualified products and markets were targeted by them. No instances, especially,
specify the business with a wider array of products, market coverage, and geographic spread on the
strategic action. The strategy does not reasonably specify the classes of criteria for selected arenas in all the
cases. The challenges were not clear and specific as those ought to be.
Table 1(a) Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grades) on arenas of two states on
engineering enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 18 12 0 0 3.60
Odisha 0 19 17 4 0 3.17
DF = 58, t 0.05 = 2.000, calculated ‘t’ = 2.28
Table 1(a) shows that mean score of the states on arena were 3.60 and 3.17 for Gujarat and Odisha
respectively. Both states were legging behind the target of achievements in production of advanced new
items in the enterprises. There was no progressive coverage of geographical area for extension of potential
markets for consumer articles. It can be assumed that core technologies have not been adopted to a desired
level. The product value up-gradation style was not up to the standard. Combined effort under all the
aspects should have been upgraded. There was significant difference in arena approach between two states.
Odisha was backward in this regard compared to Gujarat state.
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Vol 3, No.10, 2011
Table 1 (b) : Observed frequencies in the rating scale (grades) on arena of two states on food
processing industries.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 6 12 7 0 2.96
Odisha 0 7 5 7 6 2.52
DF = 48, t 0.05 = 2.015, calculated ‘t’ = 1.689 (NS)
Table 1(b) shows that the observations in case of food processing enterprises in between two states Gujarat
and Odisha with respect arena, Gujarat is slightly advanced, Odisha has not progressed as that much of
Gujarat in case of advanced food products, coverage of market segments, geographical spread, modern
technologies and value addition processes. Differences observed in all the combined aspects of arena
between two states are not significant.
The discussion reveals that “higher is the degree in achievements of arena (i.e. making advanced products,
expansion of market segment, coverage of more geographical area, application of advanced technology and
value creation processes) greater is the success in strategic programmes.”
4.2 Vehicles : Conveyance of business.
Beyond deciding arenas in which the business will be active the entrepreneur needs to decide how the
business will reach there, particularly, the ways and means to be adopted to start business in different
market segments, cover specific geographical areas and attempts to value creation steps in the deliberate
strategic choices.
Under vehicle it was necessary to find the ways how entrepreneurs will reach the destination and achieve
the targets. To get access in this regard, the entrepreneur must look into the internal developments made,
joint ventures initiated, licensing and franchising taken up and adopted so far including acquisition of fully
owned stores and infrastructures. Hence, it needed careful attempts with the use of previous experience,
technical knowledge and licensing with other companies. The enterprises which used a number of vehicles
without progreamme concentration met with severe disadvantages and failed to reach the designation.
Keeping these all in view, the primary attempt and action might have been set up accordingly. These were
not adhered to at many of the entrepreneurs level.
It is seen from the table 2(a) that mean score of the states on vehicle are 3.73 and 3.30 for Gujarat and
Odisha respectively on engineering SSEs. There were significant differences between the achievements of
Gujatat and Odisha on engineering units. Achievements were higher in case of Gujarat SSEs, Entrepreneurs
in both the states could not achieve their targets. The observation indicted that Gujarat was more advanced
in internal unit development, establishing joint ventures, taking up franchising, Licensing and acquisition of
stores and infrastructures.
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Table 2(a) Observed frequencies of rating scale (grades) on vehicles of two states on engineering
enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 1 20 9 0 0 3.73
Odisha 0 12 15 3 0 3.30
DF = 58, t 0.05 = 2.000, calculated ‘t’ = 2.0476
Average achievement was observed in case of food processing industries of Gujarat whereas Odisha
stepped behind Gujarat in all the aspects of enterprise development, joint venture, franchising, licensing and
in acquisition of stores and infrastructures. The mean score under vehicle of food processing enterprises
were 3.12 and 2.40 respectively for Gujarat and Odisha. There was significant difference in vehicle
between the two states, Gujarat advance much compared to Odisha.
Table 2 (b) - Observed frequencies of rating scale (grades) on vehicle of two states on food
processing enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 1 5 15 4 0 3.12
Odisha 0 6 6 5 8 2.40
DF = 48, Table t 0.05 = 2.015, calculated ‘t’ = 2.295
The studies under vehicle suggests that “more is the degree of achievement in programmes under vehicle
(internal development, joint ventures, licensing, acquisition of stores and infrastructures) higher is the
strategic success for economic return”.
4.3 Differentiators: Instruments for winning the business market.
The job of the entrepreneur is to see how the business will win the market. He is to utilize appropriate
means to attract the customers to come to the business door in the competitive market. The entrepreneur
must orient proper weapons for best results. The firm is to display outstanding products to attract customers
for sale and keep them intact. Conscious choices of the means to be utilized for beating the competitors in
the market to surpass their all efforts. Company’s executives should be very much active, up front,
outstanding and honed to snatch the hands of upper market and win profits. The firm ought to attract and
retain customers by offering the lowest possible rate of articles produced in the unit and establish reliability.
Capturing a competitive market does not necessarily mean that the industrial unit has to be at the extreme
end on differentiating dimensions rather having the best combination of differentiators which confer a
tremendous market space advantage. This philosophy is cent percent true in case of some stainless steel
SSIs of Gujarat and food processing units of Odisha.
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In selecting differentiators, strategists should give absolute preference to these few forms of superiority
which mutually rain force (i.e. image and product styling) consistent with firm rescues and capabilities.
The entrepreneurs often forget to adhere to the appropriate differentiators. While examining the adopted
differentiation in between two states it was noticed that due importance was not given to the points on
imaging, customization, pricing, styling the products and reliability of the products and particularly so in
case of engineering SSIs of Odisha. Table 3 (a) gives an account of differentiators of Gujarat and Odisha.
The mean score against differentiator of Gujarat is 3.53 and that of Odisha is 2.96. There is significant
difference in differentiators between two states which indicated more product styling, reliability, careful
pricing and judicious customization work done in case of Gujarat engineering SSIs, Odisha engineering
SSIs did not take an careful attempt in these aspects for which many of the units fell in sick.
Table 3 (a) - Observed frequencies of the rating scale (Grades) on
differentiators of two states on engineering aspects.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 16 14 0 0 3.53
Odisha 0 9 11 10 0 2.96
DF = 58, Table t 0.05 = 2.000, calculated ‘t’ = 2.800
Significant differences also exist in Gujarat and Odisha food processing enterprises. The mean score of
Gujarat and Odisha food processing businesses were 3.68 and 2.56 respectively Odisha’s food processing
business is not much developed as that of Gujarat in case of product reliability, styling, pricing and
customization process. Food processing business has get clear image in Gujarat which is not seen Odisha.
Table 3 (b) - Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grad) in
differentiators of two states on food processing enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 4 12 6 3 0 3.68
Odisha 0 8 4 7 6 2.56
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DF = 48, Table t 0.05 = 2.015, calculated ‘t’ = 3.047
Milk and milk products of Gujarat have spread out extensively and gone to many countries of the
world to fetch a good market. Quality products of milk are gaining importance day by day in the business
throughout many states in the Indian sub-content. It was also clear from face-in-face interview with
entrepreneurs and consumers of Odisha that purchasing power of Odisha consumers in case of food items,
was very low. This may be ascribed to the poverty of the people of the state. The rural based SSIs of the
state, do not adopt any advance technology in production of food items as they don’t have good markets
in the state.
It is understood from the study of SSIs of both the states that “greater is the degree of attempts
(work) in differentiators (creation of image, customization, pricing, styling and product reliability) higher is
the achievements in the strategic programmes.”
4.4 Staging : Projecting a programme.
Choices of arena, vehicles and differentiators constitute the basic frame work of a strategy which
executives plan to put into action. This frame is activated in a composite programme which is known a
staging. The progreamme is exhibited in action and brings the results finally. Initially, some inciatives come
first followed by others and then the rest like the laying out of a foundation, putting the walls and then
casting the roof of a building at last.
Decisions on staging could be considered on several factors. Entrepreneurs must put emphasis on
resources first. Funding and staffing at each level create problems at the outset which carefully be settled.
The items of staging which require immediate fulfillment should be satisfied urgently. Attending to the
threshold needs of arena, vehicles and differentiators are a necessity to acquire resources and attracting
stakeholders in to strategy. The important factor is the act of pursuit of early gains. Perusing of works
tactfully one by one based on urgency is a cleaver’s challenge, Relatively doable tasks carefully be done
before attending to challenging jobs and complicated interventions or initiatives. These are a few of the
factors might be considered while deciding the speed and sequence of strategic initiatives. The concept of
staging has gone fairly unexplored by now for which the entrepreneur-strategists pay a very little attention
towards it.
From the details of observation on staging with these activities of SSE – entrepreneurs of Gujarat and
Odisha on engineering and food processing units, the following points become clear.
Table 4 (a) - Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grade) in
Staging in two states of engineering enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 3 12 12 3 2.5
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Odisha 0 3 9 15 3 2.4
DF = 58, Table t 0.05 = 2.00, calculated ‘t’ = 0.39 (NS)
Observed mean score on staging was 2.5 of Gujarat and 2.4 of Odisha (Table-4(a). There was no significant
difference in between Gujarat and Odisha with respect to staging on engineering enterprises. The states
achieved lower rates of success on resource acquisition for meeting the threshold needs of arena, vehicle
and differentiators. Pursuits of fulfilling the needs in both the states were based per urgency of the
enterprises. The speed and sequence of staging were sluggish in both states in all strategic initiatives.
The art of staging remained unexplored on the parts of most of the entrepreneurs in each state.
Table 4 (b) - Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grade) in
Staging in two states of food processing enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 11 5 22 7 0 3.80
Odisha 0 6 5 10 4 2.52
DF = 48, Table t 0.05 = 2.015, calculated ‘t’ = 2.356
In case of food processing enterprises, however differences were observed significant. The mean score of
Gujarat was 3.80 as against 2.52 of Odisha. Food processing units in Gujarat were much advanced in
resources mobilization, fulfilling the threshold needs of arena, vehicles and differentiators. Pursuit of
meeting the urgency of doable items in Gujarat food processing units were remarkable. Factories, such as
milk processing enterprises, flour mills, oil mills and cakes, snakes etc. were advancing faster than
expectation. These units had expending business outside the state and country. Odisha food processing units
did not pay much attention for expending the business outside except the coverage of local markets and in
situ sell of products. Partly this may be due to the cause of low quality food products which were not
admired by outside customers in one hand and there were no surplus product for outside sell on the other
hand. Unavailability of storage facilities and raw materials for food processing units in Odisha may be a
reason for that. Except few rice mills, no other SSI units are flourishing in Odisha. Agriculture sector
perhaps in the state is not well organized to produce plenty of raw materials for continuous supply to the
factories, mills and other enterprises throughout the year.
From the above discussion it becomes clear that “higher is the quantum of work in staging, greater is the
success in strategic approach”.
4.5 Economic Logic : How business will prosper and obtain profits ?
The whole objective of the business strategy is to have a clear idea about how the profit will be generated.
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According to Donald and Frederickson, 2001, the profits must be above the firms cost of capital. It is not
exactly to have some revenue that are just above or equal to firms costs. It would not be wise to tell a
number of reasons to the customers for which product cost has gone up and they shall have to pay for that
while buying the product. It is also not required to speak out why the product cost will be lower than the
product costs offered by the other competitor firms.
Most successful entrepreneurs have a central logic which serves as a fulcrum’ for profit creation. It
becomes necessary to obtain, sometimes, premium prices by offering customers a sale value of units to
meet the product cost. Therefore, the entrepreneur must have strategy to gain economic returns. A strategy
is an integrated, mutually, reinforcing set of choices or choice that from a coherent whole. It represents a
lever and a point centrally located around which other choices work within own loci.
The ultimate objective of the enterprise is to improve in its all aspects without business breaks and external
threats. Failure to do this, create vulnerability even for big companies with a good strategy. The
entrepreneurs must put their head together for continuous search of ways and means for fulfillment of the
factory’s objectives.
The SMEs should always try to improve its operational effectiveness and try to fulfill the productivity
targets. The needs of the enterprise should be uniform with the desires of stakeholders in factory premises.
To match with the changes in the factory, there should be corresponding changes in the strategy.
The enterprise has to obtain targeted returns by offering the lowest cost of the produce to the customers on
global, regional and factory store basis. Lowest cost of the product could be achieved through scale and
replication advantages, premium price due from unmatchable product services and proprietary product
features.
Entrepreneurs evaluated their progress in strategic programmes considering the above mentioned criteria
and noted grades against economic logic.
Table 5 (a) - Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grade) on
Economic logic of two states on engineering enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 16 9 5 0 3.336
Odisha 0 9 13 8 0 3.033
DF = 58, Table t 0.05 = 2.000, calculated ‘t’ = 2.045
It is observed from the table 5(a) that the mean score of Gujarat was 3.336 as against the mean score of
3.033 for Odisha. There was significant difference in achievements of logic, Gujarat small scale
entrepreneurs achieved benefits of scale and replication advantages. Obtained the premium prices from
unmatchable services and proprietary products. Odisha SSI entrepreneurs could not obtain such benefits
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from the similar sources, their profit was less from the sale of products Gujarat engineering entrepreneurs
could fetch good profits from fabrication works on different metals. Odisha SSI entrepreneurs could not
compete in this line, perhaps, due to the non availability of service of suitable technical hands in small scale
enterprises for production of fabricated articles.
There was no significant difference in implementation of such progreammes in economic logic under
the study of food processing enterprises between two states of Gujarat and Odisha (table 5(b))
Table 5 (b) – Observed frequencies of the rating scale (grade) on
Economic logic of two states on food processing enterprises.
States Ratings/ frequencies Mean score
5 4 3 2 1
Gujarat 0 13 7 4 1 3.28
Odisha 0 11 3 5 6 2.76
DF = 48, Table t 0.05 = 2.015, calculated ‘t’ = 1.635 (NS)
The mean score under food processing SSI units of Gujarat was 3.28 and for Odisha it was 2.76. This
indicated better performance of Gujarat SSIs in economic gain. Odisha’s work in food processing section
was not satisfactory. The state could not reap benefits of scale and replication advantages nor from
premium prices that could be due from circulation of proprietory products and provision of providing
maintenance services to the customers.
A judicious exercise on the items of economic logic must be done by the entrepreneurs to fetch good
returns from the business. On the other hand, it is established that “a rigorous exercise on the items of
economic logic seems to bring a definite success to the firm’s business”.
5. Principal Results :
Production of modern articles, expansion of market segments, coverage of more geographical area, use of
advanced technology for manufacturing articles and value addition works bring more strategic success in
the business Gujarat SSIs could, therefore, perform better than Odisha SSIs. All these items combined
constitute arena. Hence, “higher the strategic work in arena, greater is the success for economic gain of
SSIs”.
Progress in internal development joint ventures, licensing, acquisition of stores and infrastructures, all
brought higher economic growth to the SSIs in Gujarat which has not observed in case of Odisha. “Larger
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the strategic work in vehicles sure is the success of SSIs in their self business deals.”
While selecting differentiators the strategist entrepreneurs must put more enphasis on those forms of
superiority products which mutually reinforce i.e. image and product styling consistent with firm resources
and capabilities. Creation of image customization, styling the products, enhancing reliability of
manufactured articles etc, all brought higher economic growth to SSIs of Gujarat, Gujarat SSIs did a lot of
work in these lines, hence is the prosperity. So it is told “higher is the work in differentiators greater is the
strategic success in firms economic growth”.
Proper selection and choices of arena, vehicle and differentiators constitute the basic frame work of success
in strategic programmes. Selection and activation of arena, vehicle and differentiators in a composite
programme is known as staging. The programme is exhibited in action based on threshold maxima and
needs. Pursuing the works one by one according to the urgency is a challenging task. Relatively doable jobs
are taken up carefully before attending to challenging works. Complicated intervention or initiations could
be started maintaining speed and sequence of the strategic programme. The concept is not fairly explored in
both the states excepting Gujarat is found a bit advanced in this regard which brought success in many
occasions of SSIs in the state. That part of job with programme advertising, brand building and sequence
exercise is missing in Odisha. Hence SSIs in the state of Odisha couldn’t perform well and fell in sick in
most of the cases. Progress in staging enhances economic gain to the firms business.
Inferences could be made under economic logic that progressive work in scale, scope and replication field
results in bringing down the cost of factory products to a reasonable level for the purpose of sale. Work in
premium price due from providing essential services associated with circulation of proprietary product
features to the customers add more advantage towards compensating the product cost of the factory. Gujarat
SSIs attained higher score in economic logic showing better performance in financial growth of SSIs.
Odisha’s SSIs, fell in sick due to lack of progressive work in these lines of economic logic.
“Careful implementation of economic logic brings down the production cost of the firm to the lowest level
which facilitates to enhance the purchasing power of the customer resulting in higher product sale and
economic gain of the firm.”
6. Conclusion
Each of arena, vehicles, differentiators, staging and economic logic are non-monetary reinforcing items
(inputs) in the process of implementation of successful strategic progreammes for growth of the small scale
enterprises.
Level of capacity utilization and level of technology use are important exploratory variables which explain
differences in working styles of the firms progress. Those should be taken care of for a finer, uniform,
economically viable growth of the SSEs throughout the country.
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